This qualitative research paper examines the emergence and main features of International Framework Agreements (IFAs) as a form of transnational labour relations. IFAs originated in the 1980s and proliferated after 2000. They aim to secure core labour rights across multinational corporations global supply chains. Globalisation changed the world of work, and, as a result, there is a call to look beyond national borders with reference to labour relations. Transnational corporations were the primary movers of mobility, but since then finance, people, and ideas joined the world of flows, introducing the new arena of transnational labour relations. The purpose of this research was primarily to determine what transnational labour relations are, and to determine whether IFAs form part of this transnational labour relations system. By conducting a document analysis and doing a literature review, the researcher analysed the contents of various articles, and assessed the substantive and procedural aspects of some IFAs concluded before 2008. Finally, key issues surrounding IFAs, such as the scope of agreements, trade union capacity, and global supply chains, are discussed in the context of international labour s campaigning, organising, and negotiation activities. Based on various features of international trade union activity, such as world company councils, codes of conduct, and international social dialogue, IFAs constitute an important and innovative tool in transnational labour relations. / Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / tm2016 / Human Resource Management / MCom / Unrestricted

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第19088号 / エネ博第312号 / 新制||エネ||64(附属図書館) / 32039 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 石原 慶一, 教授 手塚 哲央, 教授 東野 達 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DAM

No description available.

The thesis concerns maritime labour and its recent challenges from an international law perspective. The purpose of the work is twofold. First, it analyses how maritime labour has changed in most recent years. In particular, the work discusses the impact on maritime labour of two recent phenomena, namely globalisation and digitalisation. As far as the former is concerned, the thesis outlines that globalisation has given rise to flags of convenience and open registries, which have led to a marked deterioration in living conditions on board. As far as the latter is concerned, it is shown that digitalisation has made crews less and less numerous, although at the same time increasingly qualified and competent. Second, the study investigates whether the current international legal framework is adequate to cope with the changes described above, or whether it should be modified – and, if so, in which sense. Specifically, the research examines the main Conventions, bilateral agreements as well as voluntary or self-regulatory instruments. In addition, the study takes into account international collective bargaining, which is relevant because the maritime sector is highly unionised, and the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) has made a great effort over the years to get global shipowners to guarantee minimum conditions for seafarers. This research has an innovative and original approach. Maritime labour law is a rather neglected branch of legal studies. Only few researchers have investigated this subject. In particular, an organic study on this topic still represents a desideratum in Italy. This work intends to fill this gap, providing an Italian point of view on maritime labour law. In fact, even though the issue transcends national borders by its very nature, the transposition of international legal instruments at domestic level can vary greatly from state to state. In addition, the maritime sector is usually studied from an economic perspective, rather than from a labour law perspective. For example, most publications about flags of convenience focus on the distortion of competition. This research shifts the approach and looks at the phenomenon from the workers’ point of view. Such an approach is relevant for seafarers and for the entire sector, since taking the human factor into account is crucial for the sustainable development of the field.

Bemanningsföretagen har sedan legaliseringen 1993 fått fäste på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Bemanningsbranschen innebär en förändring av det traditionella anställningsförhållandet som vanligtvis är tvåpartsrelation till att bli en trepartsrelation. Det har skapat viss problematik, då arbetsrättslig lagstiftning främst är anpassad efter den tvåpartsrelation som ännu anses vanligast. Den reglering som styr arbetsmiljöfrågor är främst Arbetsmiljölagen, vilken kom till då trepartsförhållande var främmande för den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Därmed väcktes frågan om vilken aktör som bär arbetsmiljöansvaret vid uthyrning av arbetskraft samt om arbetsmiljöansvaret skiljer sig vid anlitandet av entreprenad.Syftet blir därför att, genom den rättsdogmatiska metoden, utreda gällande rätt och därigenom få djupare förståelse för komplexiteten kring ämnet. Stora delar av uppsatsen är av deskriptiv karaktär, en beskrivning av rådande rättsläge. För att få en internationell koppling berörs även International Labour Organizations konvention nr. 181 i syfte att utreda vilken inverkan den har för arbetstagare som hyrs ut av bemanningsföretag och deras arbetsmiljö.I mina slutsatser konstaterar jag att skyddet för den”traditionella arbetstagaren” är omfattande, medan skyddet för en arbetstagare i en trepartsrelation är betydligt mer komplex. Arbetsmiljöansvaret vid uthyrning av arbetstagare är i behov av ett förtydligande, vilket enligt mig borde ske genom lagstiftning. Till skillnad från personaluthyrning råder det ingen tvekan om ansvarsfördelningen vid anlitandet av entreprenad i Arbetsmiljölagen men enligt mig finns det ett behov av en definition av begreppet entreprenad. Definitionen bör syfta till att förebygga feltolkning av begreppet, då arbetssituationen, i vissa fall, kan bidra till att ett annat rättsförhållande skapas och att arbetsmiljöansvar då förskjuts till kundföretaget. International Labour Organizations konvention nr. 181 har ingen direkt inverkan på arbetsmiljöansvaret för uthyrda arbetstagare, då Sverige valt att inte ratificera konventionen. / Recruitment companies have since legalization in 1993 gained a foothold on the Swedish labour market. The staffing industry is a change from the traditional employment relationship which usually is a bilateral relationship to become a trilateral relationship. This has created some problems, when labour legislation primarily is adapted to the bilateral relationship, which still is considered most common. The regulations governing health and safety issues at the working place are mainly found in the Work Environment Act, which was written before the trilateral relationship appeared on the Swedish labour market. Thus, the question arose as to which player has the safety responsibility for rented labour and if the work environment responsibility differs in the employment of subcontracted employees.The aim of this thesis is therefore, through the legal dogmatic method, to investigate the law and thereby gain a deeper understanding of the complexity of the subject. A large section of my paper is of descriptive character, a description of the current legal position. To get an international connection, I also refer to the International Labour Organization Convention 181 in order to investigate what impact it has on rented labour and the work environment.In my findings, I conclude that the protection of the "traditional worker" is extensive while the protection of a worker in a trilateral relationship is much more complex. Work environment responsibility for hiring of workers is in need of clarification, which according to me, should be by legislation. Apart from rented labour, there are no uncertainties regarding work environment responsibilities for subcontracted employees in the Working Environment Act. However, according to me, there is a need of a definition of the term outsourcing. The definition should aim to prevent misinterpretation of the concept. In some cases the work conditions can contribute to the fact that a different legal relationship is created and work environment responsibilities are shifted to the client company. International Labour Organization Convention 181 has no direct impact on the work environment responsibility for rented labour since Sweden decided not to ratify the Convention.

