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This is a qualitative study based on fieldwork carried out in Accra, Ghana April 3 – May 29, 2010. The aim was to shed light on how a selected number of female Ghanaian journalists experience their working conditions from a gender based perspective. The material consists of eight semi-structured interviews ranging from 20 minutes to 1 hour 12 minutes. The interviewees are female, Ghanaian journalists between 23 and 46 years old working in print or broadcast media in Ghana.  The interviews were analyzed thematically resulting in seven sub-headings, all relating to my research questions, which were: - Is being a female journalist in Ghana today in any way a disadvantage/advantage? - How do female journalists in Ghana experience their opportunities to advance and be promoted? - Do female journalists in Ghana experience any differences between them and their male colleagues? Do they report on different kinds of subjects? My analysis conclude there are a number of disadvantages being female within the media in Ghana: there is a perception of female journalists being flirtatious and less professional than male journalists, it is challenging for female journalists to start a family since journalism is a very time-consuming profession and the responsibility for domestic work is still primarily on the woman and, finally, the interviewees experience they have to distinguish themselves from their male colleagues and make their mark as competent and professional to really be taken seriously. Concerning the opportunity to get promoted there is a contradiction; the interviewees all experience they have the opportunity to get promoted as long as they work hard, nevertheless they recognize a male-domination among their executives and expresses an awareness of gender based promotions. The interviewees claim they can report on whatever subjects they want, but they all express an awareness of the distinction between topics primarily covered by women and others by men. This contradiction is similar to the one articulated above. To sum up, there is a discrepancy between how the interviewees felt about their own situation and how they perceive the inequality issues surrounding them.

PROBLEM DISCUSSION: Vaggeryd is a small municipality Småland. In addition to its strategic position along the main traffic route E4, Vaggeryd is very interesting also because of its advanced view on growing of the business sector, in both short and long-term per- spective. To meet that goal the municipality of Vaggeryd started to invest in “Egenföretagareutbildningen” EFU in cooperation with Jönköping International Business School (JIBS). The main idea is that students attend the courses that are held by JIBS and during their studies start their own business in a local business incubator called Fenix. PURPOSE: To host such education requires a huge amount of energy and resources from the municipality, which consequently would like to get answers to questions like “Is it worth investing in the education?” or “What are the results of such education?” The aim of this paper is to give the answers to those crucial questions though I believe that the time that has passed from the beginning of the education is too short and that the number of the students was not large enough to get definitive answers. This paper concentrates on a narrow part of the qualitative research methods – an inter- view. It is divided into two parts, a theoretical part and the empirical findings. FINDINGS: The research showed that six students out of a total of ten from generation 2005 started a new venture, three will take over a family business, and one has not decided to start a business yet. Of six students in generation 2003 four have started a business and one of them finished in bankruptcy, one plans to start a business in the future and one does not have a good business idea. RECOMMENDATIONS: Answers that the interviews returned gave interesting sugges- tions to both the municipality of Vaggeryd and JIBS about how to improve EFU. I would emphasise two, I believe, the most important recommendations. First municipality has to attract neighbouring municipalities in the EFU project. In addition, a greater effort should be made to help students build a spider’s web of business contacts.

Music has always been an important form of communication and it can be found in many different contexts including aesthetical, cultural and emotional forms. In the globalized society of today music can be distributed fast through radio, TV, CD: s and the Internet. For many people consumption of music is an important part of the daily life and it can contribute to shape an individual’s attitudes and personality. The main purpose of this study is to find out whether there are any differences between men and women’s musical preferences. I will apply an explorative approach using qualitative interviews to describe what causes the differences. My results show that there is a difference between men and women’s musical preferences at least on the surface. Men preferred listening to rock and women favoured pop to a greater extent. These results could be affected by socialisation which refers to common norms in the society describing how women and men should behave. Socialisation can be linked to musical preferences and clearly both sexes are affected by this. It can be problematic to break these norms fearing exclusion from certain social groups. Some factors that effects musical preferences are socialisation, gender and identity.

