<p>In this thesis some different modulation schemes for xDSL-techniques are compared. The investigated techniques are ADSL, G.lite, ADSL2, HDSL, SHDSL and VDSL. The modulation methods used are DMT, CAP and different versions of PAM. Several broadband techniques also use Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) to increase the coding gain of the transmission. For each one of the different modulation methods the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for generating a bit error rate probability of 10-7. This is the error rate that is demanded for several of the investigated standards. Comparison is also made of the transmission capacity of the channel and how sensitive the technique is for interference in a part of the frequency band. To compare the different modulation techniques, simulations of the modulations were made. The simulations were made with MatLab and Simulink. Unfortunately Simulink only supports one- and two-dimensional TCM. Therefore no good simulations of ADSL and ADSL2 with TCM were made, because those techniques use four-dimensional TCM.</p>

<p>Performance of an intersection affects the total travel time in a traffic network. An intersection with good performance can easily be described by its contribution to lower travel time than in a comparable intersection. The travel time is of importance in the cost calculations when a specific intersection is to be chosen and designed. It is important to be able to make correct and precise performance calculations so that the cost calculations will not be incorrect. For that purpose the software Capcal, which is a traffic model for intersection analysis on performance, is used in Sweden. Capcal is frequently revised but part of it is still based on old theory and data. Therefore is it important to continually validate the model to control its reliability when it comes to traffic conditions of today with increasing traffic. The model can be validated by comparing its results with reality. </p><p>Performance of an intersection without signal control is defined by the so called performance measurements queue length, capacity, degree of saturation, delay and service time. We have studied a few three-way intersections and roundabouts in Norrköping and Linköping to collect these measurement from reality. These field studies were performed by filming and manually measuring of traffic flows. The films were further processed afterwards to collect additional data. The results from the field studies were compared to output from Capcal. </p><p>Generally our study shows a good correspondence between the output of Capcal and the performance measurements from reality. The differences that exist are caused by the reliability of the field studies and what speed that is possible to model in Capcal. The study showed that if the speed limit is modeled it does not always correspond to the real traffic behavior in all of the studied intersections.</p>

<p>ABB Capacitors is looking to introduce LEAN within their organization. The purpose of this research is to suggest ways to improve the production planning in order to facilitate the company’s production processes. This should be done in accordance with the LEAN concept.</p><p>Today, ABB will produce two of the customers’ orders at the same time. To avoid major disturbances it is important to work with production planning to create a balanced production mix. During the planning it is important to consider that each order may create different “bottlenecks” in production line. Therefore, the aim of this project is to help ABB find an appropriate production mix with the incoming orders. Furthermore, the researchers have developed a tool which can facilitate the planning and make it easier and more sustainable.</p><p>The production process has been carefully observed and the capacity has been calculated for each station. The production capacity included the capacity of each station within the production line but also information from previous time studies has been used during the research. The time studies have been performed by a consultant though because the production process has developed since these studies were performed, the information had to be updated.</p><p>The updated information together with the calculated capacity of each station, have been used to create a spread sheet which can be used as a planning tool.</p><p>Recommendations for future actions have been developed, with help from the analysis and conclusions. These recommendations will support ABB in their future work.</p>

Uppsatsen handlar om hur lärare i idrott och hälsa på gymnasieskolan ser på sitt arbete med elevers fysiska kapacitet samt vilka förmågor (till exempel styrka, rörlighet och kondition) de anser vara viktiga. Bakgrunden till arbetet är att studier har visat att elevers fysiska kapacitet sjunker trots att lärare i idrott och hälsa ska arbeta med den. Undersökningen har en kultursociologisk utgångspunkt och analysen gjordes efter Pierre Bourdieus teori om habitus samt tidigare forskning inom fysisk kapacitet. Undersökningen var av kvalitativ karaktär där lärare intervjuades utifrån deras tolkningar av fysisk aktivitet, fysisk kapacitet och kroppslig förmåga. Dessa tolkningar användes för att sedan beskriva deras arbete. Den forskning som är gjord tidigare visade på goda hälsomässiga fördelar av en god fysisk kapacitet. Resultatet av vårt arbete visar att tolkningarna av begreppen var olika men att arbetet med den fysiska kapaciteten var likartad. Lärarna inte vill arbeta med elevernas fysiska kapacitet men ändå framkommer det att lärarna arbetar med det per automatik i den vanliga undervisningen. Störst påverkan på undervisningen var lärarnas tidigare idrottsbakgrund och utbildning. / The aim of this study is to reveal how physical education teachers view their work with pupils’ physical capacity and which capacities (for example strength, endurance and flexibility) they see as important. The foundation of the study was made through studies showing that the physical capacity among pupils is getting worse. The curriculum for physical education indicates that it is a part of physical education teachers to maintain or improve pupils’ physical capacity. The study has a culture sociologic base and the analysis was made after Pierre Bourdieus’ theory about habitus and previous research about physical capacity. It is a qualitative study in which teachers were interviewed from their takes on physical capacity and furthermore described their work among pupils. The previous research on this subject showed that physical capacity gave many health-related benefits. The result of the study showed that teachers expounding of physical capacity was in disparity though the education made from the teachers were similar. The teachers did not want to improve pupils’ physical capacity though it occurred automatically. The result also showed that the largest impact on how the education was made was the teachers’ earlier background within sports and their teacher education.

