This thesis presents a study of the work of understanding one’s life. The work of understanding one’s life is what I call the work that pupils in special school and special school for adults (education for pupils, children as well as adults with intellectual challenges) themselves initiate. It is a “real” job, based on the pupils’ conditions where the purpose is to understand his or her self and learn to live in a world that is or can be experienced as unreliable. In special school the teacher has very obviously the pupil’s life in his or her hand and the way of approach that the teacher chooses is of great importance for the possibility for the pupil to work with his or her understanding of life. Analyses of concepts from existential philosophers with interdependence in focus have the purpose of understanding the work of understanding one’s life. For example K.E. Løgstrup’s philosophy on the ethical demand is discussed, as also spontaneous and revolving life expressions, Karl Jaspers’ border situations, Paul Tillich’s the courage to be and Henry Cöster’s work on ethics and social care. The discussion is put in relation to two different ways of approach that the pedagogue can choose. I call them following and leading approach. The analyses are illustrated with drawings from pupils’ and stories based on my experience of many years’ work in special school. The method, to see the alternative with distinctions, has been inspired by K.E. Løgstrup’s phenomenological interpretation of everyday reality. The result – a theory on what the work of understanding one’s life is about – is based on the discussion of the different concepts of the analysis in combination. The theory makes it possible to both speak about and relate to the work of understanding one’s life. Finally examples are given of areas, activities and situations where knowledge about the importance of the work of understanding one’s life is important for people’s possibility of taking part in community of society.

本研究旨在探討中國大陸如何運用經濟工具與菲律賓、越南應處南海爭端。參照Keohane及Nye非對稱互賴理論（asymmetrical interdependence）提出之敏感性（sensitivity）、脆弱性（vulnerability）概念，本研究分析中國大陸自1997年採取「魅力攻勢（Charm Offensive）」策略，為其創造可供運用經濟誘因（economic attraction）及經濟脅迫（economic coercion）之戰略空間，期能使菲、越等經濟實力相對弱勢國家，在領土爭端方面知所退讓。然而，從經濟誘因之敏感性以觀，研究發現菲、越兩國例證，均無以支持經濟誘因能說服相對弱勢國家減緩聲索之論述。針此，研究者提出「信任（trust）」或可作為補強Keohane及Nye分析框架要項之一；意即中國大陸與其經濟夥伴之間若政治信任不足，則中國大陸欲藉提供經濟誘因，促其經濟夥伴在領土爭端有所退讓，勢必存在相當難度。另從經濟脅迫之脆弱性以觀，研究發現菲、越兩國例證顯示，有別於運用實質性手段（substantive measures）施壓造成之短期損失，採取象徵性手段（symbolic measures）所映射之高度風險與不確定性，對於威懾經濟實力相對弱勢國家，可能更具效力。 / This study explores how China has employed economic instruments in handling South China Sea disputes with the Philippines and Vietnam. Borrowing Keohane and Nye’s notations of sensitivity and vulnerability in asymmetrical interdependence, this study analyzes how China’s charm offensive strategy developed since 1997 has created tactical spaces for China to utilize economic attractions and economic coercions in making her weaker economic partners to concede in territorial disputes. In terms of sensitivity to economic attractions, nevertheless, findings in both cases fail to support the argument that economic incentives would persuade the weaker parties to refrain their claims. I argue that one of the missing elements in Keohane and Nye’s analytical framework is “trust”. Without sufficient political “trust” between China and her economic partners, economic attractions to induce concessions could hardly work. In terms of vulnerability to economic coercions, findings in both cases suggest that compared to the substantive measures stressing the short-term loss, the symbolic measures projecting to high degree of risks and uncertainties might be more effective to deter the weaker parties.

The thesis offers new paradigms for advancing socio-economic rights in Africa. Many States Parties to human rights instruments have failed to promote the common welfare of their citizens partly because of the justiciability debate, which continues to complicate intellectual and practical efforts at advancing socio-economic rights. The debate also prevents the normative development of these rights through adjudication. Furthermore, traditional human rights theory and practice have been state-centric, with non-state actors largely ignored in the identification, formulation, and implementation of human rights norms. Yet, the involvement of non-state entities in international arena has limited states' autonomies considerably, with serious implications for human rights. Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have capacities to foster economic well-being, development, tenchnological improvement, and wealth, but they also often cause deleterious human rights impacts through thei employment practices, environmental policies, relationships with suppliers and consumers, interactions with governments, and other activities. The thesis argues that socio-economic rights are normative and justiciable. It argues that traditional approaches are no longer sufficient to secure human rights and calls for a dismantatling of some structures erected by doctrinal systems; for realignment of relationships among social institutions; and for integrated bundles of fundamental interests that harness benefits of human rights norms and widen the landscape to commit both formal and informal regimes. Fashioning out a new paradigm for advancement of socio-economic rights requires addressing state capacity. It requires an integrative and global interpretive framework. It requires, finally, a new paradigm to commit non-state actors in Africa. The illustrative chapter uses the rights to work and to social security as templates for some prescriptions towards reaslising socio-economic rights in Africa. / Jurisprudence / LL.D.

