Abstract The purpose of this research is to explore the issue of organizing work for creative individuals, particularly to explore the influence of creativity on emergence of creative companies and to understand the way of managing creative individuals from those companies. The emergence of creative companies is investigated from the motivational perspective, especially the intrinsic motivation and inner drive. The management aspect is studied from the perspective of both managers and employees. Prior literature on creativity demonstrates that creativity has become an important element of human existence. Most of the creativity research has been done on individual creativity, organizational creativity, creative processes, motivation and social influences on creativity. Despite the recent tendency to study creativity from various perspectives, few scholars have approached this phenomenon from the perspective of emergence of creative companies. This study examines that and explores the motivational aspects of creativity seen from the angle of the paradox between art and business. Creativity and motivation in creative companies are contemplated with a case study method. The empirical context of the research is creative industries: games, films, visual and performing arts. The results of this study show that motivational features of creativity (love and passion to create, curiosity, desire to create, choice to be creative) have an influence on creative individuals from the perspective of emergence of new creative companies. The analysis further indicates the importance of acknowledgement of creativity and creative work of individuals in games industries. The new concept of ”the need to be creative” is introduced in this research in the context of a new product or idea being created. In addition, this research concludes that there is a paradox between creative freedom and control when managing creative individuals. This study shows that both of those elements are critical managing practices in the creative companies. Based on theories of creativity and management combined with empirical analysis of film companies, this research also suggests that managing of creative individuals is focused on allowing creative freedom at work while providing control by the manager as well as providing the right work-life balance in creative work settings. / Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tarkastella luovuuden vaikutusta luovien alojen yritysten syntymiseen sekä ymmärtää luovien yksilöiden johtamista. Luovien yritysten syntyä tutkitaan motivationaalisesta, erityisesti sisäisen motivaation ja -halun näkökulmasta. Johtamista tarkastellaan sekä johtajan että työntekijän näkökulmasta. Aikaisempi luovuuskirjallisuus osoittaa, että luovuudesta on tullut tärkeä ihmisyyden ja olemassaolon osa-alue. Suurin osa luovuustutkimuksesta on tehty yksilön luovuudesta, organisatorisesta luovuudesta, luovista prosesseista, motivaatiosta sekä sosiaalisten tekijöiden vaikutuksista luovuuteen. Vaikka luovuustutkimusta on tehty viime aikoina monista eri näkökulmista, harvat tutkijat ovat lähestyneet ilmiötä luovien yritysten syntymisen näkökulmasta. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin luovuuden motivationaalisia elementtejä taiteen ja liiketoiminnan ristiriidan näkökulmasta. Luovien yritysten luovuutta ja motivaatiota tarkasteltiin käyttäen tapaustutkimusmenetelmää. Tämän tutkimus on tehty luovien alojen, kuten peli-, filmi-, visuaalisen- ja esittävän taiteen kontekstissa. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että luovuuden motivationaalisilla piirteillä (kuten intohimo luomista kohtaan, uteliaisuus, halu luoda ja olla luova) on vaikutusta luoviin yksilöihin luovien yritysten syntymisen näkökulmasta. Analyysi osoittaa myös, että peliteollisuudessa on tärkeää tunnistaa yksiön luovuus ja luovan työn merkitys. Tämä tutkimus esittelee uuden ”tarve olla luova”- käsitteen kontekstissa, jossa luodaan uutta tuotetta tai ideaa. Tämän lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa, että johdettaessa luovia yksiöitä luovuuden vapaus ja kontrollin tarve ovat ristiriidassa. Tutkimus kuitenkin osoittaa, että molemmat elementit ovat kriittisiä johtamiskäytäntöjä luovissa yrityksissä. Johtamisen- ja luovuuden teoriat sekä tutkimuksen empiirinen analyysi osoittavat, että luovien yksilöiden johtaminen perustuu luovuuden vapauden mahdollistamiseen, riittävään kontrolliin sekä työelämän tasapainoon.

