Floor crossing was an unknown phenomenon in Malawi until the re-emergence of multiparty politics in 1994. Since then the number of MPs crossing the floor in the Malawi National Assembly has steadily increased from around twelve in 1994 to more than sixty in 2005. This practice has continued even today. However, the biggest incident of floor crossing took place in 2005 when the State President, Dr Bingu wa Mutharika, under the United Democratic Front (UDF) decided to abandon the party that sponsored him into office to form his own, the Democratic Progressive Party in February, 2005. Following him were several opposition MPs, a move which sparked a lot of tension in the National Assembly. The purpose of this study was to investigate political factors contributing to this phenomenon, and it was established that, among other factors, institutional weaknesses of political parties and gaps in the Constitution contributed significantly to floor crossing. / Political Science / M.A. (African Politics)

In South Africa, HIV/AIDS takes the lead, and this is a serious health concern. Being a country that is mostly affected by this epidemic, various stakeholders such as international organizations, Non-governmental organizations, private organizations and government organizations have come up with a collaborative effort to manage the epidemic. Through various interventions, it has been noted that monitoring and evaluation of HIV/AIDS remains underdeveloped. The purpose of this study was to investigate the monitoring and evaluation process implemented on HIV/AIDS programmes by the Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in a specific municipality in KwaZulu-Natal province. A quantitative, explorative and descriptive design was used. A self-developed questionnaire was used as data collection instrument. Data was collected from November 2017 to March 2018. Seventeen (17) NGOs and a total of 83 respondents who met the inclusion criteria participated to the study. The results revealed that the NGOs in this specific municipality had some inconsistency in implementing and delivering M&E process on the HIV/AIDS programme. The results of the study indicated that the challenges and issues identified by the respondents affected the way they monitored and evaluated the projects they implemented. It was recommended that through training of staff to acquire skills for designing monitoring and evaluation plan for all projects and development of comprehensive M&E plan document that detailed the programme’s objectives, developed the interventions to achieve these objectives, the NGOs in this specific municipality will be able to improve their current monitoring and evaluation process implementing on HIV/AIDS management programme. The need for communication between programme planners and various funders on how to put in place a structured M&E plan for all the projects to be implemented in future and adequate resources to implement M&E processes and functions were highly recommended. / Health Studies / M. P. H.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_marinete_fontoura_garcia.pdf: 592464 bytes, checksum: c714eb2a28776b300b99c76808bc6186 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-21 / This work treats of the formation in service of teachers of Infantile Education and yours know in relation to the process of numeric construction. Organized starting from reflections and observations produced through discussions in a group of studies with professionals of a same school unit, did it stop in the following subject: How are the teachers that participate in a cooperative group, going building new you know and new forms of to understand and to work with the numeric construction, developing a posture of investigating teacher?. The qualitative approach of research was used, initially with the application of individual interviews, following by the formation of a group of studies, that checked to the work a cooperation nature between the participant teachers and the researcher; this felt through studies, choice, application and reflection of teaching activities Leaning in researchers' investigations that studied the numeric construction, it tries to evidence, through the reports presented in the interviews and in the discussions of the cooperative group (involving teachers of Infantile Education that they teach in the municipal net of a municipal district of Great São Paulo), as they feels the pedagogic practice in relation to the numeric construction and in that measured that practice can change through the teachers' participation in a cooperative group. In this group, the teachers discussed texts, they investigated their own students, they promoted discussions and they analyzed the results of the investigations to the light of the theoretical referential. Results of researches and studies already accomplished, about the numeric construction, they are little published and, through the interviews, it was verified that the teachers, doesn't tend access to such studies, they don't consider the children's hypotheses concerning the numbers. Like this, the work has as purpose to contribute with the teachers' pedagogic practice, presenting and developing relative subjects to the axis Mathematics in Infantile Education / Este trabalho trata da formação em serviço de Professoras de Educação Infantil e seus saberes em relação ao processo de construção numérica. Organizado a partir de reflexões e observações produzidas por meio de discussões em um grupo de estudos com profissionais de uma mesma unidade escolar, deteve-se na seguinte questão: Como as professoras, que participam de um grupo cooperativo, vão construindo novos saberes e novas formas de