Cette étude relève du domaine de la technologie éducative et son usage dans l’enseignement du français. Il est bien connu que l’intégration des technologies aux pratiques enseignantes reste un phénomène complexe. Plusieurs facteurs tels que la formation continue influence ce phénomène. Nous nous sommes alors interrogés sur l’impact d’un dispositif de formation continue, fondé sur la professionnalisation des enseignants, sur l’intégration des TIC (les technologies de l’information et de la communication) dans les pratiques enseignantes en classe de français. Nous avons mené cette recherche en nous basant sur les connaissances émises par les recherches sur les technologies éducatives, la professionnalisation des enseignants et en didactique du français. Ces connaissances nous ont servi pour construire notre cadre théorique et pour concevoir et réaliser notre enquête de terrain. Cette étude s’appuie sur une recherche mixte portant sur l’étude de la situation actuelle de l’intégration des TIC aux pratiques enseignantes dans les écoles libanaises, et sur la compréhension de l’impact des formations continues sur ce phénomène. Afin de cerner l’impact des dispositifs de formation continue sur l’utilisation des TIC par les enseignants, nous menons en premier lieu une première enquête quantitative qui consiste à étudier la situation actuelle de l’intégration des technologies dans les écoles libanaise, et à comprendre l’état de l’équipement technique. Ensuite, nous enquêtons par le biais des entretiens semi-directifs auprès des enseignants de français au cycle primaire, afin de comprendre la portée, mais aussi les limites des formations continues à l’usage des TIC. Savoir dans quelle mesure la formation continue offerte aux enseignants de français du cycle primaire au Liban, favorise l’utilisation des technologies par ces derniers, et comprendre les apports et les limites de ces dispositifs de formation permet d’ aboutir à des nouvelles pistes et nouveaux dispositifs de formation . / This study initiated from the domain of educational technologies and its use in French teaching. As we know, the integration of technology into teachers’ practices is still a complex phenomenon. Many factors, like continuous training, influence this processes. Therefore, we wonder about the impact of continuous training on introducing ICT (information and communication technology) into teachers’ practices. The main purpose of this research project is to understand deeply the process of introducing and using ICT at Lebanese schools, and to understand in which ways the professionalization of teachers favors the introduction of ICT into classrooms. We conduct this study while relying on the results produced by research in many fields like educational technology, professionalization of teachers and didactic method of French language. This knowledge serves us to build our literature revue, and realize our field studies. This research is composed of two studies: the first one is quantitive to examine the actual situation of ICT integration; the second is qualitative to understand the impact of training on using ICT in teaching practices in French classes in Lebanese schools. Knowing to which extent continuous training promotes the integration of ICT into teacher’s practices at primary schools, and understanding the contributions and limits of these training allow new proposals of training to improve the introduction of ICT.

Ce mémoire de thèse propose une analyse des pratiques de communication intercommunales. Notre objectif est de cerner quels enjeux renferment le recours aux Tic pour les établissements intercommunaux. En effet, l'émergence de politiques de communication intercommunales renvoie au renforcement du pouvoir intercommunal favorisé par le processus de décentralisation engagé par l'État. Conformément à ce pouvoir d'action, les communautés tentent de construire des échanges sociaux avec les individus. Elles visent la reconnaissance de leur autorité publique et l'adhésion à leur « projet territorial ». Les Tic sont associées à cet objectif de construction territoriale s'inscrivant dans un contexte de concurrence à l'échelle locale. Par le recours aux Tic, les structures intercommunales investissent la sphère publique en proposant une symbolisation de leur action. L'analyse des pratiques de communication nous permet d'aborder les Tic dans leur double dimension : d'un point de vue technique en pointant leurs caractéristiques et d'un point de communicationnel en s'intéressant aux discours produits. Nous avons pu noter que les responsables intercommunaux ont très tôt associés ces techniques à une vision déterministe par l'usage des termes «territoires numériques» ou «cyberterritoires». En lien avec cette vision déterministe, nous avons relevé une structuration de l'activité