The aim of this study was to examine social workers communication strategies in meetings with non-Swedish speaking families where interpreters are used, and analyze if those strategies are in line with a model of the ideal interpreted meeting that we constructed. The ideal model was based on what previous studies proposes as the best communication strategies at interpreted meetings. The chosen method for this study was unstructured interviews. These interviews were held with eight social workers from two different municipalities, all working with children and their families. The study showed that social workers use different strategies at interpreted meetings and some of them followed the ideal model while others did not. It further indicated that social workers have different levels of professional competence in interpreted meetings and that the two municipalities, concerned in the study, does not have any guidelines for how to use interpreters in meetings with non-Swedish speaking families. The result of this study further on shows that it is important to have knowledge about different communication strategies in interpreted meetings and that the legal rights of the non-Swedish speaking client might be at stake today because of the different levels of social workers professional competence at interpreted meetings.

No description available.

The aim of this study was to investigate how the presence of the interpreter as a third person affects the meeting between social secretary and client. The study has been conducted through semi-structured interviews based on social secretary's experiences of interpreted meetings and experiences of power. The respondents are multilingual and have experience of participating in interpreted meetings where they themselves have been able to interpret the language. We have analyzed our empirical data based on Foucault's theory of pastoral power. In our empirical data, we found that it tends to be more difficult for social secretaries in interpreted meetings to create relationships and guide their clients, and thus the pastoral power loses its most fundamental principle. The triangular power theory that arises in interpreted meetings makes the relationship creation more difficult as the interpreter could have the opportunity to prevent or distort the information that is conveyed between the social secretary and the client. We have also found that all three parties in the conversation carry various factors into the meeting that can affect the situation in different directions, examples of factors can be age, gender and ethnicity. The social secretaries are aware of the influencing factors that can occur in interpreted meetings and have developed various tools and strategies to be able to respond to this. However, the social secretaries believe that it is difficult to pay attention to clear deficiencies in interpreted meetings when one cannot speak the language.

Considerando a pouca quantidade de dados e o tempo limitado para a preparação do intérprete de conferência, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor uma metodologia para a elaboração de glossários bilíngues, inglês/português, voltados às necessidades de preparação deste profissional, no modo de Interpretação Simultânea, utilizando as ferramentas da Linguística de Corpus. Apesar do crescente número de publicações sobre Estudos de Interpretação, ainda não existe uma extensa bibliografia, em português, que apresente material de suporte para a preparação do intérprete. O modelo de glossário proposto tem como objetivo incluir não apenas termos técnicos e acrônimos, mas também colocados de termos, nomes próprios e paráfrases, e até mesmo pronúncia, quando relevante, pois o acesso a tais informações não somente permite que a Interpretação siga as normas da convencionalidade da língua de chegada, como também poupa o intérprete de depender tanto de um conhecimento intuitivo da língua, reduzindo, dessa forma, a carga cognitiva. Devido ao pouco tempo para a preparação do intérprete, é impraticável fazer uma leitura detalhada de grande quantidade de material de estudo. A Linguística de Corpus, por permitir o estudo de grandes coletâneas de textos e possibilitar a análise dos padrões de linguagem em textos naturais, foi utilizada na elaboração dos glossários. A metodologia descreve a elaboração de glossários para quatro trabalhos com tópicos distintos, sendo que os corpora coletados têm como base as informações enviadas pelo contratante do serviço, biografias de palestrantes, resumos de palestras e outros documentos relacionados aos eventos. Os corpora foram explorados com o programa WordSmith Tools, e, ao final, os glossários foram avaliados em relação a sua eficácia para o evento de Interpretação estudado, tendo como base a transcrição das palestras proferidas. / Given the lack of data and the limited time available for the preparation of Conference Interpreters, this research aims to propose a methodology for the preparation of English/Portuguese bilingual glossaries, based on the preparation needs of professionals in the simultaneous interpreting mode, using Corpus Linguistics tools. In spite of the growing number of publications on Interpreting Studies, there is still no extensive bibliography in Portuguese that can provide support material for the preparation of interpreters. The proposed glossary model aims to include not only technical terms and acronyms, but also collocates of terms, proper names and paraphrases, including their correct pronunciation, whenever relevant. By having access to this information, Interpreters can follow the norms of language use of the target text, while depending less on their intuitive knowledge of the language, thus reducing the cognitive load. Interpreters have little time to prepare and, therefore, are unable to read large quantities of studying material. Corpus Linguistics enables the analysis of a large number of documents and language patterns in natural texts, which makes it very useful for the preparation of glossaries. The methodology describes the preparation of glossaries on four different topics and the collected corpora were based on information sent by the parties contracting Interpreting services, such as speakers biographies, lecture summaries and other documents related to the events. The corpora were explored with WordSmith Tools software and assessed with regard to their efficacy for the Interpreting event studied, based on the transcription of the lectures given.