compreender e lidar com a construção numérica, desenvolvendo uma postura de professora investigadora? . Foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, inicialmente com a aplicação de entrevistas individuais, seguida da formação de um grupo de estudos, que conferiu ao trabalho uma natureza de cooperação entre as professoras participantes e a pesquisadora; isto se deu por meio de estudos, escolha, aplicação e reflexão de atividades de ensino Apoiado em investigações de pesquisadores que estudaram a construção numérica, procura evidenciar, por meio dos relatos apresentados nas entrevistas e nas discussões do grupo cooperativo (envolvendo professoras de Educação Infantil que lecionam na rede municipal de um município da Grande São Paulo), como se dá a prática pedagógica em relação à construção numérica e em que medida essa prática pode mudar por meio da participação das professoras em um grupo cooperativo. Neste grupo, as professoras discutiram textos, investigaram seus próprios alunos, promoveram discussões e analisaram os resultados das investigações à luz dos referenciais teóricos. Resultados de pesquisas e estudos já realizados, sobre a construção numérica, são pouco divulgados e, por meio das entrevistas, verificou-se que as professoras, não tendo acesso a tais estudos, não consideram as hipóteses das crianças acerca dos números. Assim, o trabalho tem como finalidade contribuir com a prática pedagógica das professoras, apresentando e desenvolvendo questões relativas ao eixo Matemática em Educação Infantil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Delboni Taricco.pdf: 724952 bytes, checksum: 4cdafb7b1d1a49b9c7a94d6acf129bbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-12 / The core of this work is the attempt to fix criteria that clarify the ex-officio judicial action in the evidence field. To do that, the philosophical theories of judicial activism and procedural guarantism are brought to discussion, taking into account the current situation of the evidentiary law in Brazil, always in an attempt to establish means to control the ex-officio evidence activity. It starts from the analysis of controversial issues in the field of judicial evidence, such as its concept, the definition of procedural truth, the delimitation of the nature of the rules on evidence, the rules concerning the application of the burden of proof, the role of atypical evidence in the legal system and the acceptance of illegal evidence through the application of proportionality. From this perspective, two philosophical theories, activism and guarantism, are considered, followed by the examination of the judge s figure in the new Civil Procedure Code. In the end, three ways to control the ex-officio evidence activity are fixed: the respect of the enjuizamento system, the judge s interpretation accountability and the viable, but still non-existent, figure of the investigating judge / O cerne deste trabalho é a tentativa de fixação de critérios que delimitem a atuação judicial de ofício no campo probatório. Para tanto, são trazidas à discussão as teorias filosóficas do ativismo judicial e do garantismo processual, levando em conta o panorama atual do direito probatório no Brasil, sempre na tentativa de se fixar meios de controle à atividade probatória de ofício. Parte-se da análise de temas polêmicos no campo da prova judicial, tais como a sua conceituação, a definição de verdade processual, a delimitação da natureza das normas sobre provas, as regras referentes à aplicação do ônus da prova, o papel das provas atípicas no sistema jurídico e a aceitação das provas ilícitas por meio da aplicação da proporcionalidade. Nessa perspectiva, são consideradas as duas teorias filosóficas, do ativismo e do garantismo, seguidas do exame da figura do juiz no novo Código de Processo Civil. Ao final, são fixados três modos de se controlar a atividade probatória de ofício: o respeito ao sistema de enjuizamento, o prestar contas do magistrado no campo da interpretação e a viável, mas ainda inexistente, figura do juiz instrutor

<p>Under hösten 2007 har vi genomfört ett utredningsarbete på en arbetsplats kopplad till politik och en folkvald församling. Utredningsarbetet inleddes med att en enkät sändes ut till alla anställda. Ur enkätens resultat formulerades sedan syftet: att undersöka hur jämställdhetsarbete kan utvecklas och arbetas vidare med på en arbetsplats som till synes redan har ett etablerat jämställdhetsarbete. Som ett led i att uppnå syftet frågade vi oss hur den informella jämställdheten kan te sig, och hur den kan relateras till jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen? Vi använde oss övergripande av teorier om genus, och applicerade bland annat teorier om könskodning, informella nätverk, könssegregering och motstånd. Förutom enkät användes även kvalitativa intervjuer och deltagande observation. Vi upplevde att jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen har en relativt låg status, vilket kan ha samband med det faktum att den tenderade att hamna utanför jämställdhetsdiskussionen överlag. Detta kan bero på att medarbetarna i mångt och mycket uppfattar arbetsplatsen som ”redan jämställd”. En anledning till det kan vara att jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen inte tillräckligt berör eller fångar upp de jämställdhetsrelaterade problem som informanterna beskriver, främst informella. Exempel på informella jämställdhetsproblem som beskrivs är: inofficiella nätverk, arbetsuppdelning mellan kvinnor och män och arbetsuppdelningens statusskillnad. Ett ytterligare exempel är en obalans i utrymme mellan könen, gällande tal i offentliga utrymmen. Trots att arbetsplatsen redan har ett etablerat jämställdhetsarbete finns det alltså fortfarande områden att åtgärda. Jämställdhet är ett ständigt pågående arbete och vi ser att arbetsplatsen har goda förutsättningar att möta ovan nämnda utmaningar.