communicationnelle autour du site internet. En l'espace de quelques années, l'éventail des supports de communication intercommunaux s'est progressivement réduit au profit des sites internet. La gestion du site web dévoile une rationalisation et spécialisation dans la production des contenus communicationnels. De ce fait, notre recherche s'intéressera à l'éditorialisation des contenus dans la mesure où elle contribue à introduire une nouvelle gestion de l'information au niveau intercommunal. / This PhD thesis analizes communication practices of intercommunal structures. Our aim is to identify the stakes of the use of ITC for intercommunal structures. The emergence of intercommunal communication shows the consolidation of intercommunal authority at local scale. The intercommunal consortia intend to build social interactions with individuals. They aim for the recognition of their public authority and win support in the accomplishment of their « territorial project». At local scale, the ICT are associated to the purpose of territorial building in a competitive context. By the use of ITC, intercommunal structures invest the public sphere offering a symbolisation of their action. The analyse of communication pratices allows us to study ITC in a double dimension : as technicals objects pointing out their specifications and as communication support focusing on their messages. We pointed out that intercommunal officials elected associated these techniques to a determinist vision, using the expressions « digital territories » or « cyberterritories ». In link with this vision, we can note the structuring communication on the website. In a few years, the amount of communication tools has reduced in favour of websites. The management of website reveals a rationalization and specialization in the production of communicative contents. Therefore our research will focus on editorialisation of contents in so far as it contributes to introduce a new management of information in these structures.

PSD95 is the canonical member of the Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase class of scaffold proteins. PSD95 is a five-domain major scaffolding protein abundant in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of the neuronal excitatory synapse. Within PSD95 three PDZ domains modulate protein-protein interactions by selectively binding to short peptide motifs of target proteins. Under the direction of the multivalent PDZ domain interactions, the interacting proteins tend to cluster at the PSD, a phenomenon that is critical for synaptic signalling regulation. Earlier studies have shown that the N-terminal PDZ domains of PSD95 are obligatory for the clustering to occur. This thesis focuses on the strong inwardly rectifying potassium channel, Kir2.1 as the PSD95 binding partner. Kir2.1 is known to maintain membrane resting potential and control cell excitability. Previous studies have reported that Kir2.1 clustered into ordered tetrad complexes upon association with PSD95.This study investigates the detailed clustering mechanisms of Kir2.1 by PDZ domains. To achieve this, components that are involved in the formation of a complex namely PSD95 sub-domains comprising single PDZ and the tandem N terminal PDZ double domain (PDZ1-2), and Kir2.1 cytoplasmic domains(Kir2.1NC) are studied in detail via different structural and biophysical approaches; 1) PDZ1-2 is examined in apo- and bound ligand form with a Kir2.1 Cterminal peptide in crystal and solution via X-ray crystallography and small angle X-ray scattering; 2) the tandem and the single PDZ domain interaction with ligand are measured thermodynamically via isothermal calorimetry (ITC); 3) the complex of full length PSD95 with Kir2.1NC is analyzed with electron microscopy (EM). The protein components are produced in high quality by protein expression and multiple-step protein purification techniques. PDZ1-2 crystallographic structures were solved at 2.02A and 2.19A in theapo- and the liganded forms respectively. The solution state analysis showed domain separation and structural extension of the tandem domain when incorporated with the ligand. The ITC experiment revealed PDZ1-2 to have greater affinity towards the peptide ligand relative to the single PDZ domains. These combinatorial outcomes lead to the conclusion that PSD95 clusters Kir2.1 by adopting an enhanced binding interaction which is associated with increased PDZ1-2 inter-domain separation. The preliminary analysis of PSD95-Kir2.1NC complex with cryo-EM showed the establishment of a tetrad and led to a reconstruction at 40A resolution. The work in obtaining a higher resolution complex structure is promising with further data collection required to allow the employment of more sophisticated model reconstruction processes.