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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
881

How does Open Source Software contribute to socio-economic development? An investigation of Open Source Software as an alternative approach to technology diffusion, adoption and adaptation for health information systems development and socio-economic impact in Mozambique

Emdon, Heloise 25 November 2010 (has links)
Abstract Developing countries are net importers of intellectual property products and open source software (OSS) production is one way in which local socio-economic development can take place. The public goods characteristics of OSS are contested and this study investigates whether in a developing country context OSS is a pure public good that can be locally appropriated and not exclude any users or producers from doing so. This case study of an OSS public good finds that it does not have all the characteristics of a pure good, that there is a role for a sponsor, and in particular the importance of copyright protection of derivatives in order to ensure that the source code does not fall out of fashion and use. Having explored that, however, there is further evidence that OSS collaborative learning is both publically and personally beneficial for developing country computer programmers. Furthermore, the state benefits from the improved benefits of health information systems made possible through the appropriation of this model of learning.
882

La régulation du conflit impliquant le nom de domaine : articulation des sources / The regulation of domain name disputes : articulation of sources

Fau, Jean 30 September 2015 (has links)
Les noms de domaine sont des objets polymorphes, à la fois techniques et sémantiques. La question de leur régulation, avec l’essor du Domain Name System, est rapidement devenue un défi de taille pour le législateur. Face à une certaine défaillance du droit étatique s’est développé un véritable corpus supplétif de source privée. C’est notamment le cas des procédures extrajudiciaires de résolution des conflits mises en places par l’ICANN. Ces différents mécanismes de nature transnationale forment un ensemble cohérent, en constante évolution, que l’on peut qualifier de véritable lex domainia. Ce concept implique cependant une vision nécessairement pluraliste du droit - où cohabitent systèmes publics, privés et hybrides -, qui invite le juriste à repenser la théorie des sources. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension de la nature et de l’articulation de ces différentes sphères normatives. Celles-ci ne doivent pas être considérées comme des espaces clos et hermétiques ; il existe entre eux des perméabilités qui dessinent un dispositif de régulation transnational aux sources plurielles. Il s’agit, selon l’auteur, d’une parfaite illustration de la théorie du réseau. / Domain names are polymorphic objects, whose nature is both technical and semantic. The question of their regulation has quickly become, with the rapid growth of the Domain Name System, a major challenge for the lawmaker. A certain default of state law favored the development of what one might call a private supplementary corpus. This is notably the case for extrajudicial domain name dispute resolution mechanisms promoted by the ICANN. These various transnational mechanisms form a coherent whole, in constant evolution, which can be described as a real lex domainia. This concept, however, necessarily implies a pluralistic conception of law - where public, private and hybrid systems cohabit -, which invites legal theorists to rethink the sources theory. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the nature and the articulation of these various normative spheres. These should not be regarded as closed and hermetic spaces ; permeabilities exist between them, that draw a transnational regulation pattern with plural sources. This is, according to the author, a perfect illustration of the mesh theory.
883

Analyse économique de la marque et du délit d'achat de contrefaçon / Economic analysis of the brand and the purchase of counterfeit crime