Bakgrund: Migration, kultur och språkbarriärer innebär stora utmaningar inom sjukvården. Sjuksköterskans professionella ansvar utgår från att se patienten i sitt sammanhang utan koppling till synen på omvärlden. Det har visats att sjuksköterskor upplevde svårigheter att tillgodose anpassad vård på grund av bristande kommunikation med patienter med olika kulturell och språklig bakgrund. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser vid transkulturella vårdmöten. Metod: Allmän litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg (2017) genomfördes som baserades på tio kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna inhämtades från databaserna CINAHL Complete och PubMed med följande sökord: experience, nurses, nursing, multicultural, transcultural och culture. Resultat: I resultatet presenterades tre huvudteman. Det första huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans upplevelser av kommunikation, vilket illustrerade språkbarriärer som hinder för kommunikation, kommunikationsstrategier och behov av tolk när språkbarriärer uppstod. Det andra huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans kulturmedvetenhet och- kompetens, vilket illustrerade kulturmedvetenhet hos sjuksköterskor och brist på kulturkompetens. Det tredje huvudtemat var: Sjuksköterskans upplevda känslor som illustrerade utmaningar och osäkerhet bland sjuksköterskor. Diskussion: Författarna diskuterade vikten av kulturkompetens och sjuksköterskans roll i transkulturell omvårdnad och personcentrerad vård, tolkens betydelse i vårdmötet. Diskussion diskuterades utifrån Madeleine Leiningers omvårdnadsteori, tidigare forskning och författarnas reflektioner. / Background: Migration, culture and language barriers pose major challenges in healthcare. The nurses’ professional responsibility is based on seeing the patient in their context without connection to the perception of the outside world. It has been shown that nurses experienced difficulties with satisfying adapted care due to lack of communication with patients with different cultural and language backgrounds. Aim: The aim was to explore nurses’ experiences of transcultural care meetings. Method: A general literature review according to Friberg (2017) was conducted based on ten scientific qualitative articles. The articles were obtained from the databases CINAHL Complete and PubMed with the keywords: experience, nurses, nursing, multicultural, transcultural and culture. Results: The result was presented by three main themes. The first was: The nurses’ experiences of communication, which illustrated language barriers to communication, communication strategies and the need for an interpreter when language barriers occurred. The second theme was: Nurses’ cultural awareness and culture competence which illustrated culture awareness among nurses and lack of confidence in their knowledge. The third theme was: The nurses’ perceived feelings that illustrated the challenges and uncertainty among nurses. Discussion: The authors discussed the importance of cultural competence and the role of the nurse in transcultural nursing and person-centered care, the importance of the interpreter in the care encounter. The discussion was highlighted in relation to Madeleine Leiningers’ nursing theory, previous research and the authors' reflections.