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Paula Eliane Costa Rocha - 2017.pdf: 3373154 bytes, checksum: fcf6f0ed767455a5a2b8953912613e20 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / This research was carried out to answer how the background development of graduates at Universidade Federal de Goiás - Regional Jataí (UFG/REJ) takes place in order to work with Distance Learning (DL). Its relevance is in the presupposition that professors are fundamental to any innovation or qualitative change meant for education and, therefore, their background to work with Information Technologies and Communication (ITC) is important. To support the research development, one established as a general purpose to discuss, by means of curriculum matrix of document analysis and Course Pedagogical Project (CPP), how the UFG/REJ graduates' initial background development takes place in order to work with DL. The specific aims focused on: to characterize the historical features of DL origin within the world, Brazil , and Goiás context; based on legislation and official documents, to particularly find out the how UFG/REJ background development is set up in order to deal with ITC and DL, checking how such a process is anticipated for professors working in that teaching field; based on curriculum matrices and CPPs of UFG/REJ undergraduate courses, to identify how such a background development takes place to work with DL. The methodology chosen for it comprised a qualitative research and bibliography with document analysis, by means of which one initially analyzed the curriculum matrices of 11 UFG/REJ undergraduate courses, and afterwards CPPs of the courses at issue. One found out evidences of professors' background development proposals meant for using ITC in three of the 11 courses taken into account. The means used by such courses to support the development of their background was the articulation between what was anticipated in CPPs as far ITC is concerned, and the proposal made by the disciplines concerning curriculum matrices. Such a document analysis allowed us to find out that matrices and CPPs - with the exception of Physics, Biological Science, and Mathematics - do not develop graduates' desirable profile, since they do not provide them with background to deal with ITC, nor knowledge to work in that field. One also found out that the theoretical focus is superficial and incipient as far as bibliographies, summaries, and graduates' profile broaching the ITC issue are concerned. / Esta pesquisa buscou responder como ocorre a formação inicial dos alunos egressos de licenciatura da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Regional Jataí (UFG/REJ) para atuarem na modalidade Educação a Distância (EAD). Sua relevância está no pressuposto de que os docentes são fundamentais a toda inovação ou mudança qualitativa que se pretenda no campo educacional, assim, a sua formação para atuar com as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) é importante. Para o seu desenvolvimento, estabeleceu-se como objetivo geral discutir, por meio da análise documental de matrizes curriculares e Projeto Pedagógico de Curso (PPC), como ocorre a formação inicial dos egressos dos cursos de licenciatura da UFG/REJ para atuarem na modalidade EAD. Os objetivos específicos limitaram-se em: caracterizar os aspectos históricos do surgimento da EAD no contexto mundial, brasileiro e goiano; constatar, particularmente com base na legislação e nos documentos oficiais, tendo como foco a UFG/REJ, como se configura a formação para o uso de TIC e modalidade EAD, verificando como este processo é previsto para os docentes que atuarão na modalidade; identificar, baseado nas matrizes curriculares e PPCs dos cursos de licenciatura da UFG/REJ, como ocorre a formação docente para atuar na EAD. A opção metodológica foi pela pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, bibliográfica, com análise documental, por meio da qual, inicialmente, foram analisadas as matrizes curriculares dos 11 cursos de licenciatura da UFG/REJ e, em seguida, os PPCs dos referidos cursos. Foram constatados indícios de propostas de formação do professor para o uso das TIC em três dos 11 cursos focalizados. O meio utilizado por esses cursos para propiciar ao egresso a referida formação consistiu na articulação entre o previsto nos PPCs quanto à formação para as TIC, e a proposta das disciplinas nas matrizes curriculares. A análise documental possibilitou verificar que as matrizes e os PPCs – com exceção de Física, Ciências Biológicas e Matemática – não garantem o perfil desejável do egresso, uma vez que não oferecem formação para o uso das TIC, tampouco para a atuação na modalidade, detectou-se, ainda, que o enfoque teórico é superficial e incipiente nas bibliografias, ementas, perfil do egresso que mencionam a questão das TIC.