Maldent, Anne-Sophie 19 December 2014 (has links)
Dans la mesure où la marque facilite le choix des consommateurs dans le spectre des variétés et qualités des produits, elle s'avère indispensable pour l'allocation efficace des ressources dans le processus productif, devenant ainsi un actif important des entreprises, au point qu'il existe désormais un « marché » sur lequel se rencontrent une offre et une demande de marques. En ce sens, le travail de recherche s'articule sur l'analyse économique de l'offre par les entreprises et les contrefacteurs et la demande de marques par les consommateurs. D'abord, il s'agit de démontrer que l'offre de marque est assimilable à un moyen de différenciation de l'entreprise sur un marché concurrentiel. La marque apparaît comme un vecteur important de l'activité entrepreneuriale, source de croissance. Ensuite, une autre partie de la recherche est consacrée à l'analyse de la marque du côté de la demande, et notamment à un aspect particulier de la demande de marque qui réside dans la demande de contrefaçon de marques. Nous proposons un modèle théorique d'achat de contrefaçons de marque avec un mécanisme de théorie des jeux sur la formation d'une norme sociale. Enfin, la présente étude tente de démontrer que les comportements de consommation de contrefaçon restent largement influencés par le cadre légal qui régit la contrefaçon de marque, et que l'efficacité des politiques de lutte contre ce phénomène est affectée par un élargissement du marché de la contrefaçon, lequel résulte de l'expansion croissante des nouvelles technologies et du développement de la consommation en réseau. / To the extent that brandname facilitates consumer choice in the spectrum of varieties and qualities of products, it is a determining factor of the efficient allocation of resources in the production process, thus becoming an important corporate asset, up to the point that there is now a "market" of brands where meet supply and demand for brands. Thus, this research is based on an economic analysis of the supply of brands by firms and counterfeiters and the demand for brands by consumers. First, it is to show that supplying a brand is comparable to a means of differentiating the firm in a competitive market, and the mark appears as an important driver of entrepreneurial activity and a source growth. Then, another part of the research is devoted to the analysis of the mark on the demand side of the market, including a particular aspect of the demand for trademark which is the demand for trademark infringement. We build a theoretical model of purchasing counterfeited brands with a mechanism of game theory on the formation of a social norm. Finally, we attempt to show that counterfeit consumption behavior remains largely influenced by the legal framework governing trademark infringement, and that the effectiveness of policies to fight against this phenomenon is affected by an expansion of the market counterfeiting, which results from the increasing expansion of new technologies and the growth of consumption in the network.
884

Managing Open Digital Technology in the Cluster Environment : A case study of the Cluster of Forest Technology

Simbi, Nadia, Panagiota, Koukouvinou January 2019 (has links)
The role of open innovation is becoming increasingly important for organizational competitiveness, while digital technologies provide new opportunities for organizational innovativeness. Regardless of domain and industry, digital technologies have reshaped structure, business logic and organizational dynamics. In that spirit, the forestry industry moves from the traditional model to the open paradigm, embracing the significance of purposive external exploration and internal exploitation of knowledge and technologies. Although the importance of digital technologies has been highlighted by academia, their enabling role in the open innovation process is insufficiently explored. Moreover, little research showcases the systematic way to organize for open innovation in the digital world. This process towards openness creates new opportunities as well as challenges. In order to investigate these emerging challenges and opportunities for open innovation in a digital world, we conducted a qualitative exploratory case study in the Cluster of Forest Technology in northern Sweden. Our results illustrate that challenges such as trust, power asymmetries, knowledge flow and coopetitive activities need to be managed. This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a way to address these challenges, seize more opportunities and bridge the gap between open innovation and digital technologies.
885

Property law in Europe : a comparative study of national law and the law of European convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms / Le droit de propriété en Europe : étude comparative de droit interne et du droit de la CEDH

Pejchalová Grünwaldová, Vladimíra 15 June 2015 (has links)
La thèse traite de la protection de la propriété privée, d’une part dans le droit et la pratique de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme, et d’autre part dans le droit constitutionnel et la pratique des systèmes tchèque et français. Elle fournit une enquête comparative sur la portée des clauses respectives de protection de la propriété et de leur interprétation juridique dans le but de faire ressortir les éléments aussi bien convergents que divergents des approches normatives et jurisprudentielles de la protection de la propriété en tant que droit de l’Homme. L’objectif principal de cette enquête a été d’examiner et de comparer le traitement de la propriété dans la la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et dans les Constitutions de la France et de la République tchèque. Le sujet de la recherche est traité sous la forme d’une recherche dans plusieurs domaines spécifiques: les fondements théoriques et philosophiques, le sens et la portée des garanties assorties à la propriété et leur interprétation juridique, les limites et les privations de propriété, et les approches constitutionnelles quant à leur mise en oeuvre dans le droit et la pratique de la Convention. / The thesis deals with the protection of private property in the law and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and in the Czech and French constitutional law and practice. It provides a comparative inquiry into the scope of the respective property protection clauses and their judicial interpretation with a view to extracting convergent and divergent elements of the normative and jurisprudential approaches to the protection of private property as a human right. The main focus of the inquiry is to examine and compare the treatment of property in the European Convention on Human Rights and in constitutional law of France and the Czech Republic. The topic is analysed by virtue of research into several specific areas: the philosophical and theoretical foundations; the meaning and scope of the property guarantees and their judicial interpretation, limitations and deprivations of property; and the constitutional approaches to the implementation of the law and practice of the Convention.
886