Avec la conquête de l’Algérie, l’armée française s’est retrouvée confronter à un besoin important en interprètes, besoin qu’elle n’avait pas réellement anticipé. En effet, le corps des interprètes initialement constitué pour l’expédition d’Alger le 5 juillet 1830 s’est rapidement trouvé insuffisant. Il a donc fallu pallier au problème de la langue, en pleine phase de conquête. Pour cela, les autorités françaises ont eu recours aux membres de la communauté juive, une communauté avec laquelle elles avaient déjà tissé des liens commerciaux et/ou diplomatiques de longue date. En plus de connaître le pays, sa population, ses coutumes et sa mentalité, les juifs maîtrisent en effet plusieurs langues. Le rôle de l’interprète a pris une dimension nouvelle en Algérie. Pour la première fois, un interprète occupe une place indispensable et centrale dans une action militaire. L’étude des dossiers des interprètes juifs a permis de constater qu’ils avaient participé à plusieurs négociations, de plus ou moins grande importance, à l’instar d’Amram Darmon et de Juda ben Duran avec l’émir Abd el-Kader. Ce rôle historique a eu des conséquences sociales : relations ambigües avec l’armée française, bouleversement dans le rapport à la communauté musulmane, interrogation sur la naturalisation… Cette thèse a mis en lumière le rôle qu’ils ont joué, souvent de manière indirecte, dans le processus qui a abouti au décret Crémieux qui octroie la citoyenneté française à la communauté juive d’Algérie en 1870, et a permis de mieux comprendre l’attachement de cette communauté à la France. / With the conquest of Algeria, the French army met to confront with a need mattering in interpreters, a need which it had not really anticipated. Indeed, the body of interpreters initially established for the expedition of Algiers July 5th 1830 was quickly insufficient. It was thus necessary to mitigate the problem of language, in full phase of conquest. For that purpose, the French authorities had appeal to the members of Jewish community, the community with which they had already weaved the long time commercial and diplomatic links. Besides knowing the country, its population, its customs and its mentality, the Jews indeed master several languages. The role of the interpreter took a new dimension in Algeria. For the first time, an interpreter occupies a central and indispensable place in a military action. The study of the files of the Jewish interpreters allowed to notice that they had participated in several negotiations, of more or less importance, following the example of Amram Darmon and of Juda ben Duran with the emir Abd el-Kader. This historic role had social consequences such as ambiguous relations with the French army, turnover in the report of the relationship with the Moslim community, the question on the naturalization… This thesis revealed the role which they played, often in an indirect way, in the process which ended in the decree Crémieux which grants the French citizenship to the Jewish community of Algeria in 1870, and has allowed to understand better the attachment of this community in France.

Considerando a pouca quantidade de dados e o tempo limitado para a preparação do intérprete de conferência, o objetivo desta pesquisa é propor uma metodologia para a elaboração de glossários bilíngues, inglês/português, voltados às necessidades de preparação deste profissional, no modo de Interpretação Simultânea, utilizando as ferramentas da Linguística de Corpus. Apesar do crescente número de publicações sobre Estudos de Interpretação, ainda não existe uma extensa bibliografia, em português, que apresente material de suporte para a preparação do intérprete. O modelo de glossário proposto tem como objetivo incluir não apenas termos técnicos e acrônimos, mas também colocados de termos, nomes próprios e paráfrases, e até mesmo pronúncia, quando relevante, pois o acesso a tais informações não somente permite que a Interpretação siga as normas da convencionalidade da língua de chegada, como também poupa o intérprete de depender tanto de um conhecimento intuitivo da língua, reduzindo, dessa forma, a carga cognitiva. Devido ao pouco tempo para a preparação do intérprete, é impraticável fazer uma leitura detalhada de grande quantidade de material de estudo. A Linguística de Corpus, por permitir o estudo de grandes coletâneas de textos e possibilitar a análise dos padrões de linguagem em textos naturais, foi utilizada na elaboração dos glossários. A metodologia descreve a elaboração de glossários para quatro trabalhos com tópicos distintos, sendo que os corpora coletados têm como base as informações enviadas pelo contratante do serviço, biografias de palestrantes, resumos de palestras e outros documentos relacionados aos eventos. Os corpora foram explorados com o programa WordSmith Tools, e, ao final, os glossários foram avaliados em relação a sua eficácia para o evento de Interpretação estudado, tendo como base a transcrição das palestras proferidas. / Given the lack of data and the limited time available for the preparation of Conference Interpreters, this research aims to propose a methodology for the preparation of English/Portuguese bilingual glossaries, based on the preparation needs of professionals in the simultaneous interpreting mode, using Corpus Linguistics tools. In spite of the growing number of publications on Interpreting Studies, there is still no extensive bibliography in Portuguese that can provide support material for the preparation of interpreters. The proposed glossary model aims to include not only technical terms and acronyms, but also collocates of terms, proper names and paraphrases, including their correct pronunciation, whenever relevant. By having access to this information, Interpreters can follow the norms of language use of the target text, while depending less on their intuitive knowledge of the language, thus reducing the cognitive load. Interpreters have little time to prepare and, therefore, are unable to read large quantities of studying material. Corpus Linguistics enables the analysis of a large number of documents and language patterns in natural texts, which makes it very useful for the preparation of glossaries. The methodology describes the preparation of glossaries on four different topics and the collected corpora were based on information sent by the parties contracting Interpreting services, such as speakers biographies, lecture summaries and other documents related to the events. The corpora were explored with WordSmith Tools software and assessed with regard to their efficacy for the Interpreting event studied, based on the transcription of the lectures given.

