Le droit transitoire est une discipline dont la vocation est universelle. Cet ensemble de règles a pour finalité de permettre la découverte de la loi applicable à un fait ou un acte donné. Tout comportement a une traduction juridique, même neutre, selon une norme unique. À ce titre, peu importe le domaine du Droit concerné. De nombreuses règles, forgées par la doctrine et la jurisprudence à partir de l’article 2 du Code civil, permettent à l’interprète de la loi nouvelle de décliner le principe de non rétroactivité selon les spécificités d’une espèce. Par exception, le législateur peut proposer lui-même des dispositions transitoires, qui s’avèrent pour la plupart, en droit de la propriété intellectuelle, conformes au principe de sécurité juridique. D’une manière générale, l’opération de qualification nécessaire porte sur l’acte ou le fait étudié ou bien sur la norme nouvelle elle-même. L’étude menée a pour objet la transposition de cette opération de qualification au sein du domaine précis de la propriété intellectuelle. Dans cette optique, les notions de « droit acquis » et de « situation juridique » sont confrontées aux spécificités de la discipline, dont la filiation apparente avec le droit des biens est parfois source d’erreurs. En plus de ces qualifications qui se rapportent aux éléments saillants d’une espèce donnée, sont également recherchées en droit de la propriété intellectuelle les illustrations des qualifications classiques de « loi interprétative », de « loi pénale plus douce », de « loi d’ordre public » et de « loi de procédure ». Leur signification transitoire est appréciée au regard de l’exigence de sécurité juridique, fil conducteur de toute discussion relative à la résolution d’un conflit de lois dans le temps. Au cours de cette étude, les systèmes de protection très disparates qu’offre le droit de la propriété intellectuelle à tout créateur ou « découvreur », apparaissent comme autant de facteurs d’une diversité jurisprudentielle gênante. À l’inverse, le mécanisme de réservation d’une chose intellectuelle semble constituer un dénominateur commun intéressant. Celui-ci trouve une traduction efficace avec la notion de « situation juridique » écrite de cette manière : « titularité d’un droit de propriété intellectuelle ». Par suite, l’indépendance de la matière se confirme et ses disparités internes sont gommées. Seulement, si l’exigence de sécurité juridique commande de retenir la notion de « situation juridique », il convient, au contraire, de se méfier de la notion de « droit acquis ». De plus, il est constaté que l’utilisation de la notion de «loi d’ordre public » n’est pas conforme à l’exigence de sécurité juridique, quand le maniement de la qualification de « loi de procédure » se révèle souvent délicate. Enfin, la notion de « loi interprétative » semble implicitement justifier de nombreux choix jurisprudentiels, orientés par l’absence de nouveauté manifeste de la norme nouvelle. Il convient alors de proposer la qualification de « loi de codification ». / A lawyer can settle conflicts of legal provisions through the application of several rules. They can be used like universal tools, in every juridical domain. The aim of the operation consist in determining the law which has to be applied. Each behavior can be translated in juridical terms. In this way, only one set of laws has to be taken into account. The lawyer can use the principles created by doctrine and precedents in order to solve conflicts of legal provisions. The article 2 of the Civil Code is the foundation of them. In the intellectual property domain, the legislator can intervene and suggest transitory provisions. The judge is not allowed to enforce the law retroactively, no matter the facts or the acts under consideration. The purpose of this investigation lies in the adaption of these rules for intellectual property issues. Therefore, “vested interests” and “legal status” concepts are confronted with specificities of intellectual property as such a corpus o findependent rules. In a certain extent, there is a link between this discipline and the law of property. When the lawyer has to choose the law to apply, there are disturbing parallels to be made. He may easily make a mistake. Furthermore, the concepts of “declaratory act”, “softer penal act”, “public order law”, and “proceedings act” can be used to resolve special problems in the intellectual property domain. When a conflict of legal provisions is under discussion, the judge has to ensure a certain security of the procedure. The judge must always be able to justify precisely his choice. It’s a significant guarantee for any persons subject to trial. It has been widely recognized that intellectual property offers a large selection of rights. As a result, the judge is tempted to follow several different lines of thought and case law on the subject is not always uniform. On the contrary, legal precedents could be unified if the judge has used the “legal status” concept. It should be written in an efficient way : “to be entitled to exercise an intellectual property right”. The independence of the discipline is confirmed and its internal disparities disappear. The “vested interests” concept does not seem to be appropriate to the characteristics of intellectual property. Moreover, the concept of “public order law” doesn’t square properly with intellectual property issues. The concept of “proceedings act” is delicate to use. Lastly, it appears that the concept of “declarative law” is implicitly used by judges to prove the retroactivity of the law. Finally, the concept of “codification act” should be applied to this situation.