A regulamentação internacional das patentes e sua contribuição para o processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil: análise da produção nacional de novos conhecimentos no setor farmacêutico / The international regulation of patents and its contribution to the development of Brazil: analysis of the local production of knowledge in the pharmaceutical sector.

Rosina, Monica Steffen Guise 16 September 2011 (has links)
Uma das características mais marcantes da propriedade intelectual é a tensão existente entre interesses público e privado. Na seara das patentes, essa tensão se torna ainda mais evidente quando o objeto da propriedade privada é essencial à consecução de objetivos sociais, como é o claro caso dos medicamentos. Concebida para fomentar a inovação, oferecendo um crescente número de soluções aos problemas enfrentados pela sociedade, a patente deve servir de incentivo à atividade inventiva. Isso ocorre por meio do período de exclusividade concedido ao inventor, durante o qual somente ele está autorizado a explorar comercialmente o produto de seus esforços. Quando se trata de bens essenciais à manutenção da vida dos indivíduos, entretanto, a análise se torna mais complexa. Preços monopolísticos podem impedir o acesso a determinadas drogas e inviabilizar políticas de saúde pública, por exemplo. É o custo social de um sistema de proteção fundado no monopólio de exploração. A ausência de incentivos, entretanto, leva à ausência de investimentos em produtos inovadores (veja-se o claro exemplo das doenças negligenciadas), o que, por sua vez, também gera um custo social. Existe equilíbrio possível a essa equação? Ao regular como o conhecimento é compartilhado, e ao estabelecer limites ao que se pode (e não se pode) fazer com os produtos desse conhecimento, a propriedade intelectual assume papel central no debate que busca compreender a relação entre direito e desenvolvimento. É buscando contribuir para essa reflexão que a presente tese foi concebida. Pretende-se demonstrar que quando se olha para o desenvolvimento de forma integrada, o progresso econômico por si só deixa de ser suficiente para atender às necessidades de crescimento das nações. Logo, as justificativas econômicas ao sistema de proteção patentário também deixam de ser suficientes para, por si só, atenderem aos anseios de desenvolvimento dos mais variados países. O trabalho encontra-se estruturado em quatro capítulos principais. O primeiro apresenta o ambiente internacional no qual se dá, majoritariamente, a produção normativa em matéria de propriedade intelectual; bem como a trajetória que moldou o atual quadro brasileiro em matéria de patentes e acesso a medicamentos. O segundo capítulo analisa as principais teorias que justificam o sistema de patentes, bem como aquelas que evidenciam suas fragilidades, além de discutir alternativas possíveis de fomento à inovação. O terceiro capítulo, por sua vez, estabelece o conceito de desenvolvimento que pauta a análise central proposta pela tese e o quarto e último capítulo traça um desenho da realidade da indústria farmacêutica no Brasil, no qual fica evidenciado que a produção de novos conhecimentos, passíveis de gerar inovação na área da saúde, é uma das grandes fragilidades nacionais. Sob a ótica de uma concepção integrada de desenvolvimento, conclui-se que a atual estrutura normativa patentária, por não oferecer alternativas ao monopólio como fomento à inovação, é mais prejudicial do que benéfica ao desenvolvimento do país, sendo necessário conceber modelos alternativos de proteção que possam coexistir com o modelo vigente. / One of the most noteworthy features of intellectual property rights is the existing tension between public and private interests. Particularly in the field of patents, such tension becomes even more evident when the object of private property is key to the achievement of social goals, as is the clear case of medicines. Conceived to foster innovation and offer society an ever-increasing number of solutions to everyday problems, patents must function as real incentives to creative activity. This is feasible because for a limited period of time, the inventor is the sole detainer of the commercial rights to explore his invention. When goods are, as in the case of drugs, essential to people\'s lives, the analysis becomes much more complex. Monopolistic prices may hinder access to certain drugs and, thus, make public health policies more difficult. Based on monopoly rights, this protection system has social costs. Lack of economic incentives, on the other hand, may lead to shortage of investments in innovative products (see the case of neglected diseases, for instance), which also generates social cost. Is it possible to strike balance to this equation? By regulating how knowledge is shared, and by establishing limits to what can and cannot be done to knowledge products, intellectual property rights take on a key role in the debate that seeks to understand the relationship between law and development. This dissertation aims at contributing to such discussion, by primarily demonstrating that when development is conceived in a holistic manner, economic progress in itself no longer suffices nations. Thus, the economic rationale used for the patent system also ceases to fulfill development goals in a significantly increasing number of countries. The dissertation is divided into four main parts. Chapter one portrays the international environment in which most intellectual property issues are regulated, as well as the historical and political routes that led to the current Brazilian legal framework of patents and access to medicines. Chapter two analyses the main legal and economic theories that justify the existence of the patent system, as well as those that evidence its shortcomings. It further presents and discusses existing alternative options that may encourage innovation in this area. Chapter three establishes the concept of development that is central to the dissertation\'s main analysis, while chapter four tells the story of pharmaceutical production in Brazil. The central line traced through the dissertation makes it then possible to demonstrate how national knowledge production that may lead to pharmaceutical innovations is one of the country\'s main limitations. The use of a holistic view of development leads to the conclusion that the current patent framework is, in fact, inadequate and produces more damage than benefits to the development of Brazil, to the extent that it does not offer alternative solutions to monopoly power. Different incentive models that can coexist with the current system are, in this sense, desiderata.
887