</p> / <p>During the fall of 2007 we have carried out an investigative work in a workplace connected to politics and an elected political assembly. Our investigation started with a survey being sent out to all employees. The results of this survey allowed us to formulate the precise aim of the study: to investigate how gender equality work can continue and also evolve in a workplace that seems to already have an established gender equality work. As a part of fulfilling our aim we asked the question how the informal gender equality may appear and whether it can be related to the equal opportunities and diversity plan of the workplace? Throughout the investigation we used a gender theory perspective and applied theories concerning gender coding, informal networks, gender segregation and resistance against equality. Apart from the survey, qualitative interviews and field observation were used. We found that the equal opportunity and diversity plan had a relatively low status, which might be connected to the fact that it tended to be placed outside the overall gender equality discussion. This could be a result of workers already perceiving the workplace as “gender equal”. One reason for this could be that the equal opportunities and diversity plan is not adequately focusing on the gender equal related problems that are described as mostly informal. Examples of informal gender equality problems are: informal networks, division of labor based on gender and the differences in status thereof. Another example is the imbalance between the sexes considering verbal communication in public arenas. Despite the fact that the workplace already has an established gender equality work there is still work to be done. Gender equality is an ongoing process and we find that the workplace has a good chance to face these above-mentioned ongoing challenges.</p>

Under hösten 2007 har vi genomfört ett utredningsarbete på en arbetsplats kopplad till politik och en folkvald församling. Utredningsarbetet inleddes med att en enkät sändes ut till alla anställda. Ur enkätens resultat formulerades sedan syftet: att undersöka hur jämställdhetsarbete kan utvecklas och arbetas vidare med på en arbetsplats som till synes redan har ett etablerat jämställdhetsarbete. Som ett led i att uppnå syftet frågade vi oss hur den informella jämställdheten kan te sig, och hur den kan relateras till jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen? Vi använde oss övergripande av teorier om genus, och applicerade bland annat teorier om könskodning, informella nätverk, könssegregering och motstånd. Förutom enkät användes även kvalitativa intervjuer och deltagande observation. Vi upplevde att jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen har en relativt låg status, vilket kan ha samband med det faktum att den tenderade att hamna utanför jämställdhetsdiskussionen överlag. Detta kan bero på att medarbetarna i mångt och mycket uppfattar arbetsplatsen som ”redan jämställd”. En anledning till det kan vara att jämställdhets- och mångfaldsplanen inte tillräckligt berör eller fångar upp de jämställdhetsrelaterade problem som informanterna beskriver, främst informella. Exempel på informella jämställdhetsproblem som beskrivs är: inofficiella nätverk, arbetsuppdelning mellan kvinnor och män och arbetsuppdelningens statusskillnad. Ett ytterligare exempel är en obalans i utrymme mellan könen, gällande tal i offentliga utrymmen. Trots att arbetsplatsen redan har ett etablerat jämställdhetsarbete finns det alltså fortfarande områden att åtgärda. Jämställdhet är ett ständigt pågående arbete och vi ser att arbetsplatsen har goda förutsättningar att möta ovan nämnda utmaningar. / During the fall of 2007 we have carried out an investigative work in a workplace connected to politics and an elected political assembly. Our investigation started with a survey being sent out to all employees. The results of this survey allowed us to formulate the precise aim of the study: to investigate how gender equality work can continue and also evolve in a workplace that seems to already have an established gender equality work. As a part of fulfilling our aim we asked the question how the informal gender equality may appear and whether it can be related to the equal opportunities and diversity plan of the workplace? Throughout the investigation we used a gender theory perspective and applied theories concerning gender coding, informal networks, gender segregation and resistance against equality. Apart from the survey, qualitative interviews and field observation were used. We found that the equal opportunity and diversity plan had a relatively low status, which might be connected to the fact that it tended to be placed outside the overall gender equality discussion. This could be a result of workers already perceiving the workplace as “gender equal”. One reason for this could be that the equal opportunities and diversity plan is not adequately focusing on the gender equal related problems that are described as mostly informal. Examples of informal gender equality problems are: informal networks, division of labor based on gender and the differences in status thereof. Another example is the imbalance between the sexes considering verbal communication in public arenas. Despite the fact that the workplace already has an established gender equality work there is still work to be done. Gender equality is an ongoing process and we find that the workplace has a good chance to face these above-mentioned ongoing challenges.