Cette thèse porte sur la conception de contrôleurs pour robots explorateurs autonomes basée sur une approche en ligne (online) intégrée, ne nécessitant pas de vérité terrain ni d'intervention de l'expert humain au cours du processus d'entrainement.Le travail présenté se focalise sur le domaine de la robotique autonome et plus particulièrement la conception de controleurs robotiques pour les essaims de robots.Ce contexte présente deux difficultés spécifiques. Premièrement, les approches basées sur l'usage de simulateur sont d'efficacité limitée : d'une part, la précision du simulateur est limitée compte tenu de la variabilité des robots élémentaires; d'autre part, la complexité de la simulation est super-linéaire en fonction du nombre de robots de l'essaim. Deuxièmement, les approches guidées par le but se heurtent au fait que la fonction objectif n'est pas définie au niveau du robot individuel, mais au niveau de l'essaim.Une première étape vers la conception de contrôleur explorateur autonome est proposée dans cette thèse. L'approche proposée, appelée exploration robotique fondée sur l'évolution et l'information (Ev-ITER) se fonde sur l'hybridation de la robotique évolutionnaire et de l'apprentissage par renforcement utilisant l'entropie. Cette approche procède en deux phases: (i) dans une première phase l'évolution artificielle est utilisée pour générer des contrôleurs primaires (crawlers), dont les trajectoires sont d'entropie élevée dans l'espace sensori-moteur; (ii) dans une seconde phase, l'archive des trajectoires acquises par les controleurs primaires est exploitée pour définir les controleurs secondaires, inspirés de la motivation intrinsèque robuste et permettant l'exploration rigoureuse de l'environnement.Les contributions de cette thèse sont les suivantes. Premièrement, comme désiré Ev-ITER peut être lancé en ligne, et sans nécessiter de vérité terrain ou d'assistance. Deuxièmement, Ev-ITER surpasse les approches autonomes en robotique évolutionnaire en terme d'exploration de l'arène. Troisièmement, le contrôleur Ev-ITER est doté d'une certaine généralité, dans la mesure où il est capable d'explorer efficacement d'autres arènes que celle considérée pendant la première phase de l'évolution. Il est à souligner que la généralité du contrôleur appris vis-à-vis de l'environnement d'entrainement a rarement été considérée en apprentissage par renforcement ou en robotique évolutionnaire. / This thesis is concerned with building autonomous exploratory robotic controllers in an online, on-board approach, with no requirement for ground truth or human intervention in the experimental setting.This study is primarily motivated by autonomous robotics, specifically autonomous robot swarms. In this context, one faces two difficulties. Firstly, standard simulator-based approaches are hardly effective due to computational efficiency and accuracy reasons. On the one hand, the simulator accuracy is hindered by the variability of the hardware; on the other hand, this approach faces a super-linear computational complexity w.r.t. the number of robots in the swarm. Secondly, the standard goal-driven approach used for controller design does not apply as there is no explicit objective function at the individual level, since the objective is defined at the swarm level.A first step toward autonomous exploratory controllers is proposed in the thesis. The Evolution & Information Theory-based Exploratory Robotics (Ev-ITER) approach is based on the hybridization of two approaches stemming from Evolutionary Robotics and from Reinforcement Learning, with the goal of getting the best of both worlds: (i) primary controllers, or crawling controllers, are evolved in order to generate sensori-motor trajectories with high entropy; (ii) the data repository built from the crawling controllers is exploited, providing prior knowledge to secondary controllers, inspired from the intrinsic robust motivation setting and achieving the thorough exploration of the environment.The contributions of the thesis are threefold. Firstly, Ev-ITER fulfills the desired requirement: it runs online, on-board and without requiring any ground truth or support. Secondly, Ev-ITER outperforms both the evolutionary and the information theory-based approaches standalone, in terms of actual exploration of the arena. Thirdly and most importantly, the Ev-ITER controller features some generality property, being able to efficiently explore other arenas than the one considered during the first evolutionary phase. It must be emphasized that the generality of the learned controller with respect to the considered environment has rarely been considered, neither in the reinforcement learning, nor in evolutionary robotics.