Bakgrund: När omvårdnadspersonal möter patienter som är immigranter med ett annat modersmål så räcker inte språkkunskaperna alltid till. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva omvårdnadspersonals upplevelser av att kommunicera med patienter som är immigranter med annat modersmål. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på tio vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Artiklarna granskades utifrån Röda Korsets Högskolas granskningsmall. Resultat: Utifrån det givna innehållet så sammanställdes resultaten under tre kategorier: Språkbarriären som hinder för vård, här uppmärksammas att ”språkbarriären” som uppstår i kommunikationen mellan omvårdnadspersonalen och patientkategorin immigranter, är ett hinder i vården. Språkbarriären som stressfaktor, häri betonas att språkbarriären kan ses som en stresskälla för omvårdnadspersonalen. Språkbarriären som kräver tillfälliga tolkar: ett behov och ett hinder, här presenteras de så kallade tillfälliga tolkarna, d.v.s. tvåspråkiga anställda eller patienternas anhöriga, detta kan både uppfattas som ett behov och hinder i kommunikationen. Slutsats: Socialstyrelsen betonar att vårdpersonal ska ge alla patienter bra vård och omsorg oavsett patientens modersmål. Strategierna för att bekämpa språkbarriärer bör vara specifika för olika yrkeskategorier. Behovet att anlita utbildade tolkar för att säkerställa en tillfredsställande kommunikation mellan vårdpersonal och immigranter är viktigt. För att bekämpa språkbarriärer krävs insatserna från forskare, beslutsfattare och vårdpersonal. / Background: When health care staff interact with immigrant patients who have a different native tongue language skills are sometimes not sufficient. Aim: The aim is to describe the employees’ experiences when communicating with patients with a foreign native tongue. Method: A literature review was carried out based on ten scientific articles. These articles were reviewed with a review model used by the Red Cross Collage. Result: Based on the given context the results were compiled into three categories: Language barrier as an obstacle for health care, here attention is drawn to the fact that a ”language barrier”, which occurs between employees and immigrant patients, is an obstacle in health care. Language barrier as a stress factor, emphasizes that the language barrier can create stress for the staff. Language barrier which requires temporary interpreters: a need and an obstacle, temporary interpreters are presented here, namely bilingual employees or patients’ relatives. This is perceived as a necessity and an obstacle when communicating. Conclusion: The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare emphasizes that the healthcare staff shall give all patients good health and social care no matter the native language. The strategies to combat language barriers should be specific for different professionals. The need to use trained interpreters, in order to assure a satisfactory communication between personnel and patients, is important.  To fight the language barriers actions from researchers, decision-makers and healthcare staff are required.