Between 1818 and 1824, radical printer and publisher Richard Carlile made a determined effort to disseminate copies of Thomas Paine's banned text The Age of Reason in England. Despite strict censorship laws and harsh legal penalties used to curtail previous publishers of this title, Carlile employed a number of creative techniques that kept Paine's deistic writings in print and in circulation during the Regency period. These included republishing public domain court documents when he was charged with seditious libel and reading The Age of Reason in its entirety into testimony during his trial, making it part of the public record. Copied from trial transcripts and reprinted in cheap pamphlet form, Carlile's editions of The Age of Reason would sell an impressive 20,000 copies in these formats. He managed to provide wide-scale access to a work that had been suppressed by the British government since its original publication in 1794. My paper argues that Carlile's approach to subverting Regency-era censorship of The Age of Reason provided an early test for the recognition of the public domain in British law. Instead of continuing to suppress this text, the British government acknowledged the public's right to read the text in this format, allowing Carlile to use his own court documents to continue its publication. This event paved the way for recognition of the public ownership of texts and access to public records in nineteenth-century British print culture.

La question de la protection et de la valorisation des données de santé fait l’objet d’un renouvellement permanent car elle est tiraillée pas des intérêts contradictoires. Les logiques juridiques, sanitaires et économiques s’affrontent et s’expriment au travers d’une règlementation particulièrement fournie et disparate des données de santé. Le droit de propriété semble à même de concilier ces enjeux d’apparence antinomiques. Au regard de la place de ce droit dans notre ordonnancement juridique et de la singularité des données de santé, l’étude de leur rapprochement mérite une étude d’une certaine ampleur. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de s’assurer de la compatibilité de ce droit avec les données de santé. La réponse impose une vision de la propriété simplifiée pour finalement constater que les droits existants sur ces données sont en fait déjà des droits de propriétés mais qui, du fait de la particularité des données de santé, sont largement limités. Dans un second temps, se pose donc la question de la pertinence de l’application d’un droit de propriété plus « complet » aux données de santé. Or, on remarque que la spécificité de ces données est telle que cette solution n’est pas la plus efficace pour parvenir à un juste équilibre entre patients et collecteurs de données. Pour autant, d’autres solutions sont possibles. / The question of the protection and enhancement of health data is subject to a permanent renewal because it appears to be in the middle of some conflicting interests. Legal, health and economic logics confront and express themselves through a particularly heterogenous set of regulations on health data. Property rights here seem able to reconcile these issues that first look contradictory appearance issues. Given the place of this right in our legal system and uniqueness of health data, the study of their reconciliation deserves a study of some magnitude. This is a first step to ensure the compatibility of this law with health data. The answer requires a vision of simplified property only to find that the existing rights of the data is already in the property rights but which, because of the particularity of health data, are largely limited. Secondly, therefore the question of the relevance of the application of "more complete" property rights applies to health data. However, we note that the specificity of health data implies that such a the solution is not the most effective for achieving a fair balance between patients and data collectors. Nevertheless, other solutions are possible.

Les trolls de brevets ont connu un développement économique et médiatique très important depuis le début des années 2000. Ce modèle économique consiste à acquérir et valoriser des brevets d'invention de manière agressive en exploitant les faiblesses du système de brevets. Les revenus des trolls proviennent exclusivement des accords de licences conclus avec les entreprises fabricantes ou des dommages et intérêts obtenus à l’issu d’actions en contrefaçon. L’étude des trolls implique une analyse juridique, statistique et économique de leurs pratiques afin de pouvoir déterminer la réalité de ces modèles économiques et envisager une réponse à ces comportements. De plus, une approche de droit comparé est nécessaire car les disparités entre les règles de droit américaines et européennes permettent sont à l'origine des différences de situations observées entre les deux continents.La première partie est consacrée à la cinématique des trolls de brevets, détaillant les différentes stratégies et diversifications des pratiques au cours des quinze dernières années. On constate alors la nécessité de dépasser l’opposition manichéenne classique entre trolls des brevets et entreprises fabricantes. La réalité est plus complexe, les entreprises fabricantes et certaines entités publiques étant désormais fortement impliquées dans des stratégies similaires.La seconde partie est consacrée à la dynamique des trolls avec l'étude des conditions de développement, qui permettent de comprendre pourquoi cette pratique n’est pas présente sur le territoire européen dans les mêmes proportions. L’analyse de ces comportements face aux fonctions du droit de brevet est ensuite nécessaire pour caractériser l’abus constitué par ces stratégies. Enfin, l’encadrement de ces pratiques est étudié à travers les défenses disponibles pour les entreprises victimes de ces stratégies, tant en droit positif qu’en droit prospectif. Ces défenses sont appelées à traiter les conséquences et non les causes des trolls de brevets, il est donc nécessaire d’envisager le développement du marché secondaire des brevets, car ses faiblesses sont en partie responsables de l’avènement des trolls. Ainsi, un meilleur encadrement de ce marché pourrait permettre de développer les échanges de brevets et réduire les possibilités d’abus autorisées par le système des brevets aujourd’hui. / The economic development and media coverage of patent trolls has tremendously increased since 2000. This business model consists in acquiring and aggressively monetizing patents through the exploitation of the patent system failures. Patent trolls generate revenues from licensing agreements with manufacturing entities and damages obtained by court decision. The conduct of a legal, economic and statistical study is necessary in order to determine the reality of these business models and to suggest a response to these behaviors. A comparative law approach is necessary as the differences between the american and european law is the source of factual disparities observed between these two continents.The first part is dedicated to the patent trolls kinematics through the study of the various business models and their diversification over the past 15 years. It reveals the need to overcome the classical opposition between trolls and manufacturing companies as these companies and even some public funded structures are now developing similar strategies.The second part study the mechanic of patent trolls through their conditions of development, which helps to understand why trolls are not operating in Europe through the same proportions. The assessment of an abuse of the patent system is then conducted with the study of these behaviors through the lens of the patent function. Furthermore, the actual and future legal responses offered to companies facing abusive infringement claims are studied. However these defenses are meant to treat the consequences of abusive behavior and not their causes, it is therefore necessary to study the development of the secondary patent market, since some of its weakness are partially responsible for the development of patent trolls. We suggest that the enhancement of some elements of the secondary patent market could help foster patent exchange and reduce the possibility of abusing the patent system.