Les modes alternatifs de règlement des différends relatifs aux droits de propriété intellectuelle : contribution à l'analyse du concept d'alternativité / Alternative Dispute Resolution of Intellectual Property Disputes : Contribution to the Concept of Alternativity

Gillet, Emmanuel 12 December 2012 (has links)
L'époque contemporaine est marquée par l'expansion des modes alternatifs de règlement des différends dans tous les domaines de la vie juridique. Ce mouvement s'accompagne d'une large ouverture de l'arbitrabilité et de la transigeabilité. Mais une fois que l'on a ouvert les champs de l'arbitrage et de la transaction, encore faut-il savoir quels sont les pouvoirs des acteurs des modes alternatifs et quel peut être le contenu de la solution (sentence arbitrale ou transaction) issue du processus alternatif. Pour avancer dans cette réflexion, il importe de dépasser les seules notions d'arbitrabilité et de transigeabilité. A cette fin, nous avons recours au concept d'alternativité (PARTIE PRELIMINAIRE). Ce dernier présente l'intérêt d'embrasser l'ensemble des questions de fonds nécessaires à l'appréhension des modes alternatifs. Il est possible de le représenter sous la forme d'un triple test : - l'arbitrabilité ou la transigeabilité subjective ; - l'arbitrabilité ou la transigeabilité objective ; - les pouvoirs des acteurs des modes alternatifs et le contenu de la solution. La recherche du critère de l'alternativité révèle que l'ordre public devait être retenu comme seul critère (PREMIERE PARTIE). Une large faveur aux modes alternatifs nécessite la « désactivation » du critère de l'ordre public dans l'appréhension de l'arbitrabilité et de la transigeabilité, et ce afin de favoriser le bon déroulement des processus alternatifs. Ce faisant, l'action du critère de l'ordre public est déplacée dans le temps, une fois que le processus alternatif a opéré et fourni une solution aux parties. Se pose alors la question de l'éventuel contrôle du juge et plus précisément celui de l'intensité de ce contrôle sur la transaction ou la sentence arbitrale. Entre les écoles positiviste et libérale, l'auteur adopte une position modérée consistant dans l'acceptation dans contrôle approfondi qui ne soit pas pour autant incompatible avec le développement d'un ordre juridique alternatif. L'intérêt du recours à la propriété intellectuelle est double. En premier lieu, la propriété intellectuelle est traversée par toutes les branches de l'ordre public et, de ce fait, elle constitue un objet d'étude privilégié pour l'analyse du concept d'alternativité. En second lieu, l'étude du concept d'alternativité offre l'occasion de rechercher l'unité des propriétés intellectuelles face aux différentes branches de l'ordre public et, par conséquent, la même unité dans le prisme de l'alternativité / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé anglais.
888

PATENTES FARMACÊUTICAS E DIREITO À VIDA.