This study reports on an exploration of one group’s experience of making the transition from a teacher-centred to a learner-centred computer-rich classroom. The learners’ experiences are investigated in the light of the premises of learner-centred learning as they are defined by the American Psychological Association. The researcher seeks to identify the factors that would make the transition to a more learner-centred learning environment easier for learners and provides some factors that teachers need to consider if they wish successfully to transform their classrooms to a learner-centred learning environment. A case study examines the reactions of one group of learners to the transition. Learners were required to complete three types of projects. These projects were on different levels of learner-centeredness. The data was collected in three main ways: from participant observation, interviews and focus-group discussions, and from an analysis of the assessment results on the projects. The study concluded that learners had to learn how to cope and perform well in a learner-centred class environment, and that the matriculation examination at the end of the year undermines the effectiveness of learning in a learner-centred learning environment. / Dissertation (MEd(Computer-integrated Education))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted

To master English is a clear advantage in Swedish society and throughout compulsory school, the English subject is mandatory in each grade. Language learning is a lengthy and demanding task that requires effort and determination. Consequently, it is crucial to sustain motivation among the learners, which requires motivational and conscious teaching. There are a number of strategies that through research have indicated motivational capacity. In this empirical study, teachers’ and pupils’ perception of the motivational influence of different strategies were examined. The method was quantitative and surveys were used to collect data from the teachers (N=10) and the pupils (N=142). The results show that the teachers regard their own behavior and a stimulating, varied teaching as most important, whilst the pupils prioritize clear and understandable instructions and are concerned with a pleasant classroom climate, where humour is present and where it is safe to make mistakes. In addition, the results indicate that teachers, as well as pupils, are not particularly interested of a transmission of responsibility from the teachers to the pupils. / <p>Engelska</p>

To conduct this qualitative dissertation study, a phenomenological approach was utilized. The purpose of the study was to examine the perspectives of highly motivated, economically disadvantaged, middle school students to discover the factors that they identified as integral to their overall development and their intrinsic motivation, over time, to learn. A key component of this study was to give voice to the students who participated in this study and utilize their perspectives as a primary data source. Participants in this study included six middle school students, identified as economically disadvantaged, two from fifth grade and four from the seventh grade. Self-determination theory was used as a theoretical framework to guide and inform the analysis of students' perspectives, obtained through individual, semi-structured interviews with each student and classroom observations. Six themes, related to students' intrinsic motivation to learn and succeed in school, were identified. Extrinsic factors were also prominent. Although students expressed a true love of learning, they also acknowledged that external factors such as grades and testing influenced their motivation to learn. Autonomy, competence, and relatedness were major factors at play in the school, classrooms, and homes of these students. Recommendation for practice suggest that teachers, administrators, and parents shift their emphasis away from testing and grades to a greater focus on the internal factors that motivate students to learn so students will be more likely to enjoy the learning process and develop, both in school and over their life span, a love of learning in the process.

El objetivo general de esta investigación es explicar, desde las ciencias administrativas, si es posible incrementar extrínsecamente la motivación intrínseca laboral. Para ello, se plantean, explican e interpretan diversas fuentes, correspondientes a autores y teorías varias. Asimismo, se identifican las principales controversias plasmadas por los autores en esas fuentes. Se precisan y explican conceptos esenciales del trabajo: motivación, motivación intrínseca, motivación extrínseca, factores, características, componentes, y las diferencias que existen entre la motivación intrínseca y la motivación extrínseca, y entre los elementos mencionados. Nuestro aporte consiste en plantear una explicación, desde el campo de la experticia y de la neurociencia, de cuál es el mecanismo neurofisiopsicológico correspondiente a la motivación intrínseca. En la investigación, se utiliza la metodología cualitativa, pues este trabajo es una investigación documental que, primero, aplica procedimientos de recolección, evaluación, selección y registro de las fuentes de información, y, luego, técnicas de análisis y sistematización de esas fuentes. Resulta importante señalar que la investigación es relevante por varios motivos, pero especialmente por lo siguiente: porque el tema es esencial en las líneas de carrera de las ciencias administrativas; porque la develación de aspectos inéditos del tema puede contribuir a aplicaciones prácticas con grandes resultados en las organizaciones; y porque se concentra en el análisis de una variable general, como es la motivación, que es común a todos los seres humanos y que, por tanto, trasciende el interés del