The left hemisphere interpreter refers to a function in the left hemisphere of the brain that search for and produce causal explanations for events, behaviours and feelings, even though no such apparent pattern exists between them. Confabulation is said to occur when a person presents or acts on obviously false information, despite being aware that they are false. People who confabulate also tend to defend their confabulations even when they are presented with counterevidence. Research related to these two areas seems to deal with the same phenomenon, namely the human tendency to infer explanations for events, even if the explanations have no actual bearing in reality. Despite this, research on the left hemisphere interpreter has progressed relatively independently from research related to the concept of confabulation. This thesis has therefore aimed at reviewing each area and comparing them in a search for common relations. What has been found as a common theme is the emphasis they both place on the potentially underlying function of the interpreter and confabulation. Many researchers across the two fields stress the adaptive and vital function of keeping the brain free from both contradiction and unpredictability, and propose that this function is served by confabulations and the left hemisphere interpreter. This finding may provide a possible opening for collaboration across the fields, and for the continued understanding of these exciting and perplexing phenomena.

Svensk sjukvård möter alltfler immigranter och asylsökande som lider av psykisk ohälsa. Inom psykiatrivården är kommunikation av extra stor vikt och talar patienter och sjukvårdspersonal inte samma språk uppstår lätt kommunikationsbarriärer. Genom denna kvalitativa litteraturstudie har användbara kommunikationsstrategier och viktiga komponenter för en god kommunikation identifierats genom innehållsanalys. Dessa rör bemötande, information och stöd/hjälp. Av vikt är att sjuksköterskor och övrig sjukvårdspersonal visar intresse, lyssnar, visar empati och visar på kulturell förförståelse vid psykiatrisk vård. Patienterna önskar uppmuntran till att hålla kontakt med vänner och att delta i gruppaktiviteter. De behöver hjälp att utveckla intressen och se möjligheter. När kommunikationen brister, såsom vid språkbarriärer, kan viktig information missas vilket är farligt och ibland irriterande för både personal och patienter. Vården blir mer tidskrävande och av sämre kvalitet. De mest använda kommunikationsstrategierna har identifierats: professionell tolk på plats, professionell telefontolk, flerspråkig sjukvårdspersonal, anhöriga som tolk, övriga verbala strategier och icke-verbala strategier. Strategierna upplevs som olika effektiva av sjukvårdspersonal och patienter. De professionella tolkar som finns används inte alltid på grund av att det anses tidskrävande att anordna tolksamtal, okunskap om tolkanvändning samt kostnaden. Anhöriga träder ofta in och tolkar och vid dessa tillfällen kan det hända att viktig information inte når fram och att egna åsikter vävs in. Några föredrar ändå anhörigtolk då de inte känner att det kan lita på tolkens tystnadsplikt.  Teoretisk anknytning för litteraturstudien görs till Antonovskys KASAM, Känsla av Sammanhang. / Swedish health care is working with many immigrants and asylum seekers whom are suffering from mental disorders. In the psychiatric care, communication is especially important, and if patients and health care staff do not speak the same language health care staff will front communication barriers. With this qualitative literature study useful communication strategies has been identified as well as important components for good communication. These are: the attitude of the health care staff, information and support and help. It is important that nurses and other health care staff are interested, that they are listening, shows on empathy, and on cultural knowledge within the psychiatric care. Patients wish to get encouraged to keep in contact with friends and to participate in group activities. They need help to develop interests and to see possibilities. When the communication is poor, as in language barriers, important information might be omitted. This is dangerous and sometimes annoying for both health care staff and the patient. Taking care of the patient will take longer time and the quality will be poorer. The most used strategies for communication has been identified as: professional interpreters on sight, professional phone interpreters, bilingual health care staff, and relatives as interpreters, other verbal strategies and non-verbal strategies. Health care staff and patients experience these strategies as effective in different ways. Even though there are professional interpreters, they are not always used due to reason as time deficiency, too little knowledge about how to contact an interpreter and also for financial issues. Often relatives have to interpret, and in these situations important information might be omitted and own thoughts or opinions put forward. Some patients though, prefer the relatives to translate, since they not always trust the confidentiality of the interpreter. As a theoretical framework, Antonovskys’ SOC, Sense of Coherence, has been used in this literature study.