This study explores Cummins' interdependence hypothesis in the South African context. The design is experimental, involving Zulu primary language writing instruction to explore whether skills taught in Zulu composition classes transfer into English expository writing. The intervention and control groups were drawn from two ex-Model C high schools and the focus was on measuring use of coherence and cohesion in English essays. Quantitative findings showed, although the intervention group's writing skills did not improve significantly, they did not decline. By contrast, the control group's writing skills declined significantly. A more qualitative investigation of the corpus supports the statistical findings. However, because of the limitations of this study, more research is required into Cummins' hypothesis, bilingual programmes and teaching academic writing skills in African languages. It is hoped that this research design will benefit future researchers investigate the current debate about the efficacy of bilingual and multilingual approaches to education. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / M. A. (Applied Linguistics)

The purpose of the study was to develop a wellness model for teachers in addressing learning barriers for learners with hearing impairment. The study is underpinned by three theories, namely, the Linguistic Interdependence Theory, the Universal Design for Learning and the Wellness Theory to generate understanding of how learners with hearing impairment learn. Ethical standards were adhered to in terms of gaining permission for access, issues of informed consent, voluntary participation, and confidentiality. The study is premised on the pragmatism philosophy that favours a mixed method approach, using both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis and interpretation of data. The mixed method is a multi-method, ensuring multiple angles in data collection, interpretation and analysis. Data collection and analysis were concurrent because data were collected and analysed as soon as the data were available. The study used a purposive sampling approach to select samples of educators who responded to the questionnaires and those who participated in the interviews. Three provinces and 11 schools were purposively selected because of their history of providing quality education to learners with hearing impairment. The researcher knew all the schools. One hundred deaf educators (86 female and 14 male) participated in answering a semi-structured, self-completion questionnaire. All respondents were school-based teachers of the deaf, teaching Grade R to seven. Eleven primary school educators were interviewed, consisting of eight women and three men. Concurrent data analysis was used to compare quantitative and qualitative data, which revealed that learners faced several wellness challenges. Most of the learners faced literacy challenges in reading, communication with the hearing and limited academic, social and career dimensions. Some positive strides were showing in the physical and spiritual wellness through health promotion and moral education. The study proposed an integrated wellness model integrating the three lenses. The following four themes emerged from the study. The first theme is that academic challenges are major barriers faced by learners with hearing impairments. The second theme noted that deaf learners faced communication challenges. The third theme indicated curriculum, adaptation, and multidisciplinary teams as factor where hearing-impaired needed support to address barriers to learning. The last theme called for more programmes to be introduced to address academic, career, and spiritual wellness. A wellness model was proposed to assist educators to address the academic, social, career, emotional, physical, and spiritual wellness of the hearing-impaired learners / Inclusive Education / D. Ed. (Inclusive Education)

With globalization the subject of partnership has become one of the main issues in World Mission. Partnerships are formed in all parts of the world in order to promote collaboration between churches, denominations, and mission organizations. Although good partner relationships are a desired objective, historical prejudices and cultural differences and bias lead to barriers which hinder good partnership relations. How can these barriers be overcome? Christian partnerships are usually only based on a collaboration of the partners and the Christian aspect in a relationship in World Mission is neglected. This study presents a theological basis for a Christian relationship in World Mission, coming from the creation of the human being in the image of God, the communion within the Trinity, especially the concepts of “kenosis” and “koinonia,” and the image of the Body of Christ. A second part of this study researches the historical and sociological aspects of partnership in order to identify barriers for a good partner relationship. The findings of the theological research will then be compared with the outcomes of the historical and sociological study and conclusions for an improvement should be presented. The foundation for mission-church relationship in a global context needs to be a spiritual relationship, since the acting partners come together on a basis of their Christian faith and are part of the universal Body of Christ. The kenotic attitude of the partners plays a major role in their relationship and the proposed model for functioning relationships in World Mission needs to be an organic-complementary communion. The last part then presents a new model for the relationship in World Mission, in which several elements of organic-complementary communion are described. These elements are living together in the Body of Christ, learning together, serving together, suffering and celebrating together, sharing together, working together, and discovering theology together. The study concludes with a proposal of a concept of a “common space” in order to show how such a new model could be lived out in the everyday relationships in World Mission. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / D. Th. (Missiology)