[pt] Inseridas em ambiente extremamente competitivo, frente às novas tecnologias e à redução contínua dos investimentos governamentais em pesquisa e desenvolvimento, as Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) são instadas a interagir, constantemente, com vários órgãos governamentais e entidades privadas, por meio de parcerias que visam à realização de pesquisas básicas e aplicadas. Essa necessidade contribui, por outro lado, para o avanço tecnológico do país, melhorando sua competitividade, frente à inevitável globalização da economia, por meio de inovações e da transferência de tecnologia. Neste contexto, a definição e manutenção de políticas de Propriedade Intelectual (PI) passam a ser um requisito para a sobrevivência de qualquer instituição que investe em pesquisa e desenvolvimento tecnológico, por representar uma condição mandatória para o seu sucesso na transferência do conhecimento gerado para a sociedade, colaborando para a inserção e sustentabilidade das organizações brasileiras e do próprio país no mercado, face às regras que norteiam a competitividade global e fazer jus, em contrapartida, ao recebimento de recursos que ajudam a manter as suas atividades de pesquisa. No caso das IES, em geral, este é um desafio especial, na medida em que são organizações com características específicas, talvez nem sempre propícias à implantação de uma política de PI. Para as IES privadas, isto pode representar um caminho essencial para a sustentabilidade das atividades de pesquisa, dada a necessidade crescente de gerarem seus próprios recursos. O objetivo desta pesquisa é o de identificar requisitos, oportunidades e dificuldades organizacionais para a implementação de uma política de PI em uma IES de gestão privada, no Brasil. O objeto de estudo foi o caso da PUC-Rio, uma das mais tradicionais instituições de pesquisa no país. A metodologia fundamenta-se na percepção de diferentes indivíduos envolvidos nas atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Os resultados apontam que não há uma homogeneidade acerca da importância e da problemática da gestão de PI entre os participantes da pesquisa, bem como predomina a opinião de que a criação e implementação de uma política de PI não pode ser algo determinado verticalmente, de cima para baixo, pela instituição, mas algo que deve emergir ou ser aceito pelos atores da própria atividade de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, institucionalizando-se após amplo debate entre eles. / [en] Institutions of undergraduate and graduate studies are in an extremely competitive environment, facing new technologies and the continuous government investment reductions in research and development. They must interact constantly with several governmental institutions and private entities searching partnerships in order to make feasible basic and applied research. On the other hand, these efforts contribute to the technological advancement of the country, improving its competitiveness to face the inevitable economy´s globalization, throw technological transfers and innovation. In this context, the significance and maintenance of intellectual properties (IP) policies become a requisite for the survival of any institution that invests in technological development research. It also represents a mandatory condition for the success of knowledge transfer for the benefits to the sustainability of Brazilian organizations and the insertion of itself in the marketplace, taking into account the global competitiveness rules and proving at the same time that the receipt of resources that assist research activities were well worth it. This is a challenge, especially in the case of IES since they are organizations that have specific characteristics that may not be the best scenario for IP policies. For the private IES, this can represent an essential path for the sustainment of its research activities, given the growing need for themselves generating its own resources. The objective of this research at is to identify organizational requisites, opportunities and difficulties for the implementation o IP policies in a private managed IES in Brazil. The Case study is the case of PUCRio, one of the most traditional research institutions in the country. The methodology bases on the perception of different individuals involved in research and development activities. The results point that it does not have a homogeneity concerning the importance and problematic of IP management between the participants of the research, as well as predominates the opinion of that the creation and implementation of IP policies cannot be something determined vertically, top down, by the institution, but should come about or be accepted by its own research and development activities actors, and that its implementation occurs after extensive debate between them.