Esta pesquisa investiga o design e as práticas de governança urbana. O quadro teórico é composto de duas partes. Na primeira, examinamos as dimensões cognitivas, comunicativas, culturais, econômicas e sócio políticas do espaço contemporâneo em um contexto de ampla disseminação das Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação (TICs). Na segunda, discutimos as políticas públicas para os serviços urbanos com enfoque na cooperação considerando suas dimensões normativas, estratégicas e operacionais. Na pesquisa empírica, estudamos as redes e interfaces públicas utilizadas pelo poder executivo do município de Ribeirão Preto. Utilizando análise de grafos, categorias da Social Construction of Technology (SCOT) e da Actor-Network Theory (ANT), analisamos em que medida a incorporação das TICs amplia as oportunidades de participação e controle social da gestão do espaço e dos serviços urbanos. A pesquisa é concluída com contribuições para o design de redes e interfaces na constituição de uma forma de governança urbana conectada. / In this study we investigate design and urban governance practices. The theoretical framework has two parts. In the first one, we examines the cognitive, communicative, cultural, economic and socio-political dimensions of space in a context of widespread dissemination of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). In the second one, we discusses policy formulation in public urban services focusing on cooperation under its regulatory, strategic and operational dimensions. In the empirical research, we examine the networks and public interfaces used by government agencies of Ribeirão Preto municipality. Graph analysis, elements of social construction of technology and actor-network theory were used to evaluate how ICTs can increase the opportunities for participation and social control of space and urban services management. We conclude the study with contributions to the networks and interfaces design aiming to develop a form of connected urban governance.

Information and communication technology already has a long history of influence in basically all areas of an enterprise. In recent years though, a major discussion emerged whether information and communication technologies (ICT) offer an additional strategic value for a business. The different positions maintain reasonable arguments on both sides. One position is that ICT basically has become a commodity, obtainable by everyone. There would be no strategical nor competitive gain, so extra efforts in ICT would be in vain. Another position is that, although, nowadays ICT is easy to acquire, the organisational skills necessary to manage the change and to profit from a good system are a scarce resource and difficult to reproduce. As much as this discussion has been the subject of many academic articles, as little has the research on the views of practitioners emerged. What is their opinion on the strategic relevance of information and communication technology? Do they consider it as merely a necessary commodity, only used to stay competitive, or do they think that there is a competitive advantage to gain in a sophisticated and possibly leading-edge system? Also, a third view is conceivable, in which practitioners regard ICT as just a tool, which serves best by reconsidering the intensity of its use in every new venture. In order to get answers to these questions, semi-structured telephone interviews with leading ICT officers were conducted. The outcome gives a broad overview on what practitioners consider as strategically important in ICT systems and what the current view of the academic guild on this question looks like. An analysis on where, how and why the academic- and the business-views overlap or differ from each other, together with an interpretation of the interview results, concludes the work.

New evidence based methods are requested within the work of Child Health Care (CHC). The workload for nurses at the CHC centres is high and new interventions needs to be fast and simple to be implemented. The parent checklist CSBS-DP ITC is a screening tool which has been tested during the period 2015–2017 at eleven CHC centres in Uppsala. The aim with the method is early identification, assessment regarding child communication and language problems. The aim with this pilot study was to examine differences between nurses’ experiences and opinions on communication assessment at 18 months depending on which method they used, ITC or regular routine. A web based survey consisting mostly of multiple choice questions was sent to 35 nurses who has been using the ITC checklist and 58 nurses who has been working according to regular routine. The survey ultimately reached 76 people, and out of these 76 nurses 11 from each group filled in the survey (29%). The result showed statistical significant differences between the groups on two questions regarding nurses experience on having a structured method for assessment of communication and language and the nurses’ experiences on how confident they were in describing problems in development of communication and language. The nurses who used the ITC assessment generally felt more secure in their assessment of communication and language, motor skills, play development and growth. / Nya evidensbaserade metoder efterfrågas inom barnhälsovårdens arbete. Då sjuksköterskorna på barnavårdscentralen (BVC) idag har hög arbetsbelastning behöver nya interventioner vara enkla och snabba att genomföra för att kunna implementeras. Föräldraformuläret CSBS-DP ITC är en screeningmetod som under perioden 2015 till 2017 har använts på elva barnavårdscentraler i Uppsala. Syftet med metoden är att tidigt identifiera barn med misstänkta kommunikationssvårigheter för att kunna remittera dem vidare för bedömning och eventuell intervention. Denna pilotstudie syftar till att undersöka om det finns skillnader i BVC-sjuksköterskors upplevelse av kommunikationsbedömning vid 18-månadersbesöket beroende på om de använt ITC- formuläret eller inte. En webbenkät bestående av främst flervalsfrågor skickades till 35 sjuksköterskor som använt föräldraformuläret ITC samt 58 sjuksköterskor som arbetat enligt ordinarie rutin. Enkäten nådde 76 personer. Av dessa var det 11 deltagare från varje grupp som fyllde i enkäten (29%). Resultatet visade ett p-värde på under 0,05 vid två frågor vad gällde sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av att ha en strukturerad metod vid kommunikations- och språkbedömningen samt sjuksköterskornas upplevelse av hur trygga de känner sig i att beskriva avvikelser hos barnet vad gäller kommunikations- och språkbedömningen. Sjuksköterskorna som använt ITC-formuläret kände sig generellt säkrare i sin bedömning av kommunikation och språk, motorik, lekutveckling samt tillväxt, än sjuksköterskorna som arbetat enligt ordinarie rutin.