Les grandes villes du Sud s’étalent dans leurs périphéries, en grande partie non réglementaires, notamment en conséquence de l’incapacité de l’Etat à procurer un logement à l’ensemble de la population. Cette thèse restitue l’analyse d’un de ces quartiers irréguliers aux marges de la ville : le quartier de Cherarba dans le Sud-est de l’agglomération algéroise, à la porte de la Mitidja. La réflexion porte sur les pratiques et les représentations des populations et la façon dont elles pèsent sur les dynamiques de dé-marginalisation et/ou d’intégration socio-spatiale de ces quartiers populaires à la ville. Les activités économiques générées par les populations s’avèrent un vecteur déterminant permettant à ces quartiers irréguliers périphériques de s’intégrer dans l’ensemble de la dynamique socio-spatiale de la ville. Trois axes structurent la recherche ; nous verrons d’abord comment les habitants "ordinaires" sont des acteurs à part-entière dans la production de l’espace urbain, en agissant au cœur même de ces transformations, à travers des stratégies résidentielles et économiques. Ensuite le regard se focalisera sur l'étude des interdépendances des territoires marginalisés avec la ville. L'examen des pratiques des populations devra permettre ici de mettre en évidence les modes d'effacement des frontières, d'imbrication et d'interactions à l'ensemble de la ville, particulièrement par le biais des dynamiques économiques. Le cœur de la réflexion concernera l'émergence d'une véritable polarité urbaine, formidable vecteur d'intégration. Enfin, l'analyse portera sur les pratiques et les représentations des populations, en mettant en évidence les formes de sociabilités et de solidarités, les ressources et les réseaux sociaux au sein et en dehors du quartier et les significations sociales qu'il recouvre. Le dévoilement de ces processus de recomposition urbaine bouscule les a priori entretenus sur ces périphéries stigmatisées et considérées comme des non-villes et conduit à une nouvelle approche de la réalité urbaine, modifiant les perceptions sociales négatives qui affectent cet « urbanisme d'émanation populaire ». / The big cities of the South spread out in their peripheries, largely not statutory, in particular as a result of the incapacity of the State to get an accommodation to the whole population. This thesis restores the analysis of one of these irregular districts to the margins of the city: the district of Cherarba in the Southeast of the urban area from Algiers, in the door of Mitidja. The reflection concerns the practices and the representations of the populations and the way they weigh on the dynamics of die-marginalization and/or sociospatial integration of these popular districts in the city. Economic activities generated by the populations turn out a determining vector allowing these peripheral irregular districts to become integrated in the whole of the socio-spatial dynamics of the city. Three axes structure the search; we shall see at first how the "ordinary" inhabitants are actors to whole part in the production of the urban space, by acting in the heart of these transformations, through residential and economic strategies. Then the look will focus on the study of the interdependences of territories marginalized with the city. The examination of the practices of the populations will have to make it possible here to highlight the modes of obliteration of the borders, overlap and interactions to the town suit, particularly by the means as of economic dynamics. The heart of the reflection will relate to the emergence of a true urban polarity, formidable vector of integration. Finally, the analysis will concern the practices and the representations of the populations, by highlighting the forms of sociability and solidarities, the resources and the social networks in the breast and except the district and the social meanings which it recovers. The unveiling of these processes of urban reorganization pushes aside prejudice maintained on these peripheries stigmatized and considered non-cities and leads to a new approach of the urban reality, modifying the negative social perceptions which affect this « town planning of popular emanation ».