¡§Employees¡¨ are the most important factor to concern the business. However, love to go ease and hate to work hard is human¡¦s nature. If less to take care the workpeople for a long time, wasting resources, neglecting handling official papers, making excuses¡Ksuch events should be happened. It¡¦s an important issue to build up the good organize and harmonious atmosphere, make the employees willing and enthusiastic at work. On workpeople and affairs management, there are two important things ¡§trusty¡¨ and ¡§effectiveness¡¨. For examples, when you have a target practice, all of the shootings are on the bull¡¦s eye. It means good at ¡§trusty¡¨ and ¡§effectiveness¡¨¡F If all of the shootings are on one spot out of the bull¡¦s eye, it means good at ¡§trusty¡¨ but not at ¡§effectiveness¡¨. All of the bosses would hope their employees are good at ¡§trusty¡¨ and ¡§effectiveness¡¨ on their work field. Due to the competitiveness of Taiwan¡¦s industries, it is hard to avoid moving to overseas. Because of the enticements of cost down and prosper market, Mainland China is most of the industries¡¦ common investment choices. There are different politics and economic policies between two sides of straits. And the wide gap of social culture and values exist in Taiwan and Mainland China. As a result of politics and economic policies open and develop, especially industrial circles focus on pursuing achievements, it brings workpeople new thoughts. It also makes some problems at adapting to thoughts and behaviors of the workpeople. Therefore, the complexity and importance of human resources management are manifested. The passive components industries are widespread in Taiwan. To comply with the assembling factories generations alternating and products renewing, the attached business opportunities should be brought up. But Taiwan is just good at low technique production resistance and capacitance. The international main industrials use as low price to occupy the market. The materials and innovation skills are controlled by Japan, Europe and China. They become to the production center in the world year after year. The passive components industries in Taiwan must bring up the effective human resources management tactics to build up superiorly competitiveness to break through the difficult position. Otherwise the passive components industries in Taiwan will face the threat to be knocked out. This research is based on the passive components And try to find out the different and similar views on human resources management between two sides of strait. To contrast and analyze the advantage and disadvantage draft the different policies to suit different environment, to improve the satisfaction of employees. Furthermore, the passive component industrial in Taiwan should be raise on business effects and competitiveness.

The present thesis is based on four studies focusing on alcohol consumption among Swedish adolescents, and therewith related psychosocial and genetic factors. One main objective was to study the reasons for drinking alcohol among different population - representative samples of adolescents in order to identify motives for drinking. Relationships between these drinking motives, alcohol consumption, and alcohol - related problems were also investigated. Three motives emerged from this study: social - enhancement, coping and dominance. The association with alcohol consumption and alcohol - related problems was positive for social - enhancement and coping motives, but negative for the dominance motive. A significant heritability of alcohol use disorders has been demonstrated by family, adoption and twin studies. Environmental influences have also been acknowledged to play an important role in the development of alcohol use disorders. Moreover, the interaction between genetic and environmental factors is likely to influence the risk - resilience for alcohol use disorders. In view of this knowledge, plausible candidate polymorphisms were considered in gene - environment interaction models. An effect of the genetic polymorphisms was only present when a G x E model was considered. A genetic variant of the clock gene Period2, in an interaction with sleep problems, was studied in relation to alcohol consumption among adolescents. High alcohol consumption was associated with the AA genotype of the PER2 SNP10870 polymorphism, in an interaction with several and frequent sleep problems, among adolescent boys. A genetic variant in the opioid µ receptor 1 gene, in an interaction with alcohol consumption, was studied in relation to depressive symptoms. Depressive symptoms were predicted by the G allele of the OPRM1 A118G polymorphism, in an interaction with high alcohol consumption, among adolescent girls. Additionally, the PER2 SNP10870 and the OPRM1 A118G polymorphisms were studied in a sample of severely alcoholic females. Furthermore, alcohol consumption was assessed by using different instruments, such as biomarkers and surveys. Comparisons were carried out to identify the most suitable method to assess alcohol consumption among adolescents. Questionnaire and interview seemed more suitable tools than biomarkers in this regard.The results eventually support the importance of psychosocial and genetic influences, and their interaction effect on alcohol consumption among adolescents.

The police interview is one of the most important investigative tools that law enforcement has close at hand, and police interview methods have changed during the twentieth century. A good police interview is conducted in the frame of the law, is governed by the interview goal, and is influenced by facilitating factors that may affect the elicited report. The present doctoral dissertation focuses on police interviews in cases of very serious crimes of violence and sexual offences. Results reveal crime victims’ and perpetrators’ experiences of being interviewed and police officers’ attitudes towards conducting interviews related to traumatizing crimes. Study 1 revealed that when police officers interviewed murderers and sexual offenders, the interviewees perceived attitudes characterized by either dominance or humanity. Police interviews marked by dominance and suspects’ responses of anxiety were mainly associated with a higher proportion of denials, whereas an approach marked by humanity, and responses of being respected were significantly associated with admissions. In line with Study 1, the victims of rape and aggravated assault in Study 2 also revealed the experience of two police interview styles, where an interviewing style marked by dominance and responses of anxiety was significantly associated with crime victims’ omissions of information. Moreover, a humanitarian interviewing style, and crime victims’ feelings of being respected and co-operative, was significantly related to crime victims providing all information from painful events. Special squad police officers’ attitudes towards interviewing crime victims, in Study 3, also showed a humanitarian approach and two dominant approaches, one affective and the other refusing. The attitude towards interviewing suspects of crimes in focus revealed humanitarian and dominant interviewing attitudes, and an approach marked by kindness. The present thesis shows that, during their entire career, an overwhelming majority of the special squad police officers have experienced stressful events during patrol as well as investigative duty. Results show that symptoms from stressful event exposures and coping mechanisms are associated with negative attitudes towards interviewing suspects and supportive attitudes towards crime victim interviews. Thus, experiences from stressful exposures may automatically activate ego-defensive functions that automatically generate dominant attitudes. Moreover, it is important to offer police officers who have been exposed to stressful events the opportunity to work through their experiences, for example, through debriefing procedures. After debriefings, police officers are better prepared to meet crime victims and suspects and, through conscious closed-loop processes, to conduct police interviews without awaking ego-defensive functions.