Inriktningen på detta examensarbete är kapacitetsbeläggning och uppdragsgivaren är System Andersson som utvecklar, tillverkar och installerar verkstadssystem. Detta arbete är ett led i skapandet av förslag på verkstadssystem som är under utveckling och bakgrunden är att kraven från marknaden har ökat. Syftet med arbetet har varit att ge förslag på hur beläggningsdelen i ett alternativt system kan se ut. Som utgångspunkt har ett antal frågeställningar använts. Exempelvis vad som händer om kapaciteten eller planeringen inte håller samt hur kunskapen om planerarens vardag kan användas. För att genomföra arbetet har författarna använt sig av litteraturstudie som grundar sig på tidigare kurslitteratur på programmet, intervjuer av personal på System Andersson samt egna idéer. System Anderssons kunder är främst små och medelstora svenska tillverkande företag. Det vanligaste är att de arbetar efter principen funktionell verkstad och tillverkning mot order. Inom detta segment, som System Andersson vill fortsätta verka inom, är det viktigt att verkstadssystemet kan ändra operationsföljden och optimera kapacitetsutnyttjandet hos maskinparken och personalen. För att produkten ska bli konkurrenskraftigt måste den även vara anpassad efter de personer som använder sig av det. En del av resultatet består av två versioner av beläggningsmodulen, Det som är nytt i detta förslag mot tidigare såld version är: fler funktioner, dagsplanering, kapacitetstak och grafiskt planeringsverktyg. Författarna har kommit med idéer i programmet om hur detta skall vara lösbart. Programmet ska ur planerarens synvinkel hjälpa till med det dagliga arbete och de problemen som skall lösas innan de uppkommer eller vara smidigare att hantera. Ur System Anderssons synvinkel skall detta kunna användas i marknadsförings- och säljarsyfte när de samtalar med kunder. Light och Advanced. Den förstnämnda är inriktad mot de små företagen och innehåller därför endast de viktigaste funktionerna för beläggningsplanering, i övrigt är den så avskalad som möjligt. Den sistnämnda versionen, Advanced, är anpassad för de något större företagen och kan därför utföra ett större antal uppgifter. Det ska vara lämpat för en heltidsanställd planerare med allt som det innebär. Som komplement till dessa två versioner har författarna utformat en stämpelklocka och en körplan för att skapa en bättre helhetsbild av beläggningsplaneringen. Stämpelklockan används för att samla in information om tillgänglig personalkapacitet och körplanen för att kommunicera med produktionen och uppdatera den tillgängliga maskinkapaciteten. Författarnas fokus har varit att rita upp de övergripande skisserna och inte programmeringen som ligger bakom. / This thesis has been carried out in cooperation with System Andersson that develops, manufactures and installs engineering system. This is a proposal on how a system can be designed because the market has become more demanding. This thesis subject is to come with ideas on how a system might look like. As a starting point, a number of questions were made. For example, what happens if the capacity or planning does not agree with the plane, and how does a planner’s normal day look like. To carry out the work the authors have used the literature review based on previous literature in their program, interviews of personnel at System Andersson and own ideas. System Anderssons customers are mainly small and medium-sized, Swedish manufacturing companies. The most common is that the customers work in a job shop and manufacturing that order. In this segment, that System Andersson will continue to work in, it is important to the engineering system can change the operation sequence and optimize the capacity utilization of machinery and personnel. For the product to be competitive, it must also be designed for the people who use the program. Some of the results consist of two versions of the coating module, What is new in this proposal to the version they are selling today are: more features, daily planning, capacity planning and graphic. The authors have come up with ideas in the program on how this should be soluble. The program is from the scheduler point of view to help with the daily work and solve the problems before they arise or be more flexible to manage. From System Anderssons point of view, this could be used in marketing and promoting their programming when they talk with customers. Light, and Advanced. The first is targeted to small businesses and therefore contains only the most important functions for the coating design; the remainder is as scaled as possible. The latter version, Advanced, is adapted to the somewhat larger firms and can therefore perform a wider range of tasks. It should be suitable for a full-time planner with all that that implies. In addition to these two versions the authors have designed a time clock and a dispatch list to create a better overall picture of occupancy planning. The time clock is used to collect information on available staff capacity and dispatch list to communicate to the manufacturing and update the available machine capacity. The authors' focus has been to draw up the overall sketches and not the program behind.