This dissertation examines the Conventions and Recommendations to regulate the minimum age for admission to employment between the years 1919 and 1973 – the ILO minimum age campaign. The adoption process has been studied in its chronological and historical context. The dissertation has three points of departure: that childhood is a historical construction and that the legal material is part of that construction; that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from-history’, namely, the history of Western industrialisation during the 19th and early 20th centuries; and, finally, that children had a subordinate and weak position in the minimum age campaign. The study was organised around five central themes: (1) the over-all theme of predominant conceptions of children and work; (2) the relationship between industrialised and colonised and developing nations; (3) the relationship between the child, the family and the state; (4) minimum age; and (5) the importance of school. The most important results of the study are that: (1) In view of the revolutionary changes during the 20th century the continuity in the minimum age campaign was remarkable. In 1919, the ‘child labour problem’ was an issue mainly for the Western industrialised word. By the end of the campaign, in 1973, the transformations in societies during the century had made ‘the child labour problem’ an issue mainly for the developing world and with different conditions and implications in many respects. The content and ‘grammar’ of the minimum age campaign was however never really challenged. (2) The study has verified that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from history’. The campaign built directly on the Western industrial experience during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Western dominance in the ILO, the legal transplants, and the roots in the labour movement all contributed to the ‘hang-over’. (3) The minimum age campaign was modelled on the ‘norm of the Western industrialised childhood’. The norms and realities of childhood in other parts of the world were neglected of considered as provisional and inferior phases in relation to the Western ‘norm’. In this way, there were two separate childhoods in the minimum age campaign: ‘the normal’ childhood conceived for Western conditions and ‘the other’ childhood conceived for the ‘imperfect’ conditions of poor children in the colonised and developing nations.(4) In the minimum age campaign the ‘best interests of the child’ was negotiable and was subordinated in case of conflict with other interests.

L’année 1919 a été décisive dans l’histoire sociale. En effet, elle fut marquée par la création de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), issue de la partie XIII du traité de Versailles. Cette institution à vocation universelle se plaçait dans la continuité d'expérimentations et de réflexions menées, depuis le XIXe siècle, sur le Vieux Continent. L’objectif des puissances européennes était de définir un cadre international de règles, communes aux Etats, pour empêcher à la fois les excès de certains patrons, les conflits avec les travailleurs, tout en combattant la pratique du dumping social et en garantissant une concurrence loyale, non seulement entre eux mais aussi à l’échelle internationale. La France joua un rôle majeur dans la rédaction de ces textes et dans la création de l’OIT, chargée de poursuivre ce travail. De ce fait, cette institution dut concilier l’européocentrisme dominant le BIT et sa vocation universelle. La solution apparut, durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à travers l’interrégionalisme développé par Paul van Zeeland, et que l’institution tenta de mettre en œuvre durant l’après-guerre et la guerre froide. Il s’agissait de créer des regroupements régionaux et de les faire coopérer dans les domaines politique, économique et social pour garantir la paix dans le monde ; l’Europe occidentale devait en être le laboratoire. Cette région, notamment la France, influença donc durablement les réflexions de l’OIT. / The year 1919 was decisive in the social history. Indeed, it was marked by the creation of the International Labour Organization (ILO), resulting from part XIII of the treaty of Versailles. This institution with universal vocation placed itself in continuity of experiments and of carried out reflections, since the 19th century, on the Old continent. The objective of the European powers was to define an international framework of common rules for States, to prevent at the same time excesses of some managers, the conflicts with the workers, while fighting the practice of the social dumping and guaranteeing a fair competition, not only between them but also on an international scale. France played a major role in the writing of these texts and the creation of the ILO, charged to continue this work. So this institution had to reconcile the europeocentrism dominating the International Labour Office and its universal vocation. The solution appeared, during the Second World War, through the interregionalism developed by Paul van Zeeland, and that the institution tried to implement during the post-war period and the cold war. It was a question of creating regional regroupings and of making them cooperate in the policy fields, economic and social to guarantee peace in the world; Western Europe had to be the laboratory about it. This region, in particular France, thus influenced durably the reflections of the ILO.