ABSTRACT Background: There are many studies of stretching and its effects on the body. Research shows that stretching can have both positive and negative effects on the body. Meantime there are no qualitative studies on stretching and how the opinion of stretching is among soccer players. Female soccer players are a group that is rapidly growing and that is injured to a great extent. Purpose: To describe stretching exercising female soccer players’ opinion of stretching. Method: Ten stretching exercising female soccer players over fifteen years of age from two teams were interviewed in a semi-structured interview. The recordings were analyzed through a qualitative content analysis containing a process of abstraction. Results: The participants’ said that there are specific body- and surrounding factors that affects them to exercise stretching. The participants say that when they exercise stretching they follow a specific pattern. They also said that they have been given to little and that they would like more information of stretching. The participants’ talk about the knowledge they have about stretching from their own experiences of exercising stretching. Conclusion: The participants’ opinion of stretching varies like results found in previous research. This study also shows that the participants’ would like more information about stretching and that they find that other people largely affect them to exercise stretching. Further research is needed about to be able to generalize the results found in this study and to deepen the understanding of the topic.

Den ökade psykiska ohälsan bland tonårstjejer ses som ett problem och tanken om denna utveckling kunde förebyggas med fysisk aktivitet uppstod. Detta eftersom den fysiska aktiviteten har visat sig ha positiva effekter på den psykiska hälsan. Den minskade fysiska aktiviteten hos unga tjejer väckte intresset för hur tjejernas uppfattningar påverkar deras fysiska aktivitet. Hypotesen om att uppfattningar påverkar handlandet formades och tre teman som tros påverka tjejernas uppfattningar om fysisk aktivitet, genus, kultur och media inkluderades. Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka uppfattningar 15-åriga tjejer har om fysisk aktivitet och hur dessa skiljer sig utifrån deras grad av fysisk aktivitet. Som metod användes fokusgruppintervjuer där deltagarna delades in i tre grupper utifrån deras fysiska aktivitet. Två till fem tjejer ingick i varje grupp. I resultatet framkom att uppfattningarna skiljde sig mellan grupperna. Tjejerna med högst fysisk aktivitet, grupp 1, uppfattade den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar med fokus på prestation. Grupp 2, medelaktiva tjejer, uppfattade också den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar men med fokus på hälsa. De minst aktiva tjejerna, grupp 3, uppfattade inte den fysiska aktiviteten som självklar och uttryckte inte heller något intresse för den fysiska aktiviteten. Slutsatsen blev att tjejernas uppfattningar skiljer sig utifrån deras fysiska aktivitet. För att öka tjejernas fysiska aktivitet bör arbetet därför inriktas på tjejernas uppfattningar om fysisk aktivitet. Genom att förändra tjejernas uppfattningar skulle således den fysiska aktiviteten kunna öka och den psykiska ohälsan troligtvis minska.

Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka ledares syn på hälsa och hälsofrämjande arbete samt hur det eventuella hälsofrämjandet arbetet såg ut på deras företag. Vidare undersöktes ur ledarens synvinkel, hur, vad och varför ledaren och företaget arbetar som de gör med hälsa på sin arbetsplats. Metod: Författarna har genom intervju frågat ledare vid fyra företag med kontorsverksamhet vad de anser om hälsa och hälsofrämjande arbete och hur företagets hälsoarbete ser ut. Resultat: Resultatet visade att ledarnas syn på hälsa och hälsofrämjande arbete påverkar hälsoarbetet på företaget. Resultatet visade även att tre av fyra företag hade ett välutvecklat hälsofrämjande arbete. Slutsats: Samtliga ledare visade intresse för hälsa och hälsofrämjande arbete om än i olika grad och ledarnas intresse har en påverkan på det hälsofrämjande arbetet.