ABB Capacitors is looking to introduce LEAN within their organization. The purpose of this research is to suggest ways to improve the production planning in order to facilitate the company’s production processes. This should be done in accordance with the LEAN concept. Today, ABB will produce two of the customers’ orders at the same time. To avoid major disturbances it is important to work with production planning to create a balanced production mix. During the planning it is important to consider that each order may create different “bottlenecks” in production line. Therefore, the aim of this project is to help ABB find an appropriate production mix with the incoming orders. Furthermore, the researchers have developed a tool which can facilitate the planning and make it easier and more sustainable. The production process has been carefully observed and the capacity has been calculated for each station. The production capacity included the capacity of each station within the production line but also information from previous time studies has been used during the research. The time studies have been performed by a consultant though because the production process has developed since these studies were performed, the information had to be updated. The updated information together with the calculated capacity of each station, have been used to create a spread sheet which can be used as a planning tool. Recommendations for future actions have been developed, with help from the analysis and conclusions. These recommendations will support ABB in their future work.

There is no standardized test to control the appropriate physical ability in the Swedish ambulance service. The county in question does not perform annual physical tests. A project has been going to develop science-based physical tests, designed for the ambulance service. The research has resulted in the Aasa-test. Objective: The aims of this study were to examine the ambulance staff perception of the Aasa-test relevance, introduction of annual tests and the importance of their own physical training in relation to ambulance work. Method: A quasi-experimental study with a comparative design has been conducted. Aasa-tests were conducted in 41 randomly selected staff at an ambulance station in central Sweden. They also answered a questionnaire. Result: The majority successfully conducted most of the tests in the Aasa-tests. Women experienced greater effort at carrying dumbbells but had better condition than men. The study participants felt that fitness and physical strength were important and that their physics was satisfactory for the professional duty. The introduction of annual tests would motivate the exercise and reduce stress injuries. Conclusion: The majority felt that annual testing should be introduced in the county. No association was found between performance on Aasa-test and the perception of the relevance test. However test participants thought that Aasa-test corresponds to the physical burden they face in their daily work. / I dagsläget finns inget standardiserat test för att kontrollera lämplig fysisk förmåga inom svensk ambulanssjukvård. Det undersökta länet utför inga årliga fysiska tester. Ett projekt har drivits för att utveckla vetenskapligt baserade fysiska tester, anpassade till ambulansverksamhet. Forskningen har resulterat i Aasa-testen. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka ambulanspersonalens uppfattning om Aasa-testens relevans, införandet av årliga tester och vikten av egen fysisk träning i relation till ambulansarbete. Metod: En kvasi-experimentell studie med jämförande design har genomförts. Aasa-testen har utförts på 41 slumpvis utvalda personer vid en ambulansstation i Mellansverige. Därefter besvarades ett frågeformulär. Resultat: Majoriteten presterade ett godkänt resultat på samtliga eller fem av de sex testen i Aasa-testen. Kvinnorna upplevde högre grad av ansträngning vid hantelbärning men hade bättre kondition än männen. Studiedeltagarna ansåg att konditionen och fysiska styrkan var viktig för dem och att dess fysik är tillfredställande för yrket. Införandet av årliga tester skulle motivera till träning och minska belastningsskador. Slutsats: Övervägande antal studiedeltagare ansåg att årliga tester bör införas på ambulansen i länet. Inget samband fanns mellan prestation på Aasa-testen och uppfattningen om testets relevans. Däremot tyckte testdeltagarna att Aasa-testen motsvarar den fysiska belastningen de utsätts för i det dagliga arbetet.