Poster scénario international Seconde Guerre mondiale, il y avait plusieurs efforts de coopération régionale et de l'intégration dans le monde. Certains avaient avancée majeure dans l'intégration, comme l'Union européenne. Mais le point est qu'il avancé plus d'efforts ont eu un programme de sécurité et de coopération en matière de défense, et économique. Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment les arrangements de coopération dans les équipements aéronautiques de la défense peuvent influencer l'intégration régionale et de tirer des conclusions applicables à Unasur. Nous commençons donc à la question de savoir comment les différents modèles de coopération dans le développement de l'impact des avions militaires sur le processus d'intégration régionale? Nous croyons que la coopération dans le développement des équipements des avions militaires, de la création d'une chaîne d'approvisionnement régionalisé a la capacité de contribuer à une meilleure relation entre les membres de l'UNASUR, surmonter les obstacles et les visions déformées qui entravent le processus d'intégration régionale. Pour cela, la recherche sera structurée autour de la politique comparée, appuyée par d'autres théories actuelles des relations internationales. Dans ce cas, nous allons examiner les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de l'élaboration de programmes européens, avec les combattants F-104 et Panavia Tornado. Vous thèse sera structuré en quatre chapitres: d'abord sur la question de la coopération de la défense, à la fois l'aspect conceptuel et théorique, que le biais pratique, avec le débat sur le régionalisme. Après, dans la deuxième partie, avec une analyse de l'industrie de l'aviation et de sa réflexion en tant que puissance dans le système international. Dans la troisième partie, nous analysons les programmes F-104 et Tornado et contribué au processus d'intégration en Europe. Enfin, dans la quatrième partie, je discute comment les leçons des programmes analysés dans le chapitre 3, peuvent être appliquées dans le cas de l'UNASUR, mettant l'accent sur l'ingérence des pouvoirs et des points de vue extérieurs sur la coopération entre les membres du bloc. / No cenário internacional do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, surgiram vários esforços de cooperação e integração regional em todo o mundo. Alguns tiveram maior avanço na integração, como a União Europeia. Mas o ponto é que, os esforços que mais avançaram possuíam uma agenda de segurança e cooperação em defesa, além do econômico. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, compreender como os arranjos cooperativos em material aeronáutico de defesa podem influenciar na integração regional e extrair inferências aplicáveis à Unasul. Logo, partimos da pergunta de, como diferentes modelos de cooperação no desenvolvimento de aeronaves militares impactam no processo de integração regional? Pensamos que a cooperação no desenvolvimento de material aeronáutico militar, a partir da criação de uma cadeia produtiva regionalizada tem a capacidade de contribuir para uma melhor relação entre os membros da UNASUL, superando os entraves e visões distorcidas que dificultam o processo de integração regional. Para isso, a pesquisa se estruturará entorno da Política Comparada, apoiado por outras correntes teóricas das Relações Internacionais. No caso, iremos analisar as lições que podem ser aprendidas com o desenvolvimento dos programas europeus, com os caças F-104 e Panavia Tornado. Está tese se estruturará em quatro capítulos: inicialmente sobre a questão da cooperação em defesa, tanto pelo aspecto conceitual e teórico, como pelo viés pratico, com o debate sobre regionalismo. Seguindo, na parte dois, com uma analise da indústria aeronáutica e do seu reflexo como poder no sistema internacional. Na parte três, analiso os programas F-104 e Tornado e como contribuíram no processo de integração na Europa. Finalizando, na parte quatro, debato como as lições dos programas analisados no capitulo 3, podem ser aplicados no caso da Unasul, ressaltando a interferência de potencias externas e as visões sobre cooperação entre os membros do bloco. / Post international scenario Second World War, there were several efforts of regional cooperation and integration in the world. Some had major advance in integration, such as the European Union. But the point is that it advanced more efforts had a security agenda and cooperation in defense, and economic. This research aims to understand how cooperative arrangements in defense aircraft equipment can influence regional integration and draw inferences applicable to Unasur. So we start with the question of how different models of cooperation in the development of military aircraft impact on the regional integration process? We believe that cooperation in the development of military aircraft equipment, from the creation of a regionalized supply chain has the ability to contribute to a better relationship between the members of UNASUR, overcoming barriers and distorted views that hinder the process of regional integration. For this, the research will be structured around the Comparative Politics, supported by other current theories of International Relations. In this case, we will examine the lessons that can be learned from the development of European programs, with the F-104 and Panavia Tornado fighters. You thesis will be structured in four chapters: first on the issue of defense cooperation, both the conceptual and theoretical aspect, as the practical bias, with the debate on regionalism. Following, in part two, with an analysis of the aviation industry and its reflection as power in the international system. In part three, we analyze the F-104 programs and Tornado and contributed to the process of integration in Europe. Finally, in part four, I discuss how the lessons of the programs analyzed in Chapter 3, can be applied in the case of UNASUR, emphasizing the interference of external powers and views on cooperation between members of the bloc.