The dissertation thesis is aimed at actual topic of the international labour migration and working foreigners in the Czech Republic during the period of the global economical crisis of 2008 and 2012. It is an empirical research that comes out from the qualitative and quantitative study of the topic. The subject of the research were working foreigners. We differ foreigners in the position of employees and businessmen as well as foreigners from the European Economic Area and Switzerland and so called third countries. In the work we also focus on the statistical data both from their availability and interpretation point of view and also from the volume of flows of international labour migration and the stock of working foreigners in the Czech Republic. Selected indicators were also used to study spatial distribution of working foreigners in the Czech Republic including its factors from political, social, economic, geographic, demographic or cultural areas. The study was carried out by applying qualitative and quantitative correlation and regression analyses. In this respect we focused also on the discussion of the relevancy of statistical data from areas specified above that may help to clarify the structure of the spatial distribution of working foreigners. The dissertation thesis includes the first attempt...

Alors que la question de l’interprétation pose de nombreuses questions, tant en matière institutionnelle que substantielle, au sein même de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), le regain d’intérêt pour les travaux de cette dernière, reflété notamment par un certain nombre de décisions de justice nationales, conduit à une situation où la question de l’interprétation de ses instruments se trouve renouvelée, complexifiée et fragmentée devant la pluralité des acteurs qu’elle implique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger pour savoir si ce phénomène permet de rendre effectifs des textes adoptés afin de donner corps à la justice sociale. Autrement dit, il s’agit de se demander si cette configuration garantit la diffusion et la conservation de la substance des normes internationales du travail et les rend aptes à répondre à des problématiques mouvantes. Pour y parvenir, il convient de procéder à une analyse successive de différents niveaux dans lesquels ceux-ci sont susceptibles d’être utilisés, en s’intéressant successivement au cadre international puis aux cas français, canadien et sud-africain. Ce procédé permet de faire ressortir les subtilités procédurales et substantielles propres à chacun des cadres de mise en œuvre des normes internationales du travail et de révéler les interactions pouvant découler sur la formation d’un système. / The topic of the interpretation of legal instruments raises many questions within the International Labour Organisation (ILO), in both institutional and substantial terms. At the same time, the heightened interest for its work, as expressed in particular in a number of domestic court decisions, leads to a situation where the question of the interpretation of its instruments is renewed, more complex and fragmented, because of the plurality of actors it involves. This thesis aims at answering the question whether this phenomenon contributes to give effect to the texts which were adopted to give substance to social justice. In other words, the purpose is the determine if this situation ensures the dissemination and preservation of the substance of the international labour standards and enables them to respond to changing issues. In order to respond to this question, it is appropriate to conduct a research at different levels in which international standards are likely to be used. Thus, this work is first oriented on an international analysis and then focuses on a comparative study of French, Canadian and South African cases. This method emphasizes the procedural and substantive intricacies specific to each implementation frameworks of international labor standards and reveals the interactions which leads to the formation of a system.

The premise of this paper is that the future of work will define the future of Labour Law, since work is indeed the main object of regulation of such legal discipline. From this perspective, we analyze the mega trends identified by the International Labour Organization that will continue to impact the world of work: globalization, the increase in the dependency rate, technological innovation and, above all, climate change. Likewise, the article addresses the main labor problems still facing Latin American countries, as well as the challenges that are presented in the near future to Peru in order to close the gap between the amount of employment generated in the country and the quality of said employment. / La premisa del presente artículo es que el futuro del trabajo definirá el futuro del Derecho del Trabajo, en tanto este tiene por objeto esencial la regulación de aquél. Desde esa perspectiva, se analizan las mega tendencias identificadas por la Organización Internacional del Trabajo que seguirán impactando el mundo del trabajo: la globalización, el incremento de la tasa de dependencia, la innovación tecnológica y, sobre todo, el cambio climático. Asimismo, el artículo aborda los principales problemas laborales que aún afrontan los países latinoamericanos, así como los retos que se le presentan en el futuro próximo al Perú a fin de cerrar la brecha entre la cantidad de empleo que se genera en el país y la calidad de dicho empleo.