Abstract not available

自19世紀以降，各國體認以國內法律為基礎的保護方式具有侷限性，因此開始嘗試以國際條約的方式對智慧財產權進行規範，產生了巴黎公約、伯恩公約、羅馬公約等國際協定，可定位為智慧財產權保護多邊貿易架構形成的第一階段，也是第一次各國國內立法朝國際保護靠攏的現象。1967年WIPO成立使多邊貿易架構顯得較為完備，然而在WIPO之運作架構下又因為不同國家的立場分歧未能進一步修正智慧財產權公約，多邊架構發展出現瓶頸，已開發國家未因此退出多邊貿易架構，反而選擇持續完善此多邊架構。TRIPS於1995年烏拉圭回合後生效，規定了嚴格且具體的執行規範，但是多邊架構未能於TRIPS後再取得重大成果，已開發國家和開發中國家在智慧財產權利益之立場分歧使得多邊架構之發展陷入僵局。已開發國家於TRIPS後時期選擇了另一種途徑，本文舉美國FTAs貿易政策為例，發現此時出現了暫時偏離多邊架構，改以雙邊架構為政策重心的分離，惟雙邊貿易政策經本文分析並無法產生美國的預期效果。 ACTA的發展可以定位出美國目前的政策走向，改採協商複邊貿易協定的方式，希望可以循FTAs政策的途徑，企圖讓ACTA此複邊架構的成果可以擴張到多邊架構中。本文認為2010年12月公布最終版本的ACTA能否順利生效仍屬未知數，即便順利生效，依其談判成果可以推定，已無法達到所有參與談判國的預期。不論已開發國家之後的政策走向為何，我們可以發現擁有智慧財產權利益國家的最終目標仍是提升國際間智慧財產權保護水準，過程中則變動地、持續地在多邊、複邊貿易架構中，選擇性執行能達成最終目標的政策，國際智慧財產權保護貿易架構中存在著各國政策反覆於多邊、複邊架構間來回擺盪的分合現象。 關鍵字：TRIPS、反仿冒貿易協定、智慧財產權保護、TRIPS-Plus / Countries found out that the protection of intellectual property based only on national law was insufficient. They chosen to base on international agreement from 19 century and concluded important treaties such as Paris Convention, Berne Convention and Rome Convention. This is the first phase in the process of which the intellectual property protection under the multilateral trade framework forming. WIPO was established at 1967 and completed the multilateral trade framework a little further. But countries had different positions thus could not obtain mutual recognition on specific issues. The developed countries did not walk away from the framework; nevertheless, they worked even harder to try to get some result. TRIPS came into force at 1995 after the Uruguay Round which is the most important multilateral agreement at the present day. The multilateral trade framework was stuck after TRIPS resulting from the gap between the developed and developing countries. The former began to work in other direction. We took the U.S. bilateral trade policy of FTAs as an example and found out there is a temporary departure from the multilateral trade framework at this phase. The U.S. policy of FTAs however didn’t achieve the goal expected. We could point out the next step of U.S. by observing the negotiation of Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA). U.S. took a different approach by negotiating the ACTA and hoped there will be a spillover effect from the plurilateral agreement to the multilateral framework. Negotiating parties announced the final draft of ACTA on December 3rd, 2010. After analyzing the final draft, we could make a conclusion that the result from the negotiation is not outstanding; moreover, it is not clear whether the agreement will come into force in time. No matter what kind of action will the developed countries take in the next, their final and utmost goal is always trying to protect the intellectual property and their related interest. Changing policy becomes the normal condition. This leads to the phenomenon that the intellectual property protection is continuously swaying from the multilateral side to the bilateral or plurilateral trade framework, and vice versa. Key Words: TRIPS, Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement, Intellectual Property Protection, TRIPS-Plus

<p>Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.</p>

Intellectual property, particularly patents, plays a major role in innovation and discovery in biotechnology. Likewise, since the passage of the Bayh-Dole Act in 1981, patents have become an increasingly important factor in U.S. university-driven basic research, especially in the life sciences where patented technologies have transformed agriculture. Specifically, this paper looks at the potential impacts of these trends on university driven research, the university researcher, the pharmaceutical industry, and the farm sector with an emphasis on recent and pending court cases and legislation. This paper examines policy and adoptions issues in biotechnology and biomedicine in depth and touches on important developments in the tech sectors as a back drop for pending legislation and recent court rulings. How policy is adopted, implemented and interpreted have profound impacts on food production, medical ethics, ecology, U.S. and international farm and innovation sectors and the competiveness of the U.S. in the global economy

Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.