Children in Sweden between zero and six years are offered regular health and developmental check-ups at the Child Health Centre (CHC). One of these check-ups, when the child is 18 months old includes a speech-language check-up. Today, the check-up is not evidence-based. Therefore, the parent questionnaire Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC) was introduced in Uppsala county in the check-up at 18 months. The aim of the study was to explore how nurses at the CHC experienced the questionnaire and to get an understanding of how the method functioned in the CHC. The participants were recruited from four Child Health Centres with different catchment areas. The method was qualitative with semi-structured interviews in three focus groups. The interviews were transcribed and the analysis was conducted using systematic text condensation. The analysis resulted in four over all themes addressing the nurses' experiences with the new method. The results indicated that the questionnaire seemed to empower both parents and nurses. The nurses considered that the questionnaire worked as a basis for referral. The questionnaire was also perceived as making parents more aware and involved. The results also indicated that the questionnaire was seen as a useful tool but need to be modified to reach more families. Barn i Sverige mellan noll och sex år erbjuds återkommande hälsobedömningar på barnavårdscentralen (BVC). En av dessa bedömningar sker vid 18 månader då det bland annat görs en språklig bedömning. Som det ser ut idag finns ingen evidens för att den språkliga bedömningen i dess nuvarande utformning främjar sitt syfte. Till följd av detta har man i Uppsala län prövat föräldraformuläret Infant Toddler Checklist (ITC) vid 18- månaderbesöket. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur barnhälsovårdssjuksköterskorna upplevde formuläret ITC samt få en förståelse för hur metoden fungerade i barnhälsovårdens verksamhet. Fjorton deltagare rekryterades från fyra barnavårdscentraler i Uppsala län med varierande upptagningsområden. Studien använde kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med systematisk textkondensering. Analysen resulterade i fyra övergripande teman som berörde BVC-sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av den nya metoden. Resultatet visade att formuläret upplevdes stärka både föräldrar och sjuksköterskor. BVC-sjuksköterskorna ansåg att formuläret gav dem underlag för remittering och att föräldrarna upplevdes bli mer delaktiga och medvetna. Vidare indikerade resultatet att formuläret ansågs vara ett användbart verktyg men att det behövde modifieras för att kunna nå ut till fler familjer.