Poster scénario international Seconde Guerre mondiale, il y avait plusieurs efforts de coopération régionale et de l'intégration dans le monde. Certains avaient avancée majeure dans l'intégration, comme l'Union européenne. Mais le point est qu'il avancé plus d'efforts ont eu un programme de sécurité et de coopération en matière de défense, et économique. Cette recherche vise à comprendre comment les arrangements de coopération dans les équipements aéronautiques de la défense peuvent influencer l'intégration régionale et de tirer des conclusions applicables à Unasur. Nous commençons donc à la question de savoir comment les différents modèles de coopération dans le développement de l'impact des avions militaires sur le processus d'intégration régionale? Nous croyons que la coopération dans le développement des équipements des avions militaires, de la création d'une chaîne d'approvisionnement régionalisé a la capacité de contribuer à une meilleure relation entre les membres de l'UNASUR, surmonter les obstacles et les visions déformées qui entravent le processus d'intégration régionale. Pour cela, la recherche sera structurée autour de la politique comparée, appuyée par d'autres théories actuelles des relations internationales. Dans ce cas, nous allons examiner les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de l'élaboration de programmes européens, avec les combattants F-104 et Panavia Tornado. Vous thèse sera structuré en quatre chapitres: d'abord sur la question de la coopération de la défense, à la fois l'aspect conceptuel et théorique, que le biais pratique, avec le débat sur le régionalisme. Après, dans la deuxième partie, avec une analyse de l'industrie de l'aviation et de sa réflexion en tant que puissance dans le système international. Dans la troisième partie, nous analysons les programmes F-104 et Tornado et contribué au processus d'intégration en Europe. Enfin, dans la quatrième partie, je discute comment les leçons des programmes analysés dans le chapitre 3, peuvent être appliquées dans le cas de l'UNASUR, mettant l'accent sur l'ingérence des pouvoirs et des points de vue extérieurs sur la coopération entre les membres du bloc. / No cenário internacional do pós Segunda Guerra Mundial, surgiram vários esforços de cooperação e integração regional em todo o mundo. Alguns tiveram maior avanço na integração, como a União Europeia. Mas o ponto é que, os esforços que mais avançaram possuíam uma agenda de segurança e cooperação em defesa, além do econômico. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo, compreender como os arranjos cooperativos em material aeronáutico de defesa podem influenciar na integração regional e extrair inferências aplicáveis à Unasul. Logo, partimos da pergunta de, como diferentes modelos de cooperação no desenvolvimento de aeronaves militares impactam no processo de integração regional? Pensamos que a cooperação no desenvolvimento de material aeronáutico militar, a partir da criação de uma cadeia produtiva regionalizada tem a capacidade de contribuir para uma melhor relação entre os membros da UNASUL, superando os entraves e visões distorcidas que dificultam o processo de integração regional. Para isso, a pesquisa se estruturará entorno da Política Comparada, apoiado por outras correntes teóricas das Relações Internacionais. No caso, iremos analisar as lições que podem ser aprendidas com o desenvolvimento dos programas europeus, com os caças F-104 e Panavia Tornado. Está tese se estruturará em quatro capítulos: inicialmente sobre a questão da cooperação em defesa, tanto pelo aspecto conceitual e teórico, como pelo viés pratico, com o debate sobre regionalismo. Seguindo, na parte dois, com uma analise da indústria aeronáutica e do seu reflexo como poder no sistema internacional. Na parte três, analiso os programas F-104 e Tornado e como contribuíram no processo de integração na Europa. Finalizando, na parte quatro, debato como as lições dos programas analisados no capitulo 3, podem ser aplicados no caso da Unasul, ressaltando a interferência de potencias externas e as visões sobre cooperação entre os membros do bloco. / Post international scenario Second World War, there were several efforts of regional cooperation and integration in the world. Some had major advance in integration, such as the European Union. But the point is that it advanced more efforts had a security agenda and cooperation in defense, and economic. This research aims to understand how cooperative arrangements in defense aircraft equipment can influence regional integration and draw inferences applicable to Unasur. So we start with the question of how different models of cooperation in the development of military aircraft impact on the regional integration process? We believe that cooperation in the development of military aircraft equipment, from the creation of a regionalized supply chain has the ability to contribute to a better relationship between the members of UNASUR, overcoming barriers and distorted views that hinder the process of regional integration. For this, the research will be structured around the Comparative Politics, supported by other current theories of International Relations. In this case, we will examine the lessons that can be learned from the development of European programs, with the F-104 and Panavia Tornado fighters. You thesis will be structured in four chapters: first on the issue of defense cooperation, both the conceptual and theoretical aspect, as the practical bias, with the debate on regionalism. Following, in part two, with an analysis of the aviation industry and its reflection as power in the international system. In part three, we analyze the F-104 programs and Tornado and contributed to the process of integration in Europe. Finally, in part four, I discuss how the lessons of the programs analyzed in Chapter 3, can be applied in the case of UNASUR, emphasizing the interference of external powers and views on cooperation between members of the bloc.

No description available.