ámbito de las ciencias administrativas. / The general objective of this research is to explain, from the administrative sciences, if it is possible to increase extrinsically the intrinsic work motivation. For this, several sources are proposed, explained and interpreted, corresponding to authors and various theories. Likewise, it identifies the main controversies expressed by the authors in those sources. Essential concepts of the work are precised and explained: motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, factors, characteristics, components, and the differences that exist between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and between the mentioned elements. Our contribution consists in proposing an explanation, from the field of expertise and neuroscience, of which is the neurophysiological mechanism corresponding to intrinsic motivation. Qualitative methodology is used in the research, since this work is a documentary research that first applies procedures for collecting, evaluating, selecting and recording information sources, and then techniques for analyzing and systematizing those sources. It is important to point out that the research is relevant for several reasons, but especially for the following: because the subject is essential in the career lines of administrative sciences; because the unveiling of unpublished aspects of the subject can contribute to practical applications with great results in organizations; and because it concentrates on the analysis of a general variable, such as motivation, which is common to all human beings and therefore transcends the interest of the field of administrative sciences. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Det är allt vanligare att personer använder sig av digitala lärplattformar för att lära sig nyafärdigheter. Lärplattformar gör det möjligt för personer att lära sig i sin egen takt och utan attbehöva infinna sig på en specifik plats vid specifika tillfällen, så länge denne har tillgång till endator och internetuppkoppling. Dessa digitala lärplattformar av typen Massive Open OnlineCourse eller MOOC har dock designats med ett linjärt upplägg i sin kursstruktur som inte tillåteranvändare att divergera från det utstakade spåret. Då det även rör sig om ett obegränsat antalanvändare som läser kurser i sin egen takt samtidigt så finns det heller inte möjlighet förinstruktörer att bidra med återkoppling eller hjälp när användare fastnar under kursens gång. Dettakan negativt påverka användarens motivation och leda till att kursen tar längre tid att läsa eller attanvändaren ger upp. Ett sätt att undvika detta är att lärplattformen och kurserna designas för attbidra till en känsla av inre motivation där man bryter den linjära strukturen genom att göraplattformen mer flexibel. Inre motivation handlar om att vara motiverad utifrån eget intresse, ochkan brytas ner till kategorierna autonomi, kompetens och gemenskap. Den här studien utfördesgenom en designorienterad forskningsansats där olika framtagna designelement sattes ihop i enprototyp för att se om de kunde bidra till en känsla av autonomi. Denna studie resulterade i olikadesignförslag för hur digitala lärplattformar kan designas för att bidra till en känsla av autonomi. / It’s becoming all the more common that people use digital learning platforms to learn new skills.Learning platforms makes it possible for people to learn at their own pace and without having tobe at a specific place at a specific time, as long as they have access to a computer and an internetconnection. These digital platforms called Massive Open Online Course or MOOC have beendesigned with a linear course structure that does not allow users to diverge from the establishedpath. Because there is an unlimited number of users taking courses at their own pace at the sametime it is impossible for instructors to provide feedback or help when users get stuck during thecourses. This can negatively affect the users motivation and result in increased time spent in thecourse or that the user gives up. One way to avoid this is to design the platform and the courses topromote intrinsic motivation by breaking the linear structure and make it more flexible. Intrinsicmotivation means that the person is motivated based on their interest, and can be broken down intothree categories: autonomy, competence and relatedness. This study was conducted using a designresearch approach where different design elements were assembled into a prototype to see if theycould contribute to a sense of autonomy. This study resulted in different proposed designguidelines for how digital learning platforms can be designed to promote autonomy.

In previous research, researchers have looked into different gamified applications of citizen science such as fold.it, Zooniverse and Happy Moths. However, the users and participants of these studies are often on different skill levels, or beginners in the field. In this study, 10 expert users who submit their findings of species to Artdatabanken, an organisation that works in the field of biodiversity, were interviewed to find out their motivations for reporting their findings. This was done with the goal of finding what type of gamification that might suit these expert users to increase the quality of the data submitted through Artportalen, together with any obstacles that might hinder it. Through a latent thematic analysis and comparing the themes to Bartle’s Taxonomy of Players, the results show that these users were mainly of the types ‘achiever’ and ‘socialiser’. The answers were also compared to the theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which showed that the users are mainly reporting because of extrinsic motivation. While this supports the implementation of gamification there were things that would rather be solved by increasing usability.