Fleischer, Frederico Gustavo 16 September 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FREDERICO GUSTAVO FLEISCHER.pdf: 1942180 bytes, checksum: ac1cdf719eda76fae84cc8fffcd5b1cb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-16 / This research was made through an examination of pharmaceutical patents, important instrument of protection to new drug discovery and manufacturing processes. The pharmaceutical patent today is important protagonist of controversy regarding its economic conflict with the right to life. With globalization, intellectual property is no longer relevant to the domestic law only to fill an important place in the agenda of International Relations, generating conflicts, debates, disputes and key element in the characterization of policies for the trade issue. The pharmaceutical market has unique characteristics, such as need for large investments, rigid quality control, momentary benefit, high risk and very competitive. Chagas disease, sleeping sickness, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Yellow Fever, Tuberculosis, Dengue, Leprosy diseases are despised by large laboratories, which have large commercial interests, keeping oligopolies in developed countries. Is done in this research reflects on the relevance of patents in the war between the major laboratories and developing and Third World countries. The emphasis on Influenza vaccine is due to the commitment of the WHO (World Health Organization) to fight worldwide, preferably in winter, requiring extensive work by laboratories such as Sanofi Pasteur that produces Vaxigrip® and Fluzone®. The overall objective of this research is to analyze the actual need of the patent referred opposite the conflict with the right to life to cause economic impediment to the treatment of certain ailments. It is concluded that the patenteárea protection proves to be essential for the proper and efficient maintenance of the right to life, the fundamental guarantee of humanity, becoming this protection, by extension, a moral obligation of the States, leaving the same principles as the use of compulsory license to penalize any economic abuse, as provided in the new national legislation. / Essa pesquisa se deu através de uma análise das patentes farmacêuticas, importante instrumento de proteção a novas descobertas de fármacos e processos de fabricação. A patente farmacêutica hoje é protagonista de importante polêmica quanto ao seu conflito econômico junto ao direito à vida. Com a globalização, a propriedade intelectual deixou de ser tema pertinente ao direito doméstico exclusivamente para preencher um espaço importante na agenda das Relações Internacionais, gerando conflitos, debates, litígios e elemento-chave para a caracterização de políticas para o comércio. O mercado farmacêutico apresenta características peculiares, como necessidade de grandes investimentos, rígido controle de qualidade, benefício momentâneo, alto risco e grande competitividade. A Doença de Chagas, Doença do Sono, Leishmaniose, Malária, Febre Amarela, Tuberculose, Dengue, Hanseníase são doenças preteridas pelos grandes laboratórios, que possuem amplos interesses comerciais, mantendo oligopólios nos países desenvolvidos. Faz-se nesta pesquisa uma reflexão sobre a relevância das patentes na guerra entre os grandes laboratórios e os países em desenvolvimento e do Terceiro Mundo. A ênfase na vacina Influenza se deve ao empenho da OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde) no combate em âmbito mundial, preferencialmente, no inverno, demandando o trabalho intenso de laboratórios como o Sanofi Pasteur que produz a Vaxigrip® e a Fluzone®. O objetivo geral dessa pesquisa é analisar a real necessidade da referida patente frente ao conflito com o direito à vida por causar impedimento econômico ao tratamento de certos males. Conclui-se então que a proteção patenteárea demonstra ser essencial para a correta e eficiente manutenção do direito à vida, garantia fundamental da humanidade, tornando-se esta proteção, por extensão, uma obrigação moral dos Estados, cabendo aos mesmos utilizar de princípios como da licença compulsória para punir eventuais abusos econômicos, conforme previsto na nova legislação nacional.
889

Indicações geográficas: regulamentação nacional e compromissos internacionais / Geophaphical indications: national regulation and international obligations