Alors que depuis 2015, en France, la menace terroriste d’inspiration jihadiste s’avère prégnante, protéiforme et durable, sa détection s’impose dorénavant comme un enjeu fondamental pour les services de renseignement soumis à des missionsd’une sensibilité accrue. Le volume important d’ individus détectés et suivis au titre de la radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste, a entraîné un redimensionnement des services de renseignement français depuis ces quatre dernières années. Leur rôle et leur implication s’inscrivent désormais au travers d’une démarche proactive mise en oeuvre par des moyens humains réévalués mais aussi soutenue par des procédés techniques toujours plus élaborés et encadrés par un droit du renseignement récent qui a su s’imbriquer au sein d' un arsenal juridique antiterroriste en plein essor. Si le droit du renseignement est un droit d'exception permettant aux services de renseignement de bénéficier de pouvoirs exorbitants, pour autant, il est strictement encadré et soumis à des contrôles institutionnels et juridictionnels prévus par la loi. La restructuration des services français de renseignement, depuis 2015, afin de s’adapter à ses nouveaux défis, semble avoir atteint le niveau d’efficacité requis pour lutter contre le processus de radicalisation violente d’inspiration jihadiste et ainsiéviter le passage à l’acte. Mise sous la pression constante d’une obligation de résultats, la communauté des services de renseignement français doit, parallèlement, agir sous une contrainte juridique permanente afin d’atteindre ses buts sans pour autant négliger le format des moyens mis en oeuvre. / Since 2015, France is facing a more acute and multifaceted jihadist-inspired terrorist threat. This crisis is intended to be a long -lasting one and early detection is becoming a priority issue for intelligence services who are subject to more and more sensitive missions.The increasing amount of detected individuals for jihadist-inspired radicalization has led to a resizing of French Intelligence apparatus over the four past years. Their role and involvement are nowadays more proactive, supported by a rescaling of the human resources and abilities to use more sophisticated intelligence techniques. The latter needed to be framed by a renewed intelligence itself properly nested into the booming counter-terrorist legal framework.The restructuring of the French Intelligence services since 2015, decided in order to face its new challenges, seems to have completed the required level of efficiency when dealing with violent jihad-inspired violence and thus the subsequent action. Intelligence law is a law of exception allowing an outrageous power to intelligence services. Though, it remains strictly monitored andsubmitted to judicial and constitutional review provided by the law. French Intelligence community has to work under a dual obligation of law abiding procedures and results obligation to reach its goals without ever neglecting the proper form about the implemented means.

Au cœur des terrains d’Itxassou (Pays basque) et de Sefrou (Maroc), une nouvelle méthodologie de collecte de matériaux a été appliquée afin d’étudier et de comparer les processus de patrimonialisation à l’œuvre autour de la cerise et de ses corollaires dont les fêtes des cerises. Cette nouvelle approche méthodologique anthropologique a été développée depuis le concept d’aire transitionnelle du psychanalyste anglais Donald Woods Winnicott, l’un des fondements majeurs de ma profession d’ergothérapeute. La créativité et le jeu sont au centre de cette approche. Cette ethnographie clinique et transitionnelle a été déployée auprès d’enfants et d’adultes et a permis d’augmenter la collecte d’objets sur les terrains. Egalement, la théorie de la transitionnalité de Winnicott a aidé à distinguer différents états du patrimoine : l’objet, le patrimoine intime, le patrimoine collectif, le patrimoine et le patrimoine total. Cette théorie conjuguée à la théorie des systèmes et dans le sillage de l’anthropologue américain Gregory Bateson a permis l’élaboration d’un schéma de systémique patrimoniale. La créativité est à la fois l’énergie du sous-schéma de la