Citizen science is when ordinary people help with scientific research, e.g. within biodiversity, molecular biology and astronomy. At Artdatabanken, which is an organization that observes biodiversity, citizen science is used to enable data gathering of species in Sweden. Previous research has investigated how to maintain long-term engagement by observing motivation for citizen scientists regardless of skill-levels. In this study, the motivations of experienced citizen scientists are investigated. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with citizen scientists at Artdatabanken, and thematic analysis was used to find themes in the answers.  The participants were open both to increase contributions and to report other species. The results showed mainly extrinsic motivations, which could be due to a lack of reflection of intrinsic motivation. Three main themes were found in the interviews. The first theme, Efficiency, was connected to usability-issues, mainly focusing on time-efficiency and simplifying the reporting tool. The acknowledgement-theme involved motivation to receive recognition for the contributions. The third theme, Knowledge and Understanding, was connected to motivation for increased knowledge regarding species and data. Some suggestions for implementation are presented to make the motivations feasible for design implementations of citizen science systems.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om mellanstadielärare och skolbibliotekariers uppfattningar om läslust och på vilka sätt den kan stimuleras genom undervisning och annat läsfrämjande arbete, samt vilken betydelse lärare och skolbibliotekarier har för elevernas läslust. Studien bygger på tre lärares och två skolbibliotekariers uppfattningar varvid en kvalitativ metod och en fenomenografisk metodansats har använts. Datainsamlingen har genomförts i form av tematiska semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt grundar sig i det sociokulturella perspektivets syn på lärande som genomsyrar studiens samtliga delar med undantag från dataanalysen, vilken genomfört utifrån en fenomenografisk analysmodell. Resultatet visar att det finns ett antal faktorer som anses vara fördelaktiga i det läsfrämjande arbetet. Exempelvis framhåller lärarna att det är viktigt att vara insatt i elevernas läsning och påvisa ett eget intresse för böcker och läsning. Ytterligare anses det egna valet av litteratur och möjligheten till schemalagd läsning i skolan ha positiva effekter på elevernas läslust. Högläsning, social interaktion, läsförståelse och en god läsförmåga betraktas också som gynnsamma faktorer. Skolbibliotekarierna konstaterar att ett inbjudande skolbibliotek där böcker frontas och synliggörs är viktigt för att eleverna ska kunna finna böcker av intresse. Vidare framhålls att ett gediget utbud av ny och aktuell litteratur tenderar att stimulera elevernas läslust. Dessutom anser de att en personlig relation till eleverna är en förutsättning för att sedermera kunna guida och vägleda dem i sina litterära val. Bokprat lyfts fram som en viktig läsfrämjande insats med syfte att inspirera och stimulera eleverna till läsning. Avslutningsvis menar skolbibliotekarierna att lästävlingar, läsutmaningar, bibliotekraster och bokcirklar är ytterligare tillvägagångsätt för att stimulera elevernas läslust. Nyckelord: Inre motivation, lärare, läslust, samarbete, skolbibliotekarier, undervisning / The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge about how teachers and school librarians, both individually and in interaction, can stimulate students' desire to read. The study is based on the views of three teachers and two school librarians, using a qualitative method and a phenomenographic method approach. The data collection has been carried out in the form of thematic semi-structured interviews. The study's theoretical starting point is based on the socio-cultural perspective's view of learning that permeates all parts of the study with the exception of the data analysis, which was carried out on the basis of a phenomenographic analysis model. The results show that there are a number of factors that are considered to be beneficial in the reading promotion work. For example, teachers emphasize that it is important to be familiar with students' reading and demonstrate their own interest in books and reading. Furthermore, one's own choice of literature and the possibility of scheduled reading in school are considered to have positive effects on students' desire to read. Reading aloud, social interaction, reading comprehension and a good reading ability are also considered favorable factors. The school librarians state that an inviting school library where books are fronted and made visible is important for the students to be able to find books of interest. Additionally, it is emphasized that a solid range of new and current literature tends to stimulate students' desire to read. In addition, they believe that a personal relationship with the students is a prerequisite for later being able to guide and guide them in their literary choices. Book talk is highlighted as an important reading promotion effort with the aim of inspiring and stimulating students to read. In conclusion, the school librarians believe that reading competitions, reading challenges, library breaks and book circles are further approaches to stimulate students' desire to read. Keywords: Collaboration, desire to read, intrinsic motivation, school librarian, teacher, teaching.