Cunha, Camila Biral Vieira da 18 May 2011 (has links)
A dissertação estuda a figura das indicações geográficas (IGs) com foco em sua pregressa e atual regulamentação nacional e internacional, nas discussões nos foros multilaterais, bem como na situação brasileira de reconhecimento das indicações geográficas, evidenciandose as potencialidades que se oferecem ao país por meio dos esforços para reconhecimento nacional e internacional de seus nomes geográficos. A dissertação inicia-se com a apresentação dos conceitos gerais e das funções da figura estudada, bem como da distinção entre as IGs e demais sinais distintivos. Na segunda parte, é analisada a regulamentação das indicações geográficas nos principais acordos internacionais (Convenção de Paris, Acordo de Madri, Acordo de Lisboa), com especial atenção ao seu tratamento no âmbito do Acordo TRIPS/OMC, bem como às propostas apresentadas por seus Membros. Com o intuito de analisar a experiência bem sucedida de países que ultrapassaram os níveis de proteção definidos nos foros multilaterais, o terceiro capítulo será consagrado ao estudo da normatização da União Européia e da organização administrativa francesa sobre a matéria. A última parte é dedicada à análise da regulamentação nacional em matéria de indicações geográficas (Lei nº 9.279/96) e da estrutura organizacional criada para o reconhecimento e proteção de tal figura, sendo expostas as experiências brasileiras no tocante ao reconhecimento das indicações geográficas, as tentativas em curso e os setores que ainda poderão ser beneficiados. Analisa-se, ao final, a compatibilidade do regime brasileiro com os compromissos assumidos internacionalmente pelo país e as possibilidades existentes para o país explorar a figura como meio de agregar valor às suas transações comerciais e aproveitar-se dos benefícios de tal exploração. / The dissertation examine the geographical indications (GIs) with focus on its past and present national and international regulation, the discussions in multilateral forums as well as the recognition of geographical indications by Brazil, demonstrating the possibilities that are offered to the country through the efforts for national and international recognition of its geographical names. The dissertation begins with the presentation of general concepts and functions of the GIs, as well as the distinction between the GIs and other distinctive signs. In the second part, it is presented a study on the major international agreements regarding GIs (Paris Convention, Madrid Agreement, and Lisbon Agreement), with special attention to the treatment under the TRIPS / WTO and the proposals made by its Members In order to analyze the successful experience of countries that have surpassed the levels of protection set out in multilateral forums, the third chapter will study European Union regulation and French administrative organization on the subject. The last part is devoted to a review of national legislation on geographical indications (Law 9279/96) and the organizational structure created for the recognition and protection of such a figure, being exposed the Brazilian experiences with regard to the recognition of geographical indications, ongoing attempts and sectors that can still benefit. At the end, it will be analyzed the compatibility of the Brazilian system with the international commitments signed by the country and the possibilities for the country to explore the figure as a means of adding value to their business transactions and taking advantage of the benefits of such exploitation.
890

Relação entre normalização técnica e propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional / Relationship between technical standards and intelectual property in international trade law