L’une des principales sources de changement dans le système de santé est actuellement la numérisation et la mise en réseau technique, se traduisant par le développement de la télémédecine. Si cette « médecine à distance », utilisant les TIC, a pu se résumer en quelques expérimentations menées essentiellement dans le cadre hospitalier, le gouvernement entend lui donné une nouvelle impulsion. Elle doit constituer un facteur clé d’amélioration de la performance du système de santé. Son usage dans les territoires doit incarner une réponse organisationnelle et technique aux nombreux défis épidémiologiques, démographiques et économiques auxquels fait face le système de santé aujourd’hui. Cette recherche apour but de contribuer à établir le sens social et politique du développement de la télémédecine. Il s’agit de cerner de façon systématique et dans leur ensemble les dynamiques qui conduisent ce changement, tout en mettant en avant les conséquences dans la démarche de soin classique au niveau des usagers. Analyse des politiques publiques et étude du changement technologique se fondent dans l’approche choisie de la sociologie politique des usages. Ancrée au confluent du modèle des politiques publiques et de la sociologie de l’innovation, la recherche a permis d’identifier et d’expliquer les principales dynamiques conditionnant le processus de développement de la télémédecine, en partant des politiques publiques jusqu’à la mise en place des technologies. La télémédecine est la fois le moteur et le résultat de la réformede la modernisation du système de santé. Son référentiel est fortement imprégné par les exigences de rationalisation et de gestion du réseau socio-sanitaire et demeure principalement légitimé par des critères de rentabilité et de performance qui sont probablement incompatibles avec l’efficience clinique et thérapeutique des services de soins. La télémédecine pourrait rendre de nombreux services dans la gestion des activités humaines et professionnelles, par une gestion davantage réfléchie, concertée et planifiée du changement technologique / One the main source of change in the health service system is the digitization and Networking technique wich can be seen in the development of telemedicine. If this « medicine at distance », using ITC, could be summed up in a few experiments in the hospital field, the government wants to give it a new impulse. It must be the key to improve the health service system. Its use in the territories must embody an organizational and technical answer epidemiological, demographic and economic numerous challenges, to wich the health system has to face nowadays. This investigation is aimed at contributing to settle the social and political meaning of telemedicine development. One has to identify systematically and in the whole the forces which lead to this change, while at the same time highlighting the consequences in users the classical approach. The analysis of the public politics and the study of the technological change convey in the political sociology uses. Anchored between the public politic model and the sociological innovation, the investigation has allowed to identify and explain the main dynamics which influence the telemedicine development process, starting by the public policies to the implémentation of technologies. The telemedicine is both the impulse and the result of the health service system modernization reform. Itsrepository is strongly influenced by the rationalizing of the requirements and the management of the health and social network and remains mainly legitimized by profitability and performance criterias which are probably incompatible with clinical and therapeutic efficiency of health services. The telemedicine could make many services in the management of human and Professional activities, thank to a management more thought, concerted, planed of the technologic change

Phylum Apicomplexa comprises several thousand parasitic protozoans that cause significant disease in humans and animals worldwide. Of particular relevance to human health are Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria; and Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately 30% of all humans on earth, and causes serious disease in immunocompromised individuals and neonatally infected fetuses. Central to the pathogenesis of apicomplexans is a unique form of substrate-dependent locomotion termed “gliding motility”, which is essential for traversing the environment and actively invading host cells. Driving motility is the class-XIV unconventional myosin motor (MyoA), which is notably divergent from canonical myosins in that it lacks a “tail” and conventional sequence motifs in both the neck and motor regions. Thus, the mechanisms that enable MyoA to function with a step size and velocity similar to canonical human myosins are not well understood. Over the past 2 decades, the apicomplexan research community has identified many of the components involved in gliding motility, resulting in a functional model of MyoA and accessory proteins forming the “glideosome” macromolecular complex. However, there was still relatively little known about the unique physical processes that drive force production and transduction in the apicomplexan motor complex. Thus, I set out to use structural and biophysical methods to interrogate this divergent molecular motor, and provide the first high-resolution model of apicomplexan motility. Towards this goal, I first used structural and biophysical methods to establish the most complete model to date of class-XIV motor complex assembly, answering key questions about the interface between MyoA and its accessory proteins. To understand the unique molecular basis of force production in apicomplexan motors, I then solved the first ever crystal structure of a class-XIV myosin, MyoA from T. gondii. Supplementing this structure with further biophysical data, I was able to determine the functional consequences of class-defining sequence polymorphisms, and elucidate the basis of phosphorylation-dependent motor regulation. The systematic dissection of apicomplexan motor complexes described herein provides crucial insight into a fundamental biological process, and may help overcome existing barriers for targeted therapeutic development. / Graduate