transitionnalité et à la fois, l’énergie du schéma de la systémique patrimoniale. Par ailleurs, j'ai étudié les principaux blocages aux processus de patrimonialisation -les double bind- en mobilisant ensemble les travaux de quatre chercheurs pluridisciplinaires : Winnicott, Simmel, Bateson et Watzlawick. Trois double bind et leurs stratégies de dépassements issus des terrains ont ainsi été analysés. Bien que les sorties de double bind dépendent de chaque système, la similitude réside dans l'utilisation obligatoire de la créativité. / At the heart of the fields of Itxassou in the Basque country and Sefrou in Morocco, a new methodology to collect materials has been applied in order to study and compare the heritagization processes working in around cherries and the related events like cherry festivals. This new anthropological approach has been developed using the concept of transitional area due to the English psychoanalyst Donald D. Woods Winnicott, which is a fundamental concept of occupational therapy. Creativity and playing are at the core of this approach that we call clinical and transitional ethnography. It has been tested among children and adults and has allowed us to significantly improve the number of objects obtained during the field data collection. The transitional theory of Winnicott leaded us to distinguish and define different form of heritage : the object, the personal heritage, the collective heritage, the heritage and finally the total heritage. In the wake of the American anthropologist Gregory Bateson, the transitional theory together with systems theory allow us to define a systemic heritage scheme. Creativity is both the energy of the transitional sub-scheme and those of the systemic heritage scheme. We have also studied the main obstructions to the heritagization process, the so-called double bind, using previous works of four multidisciplinary researchers : Winnicott, Simmel, Bateson and Watzlawick. In particular, three double bind are defined and their exceeding strategies coming from the fields under investigation are analyzed. Although the outcomes of the double bind depends on each system, similarities can be found in the mandatory use of creativity.

With this study, the researcher wants to establish whether investigators are able to effectively interpret, report on, or pay cognisance to body language during interviews, and whether they are sufficiently trained therein. Knowledge of body language can provide the interviewer with vital clues during the interview process. Regardless of the availability of numerous literatures on nonverbal behaviour in interviewing, the application of this knowledge is lacking among investigators. An empirical research design and a qualitative research approach were used for this research. National and international literature sources were consulted, and the researcher conducted interviews with two experts, knowledgeable investigators and semi-structured interviews with detectives from the East London South African Police Service (SAPS) and forensic investigators from the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) in East London. The importance of the skill of interpreting body language during forensic interviewing was established. Evidently, many investigators do not apply their knowledge and skill to enhance the outcomes of a forensic interview. / Criminology and Security Science / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

寬頻服務的市場主要有二：一是寬頻上網服務；二是寬頻內容服務。國內的和信、東森兩家業者從有線電視產業跨足經營寬頻網路事業，正是因為手中握有「頻寬」跟「內容」的優勢。本文從「內容」的角度出發，探討兩家寬頻入口網站在內容服務過程中面臨到的各種議題，包括：網站的經營模式、網站內容服務、與內容供應商的合作、廣告業務經營，與網路調查公司的合作、以及未來的趨勢六個面向。 研究方法採文獻蒐集與深度訪談。文獻來源包括「產業競爭策略」、「網路內容服務」，與「網路廣告文獻」三種，以協助研究命題的發展。訪談對象則包括兩家個案公司在「網站行銷」、「網站內容」、「網路廣告」單位、以及一家「網路調查公司」的部門主管。而除了比較兩家網站在內容服務經營上的異同，也檢驗第二章的文獻探討作交叉分析。 在寬頻入口網站的「經營模式」及企業資源的運用上，和信傾向獨立經營網路事業，東森則是採整合行銷的傳播模式，並間接影響到網站在「內容供應」與「廣告業務」。在「內容服務」方面，兩家網站在內容規劃上多半參考國外網站，但在分類方式上並不相同。而在與「內容供應商」的合作則是十分多元化，包括傳統媒體與網路媒體。另外，在「廣告業務」及與「網路調查公司」的合作上，寬頻網站與窄頻網站的做法類似，尚無建立新的經營與合作模式。 本研究的結論有六點，分別是︰一、BISP與BICP應應同步發展，才有市場利基；二、應加強寬頻基礎建設以有利於寬頻服務的品牌推廣；三、應掌握寬頻使用者的喜好；四、寬頻網站的經營有賴於網路廣告主的支持；五、建立使用者付費為未來發展趨勢；六、未來應加強寬頻服務在電視介面的應用。最後，由於本論文牽涉的議題極廣，屬於初探性研究，因此期待後續研究者對於上述寬頻網站在內容服務的各項議題上有更深入的探討。