Zibetti, Fabíola Wüst 11 May 2012 (has links)
Nas últimas décadas, a importância da normalização técnica para comércio internacional aumentou consideravelmente. Segundo dados da OCDE, estima-se que um total de 80% do comércio global na atualidade seja afetado por normas e regulamentos técnicos. Esse cenário justifica a preocupação dos Membros da OMC em incentivar o estabelecimento de padrões tecnológicos comuns nos diversos países, como um instrumento para evitar o incremento das barreiras técnicas e promover a facilitação do fluxo internacional de bens, serviços, investimentos e tecnologias. Contudo, o crescente envolvimento de direitos de propriedade intelectual nas normas técnicas internacionais tem preocupado algumas nações, principalmente em decorrência dos elevados custos, tensões e conflitos que resultam dessa situação, impactando de forma negativa o comércio. Sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, o conflito revela-se no conjunto de obrigações que os Membros assumem no âmbito da OMC. Se os países devem obrigatoriamente utilizar como base as normas técnicas internacionais para estabelecer suas normas e regulamentos domésticos, e aquelas se encontram revestidas de direitos exclusivos privados, sua efetiva aplicação no plano doméstico depende da licença dos titulares desses direitos, nos termos e condições por eles impostos. No entanto, uma vez que eles não estejam dispostos a conceder licenças em termos razoáveis e não discriminatórios, ou se recusem a conferir a autorização, os países encontram dificuldades ou, ainda, ficam impossibilitados de implementar de forma plena as obrigações assumidas na OMC. A partir dessa hipótese, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar como se encontra regulada a relação entre a normalização técnica e a propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional. Esta tese confirma que as tensões inerentes à relação entre propriedade intelectual e normalização técnica alimentam um conflito sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, que não possui regras específicas para regular a questão. Este conflito se traduz na dificuldade que os países têm na implementação plena das obrigações assumidas na OMC. Para a mitigação dos problemas que emergem desse conflito, observa-se que se destacam duas tendências seguidas pelos Membros da Organização. Uma delas consiste em incrementar as flexibilidades do Acordo TRIPS, como se verifica nos Estados Unidos, União Europeia e Índia. Outra opção observada é o afastamento das normas técnicas internacionais em prol da adoção de normas e regulamentos técnicos domésticos baseados em tecnologias nacionais ou não proprietárias com fundamento nas flexibilidades dos acordos TBT, SPS e GATS. Casos nesse sentido são identificados em países como China. Em certas circunstâncias, a preferência pelo estabelecimento de normas e regulamentos técnicos baseados essencialmente em tecnologias nacionais protegidas por direitos de propriedade intelectual pode robustecer as barreiras técnicas ao comércio. Diante disso, com o propósito de assegurar a efetividade dos acordos multilaterais de comércio e garantir segurança jurídica, entende-se necessário a adoção de medidas claras e adequadas, que busquem eliminar ou reduzir as tensões e conflito, e garantir a previsibilidade do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio. Importa, ainda, que tais medidas sejam estabelecidas de forma a facilitar o comércio internacional e promover a concorrência leal, a inovação, a transferência da tecnologia e o desenvolvimento das nações. / In recents decades, the importance of technical standards for international trade has increased substantially. According to OECD data, it is estimated that around 80% of global trade is affected by standards and technical regulations. This scenario justifies the concerns of WTO Members to encourage the settlement of common technological standards in different countries, as a tool to prevent the rise of technical barriers and promote the facilitation of the international flow of goods, services, investment and technology. However, the increasing involvement of intellectual property rights in international standards has concerned some nations, mainly due to high costs, tensions and conflicts that result from this situation, adversely impacting trade. From the perspective of international trade law, the conflict is revealed in the set of obligations that States assumed in the WTO. If countries must use international standards as a basis to establish technical regulations and norms, and those are covered by private exclusive rights, its effective implementation at the domestic level depends on the approval of rights holders, according the terms and conditions imposed by them. However, since the rights holders are not willing to grant licenses on reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions, or refuse to grant the licenses, countries may find difficult or even remain unable to fully implement their obligations in the WTO. From this hypothesis, this study aims to analyze as it is regulated the relationship between technical standards and intellectual property in international trade law. This thesis confirms that the tensions inherent in the relationship between intellectual property and technical standardization feed a conflict from the perspective of international trade law, which has no specific rules to regulate this question. This conflict is reflected in the difficulty countries have in the full implementation of the obligations assumed in WTO. In order to mitigate the problems that emerge from this conflict, it is observed that there are two trends followed by the Members of the Organization. One is to enhance the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, as is the case in the United States, European Union and India. Another option is the deviation of international standards in favor of domestic standards and technical regulations based on national or non proprietary technologies founded on the flexibilities of TBT, SPS and GATS. Such cases are identified in countries like China. In some circumstances, the preference for the creation of standards and technical regulations based mainly on national technologies protected by intellectual property rights can strengthen the technical barriers to trade. Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness of multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to establish clear and appropriate measures, which seek to eliminate or reduce tensions and conflict, and ensure the predictability of the multilateral trading system. It is also important that such measures are established to facilitate international trade and promote fair competition, innovation, technology transfer and development of nations.

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