Organizational Ambidexterity är ett relativt nyuppkommit begrepp och få undersökningar har gjorts kring ämnet. De tidigare undersökningar som har bedrivits har främst fokuserat på hur ledarskap framkallar Organizational Ambidexterity. Tidigare undersökning har även forskat i hur dess komponenter, utforskande och bearbetande, kan samexistera i en organisation då de två komponenterna konkurrerar om samma resurser. För att vända blicken bort från ledarens roll i en organisation att inverka på Organizational Ambidexterity, har studien fokuserat på belöningssystemets inflytande på Organizational Ambidexterity med bankorganisationer som objekt.   Belöningssystem förekommer i både finansiell och icke-finansiell form. Finansiella belöningar kan tillkännages som en transaktion utav finansiell ersättning vid utfört arbete. Icke-finansiell belöning är ersättning vilket inte medför direkta kostnader för en organisation. Det kan ske i form av utbildning eller beröm från chefen.   Studien har genomförts på så vis att de empiriska material som frambringats ska förklara om och i så fall vilka belöningssystem som motiverar organisationen att arbete i både en utforskande och bearbetande kapacitet för att uppnå Organizational Ambidexterity. Detta för att uppnå konkurrensfördelar på marknaden.   Teorin stödjer sig på att finansiella belöningar leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet och icke-finansiella belöningar framkallar en mer utforskande kapacitet. De empiriska material som samlats in stödjer inte detta resonemang till fullo då det visat sig att finansiella belöningar inte används i en större utsträckning och att det inte heller leder till en mer bearbetande kapacitet. Emellertid användes de icke-finansiella belöningarna i en större utsträckning och har till viss del påvisat att det inverkar över organisationens förmåga att arbeta i en utforskande kapacitet. / Organizational Ambidexterity is a relatively new concept and few studies have been done on the subject. Previous studies have focused on how leadership develops Organizational Ambidexterity. Previous investigations have also done research into how its components, exploration and exploitation, can co-exist in an organization where the two components compete for the same resources. To turn your gaze away from the leaders’ role in organizations and how they affect Organizational Ambidexterity, this study has focused on the reward systems influence on Organizational Ambidexterity with the banking organizations as an object.   Reward systems are present in both financial and non-financial terms. Financial rewards are transactions of financial compensation for work performed. Non-financial rewards are compensation which does not involve direct costs to an organization. It may take the form of training or appreciation from the boss.   This study was conducted in such a way that the empirical material that has emerged will explain if and how the reward systems motivate the organization to work in both an exploration and exploitation capacity to achieve Organizational Ambidexterity. This is done in order achieve competitive advantages in the market.   The theory relies on that financial rewards will lead to more exploitative capacity and non-financial rewards elicit more exploratory capability. The empirical material collected does not support this argument in full, since it was found that financial rewards are not used to a greater extent and that financial rewards does not lead to a more exploitative capacity. However, the use of non-financial rewards to a greater extent has partially demonstrated an impact on the organizations ability to work in an exploratory capacity.

Performance of an intersection affects the total travel time in a traffic network. An intersection with good performance can easily be described by its contribution to lower travel time than in a comparable intersection. The travel time is of importance in the cost calculations when a specific intersection is to be chosen and designed. It is important to be able to make correct and precise performance calculations so that the cost calculations will not be incorrect. For that purpose the software Capcal, which is a traffic model for intersection analysis on performance, is used in Sweden. Capcal is frequently revised but part of it is still based on old theory and data. Therefore is it important to continually validate the model to control its reliability when it comes to traffic conditions of today with increasing traffic. The model can be validated by comparing its results with reality. Performance of an intersection without signal control is defined by the so called performance measurements queue length, capacity, degree of saturation, delay and service time. We have studied a few three-way intersections and roundabouts in Norrköping and Linköping to collect these measurement from reality. These field studies were performed by filming and manually measuring of traffic flows. The films were further processed afterwards to collect additional data. The results from the field studies were compared to output from Capcal. Generally our study shows a good correspondence between the output of Capcal and the performance measurements from reality. The differences that exist are caused by the reliability of the field studies and what speed that is possible to model in Capcal. The study showed that if the speed limit is modeled it does not always correspond to the real traffic behavior in all of the studied intersections.

The purpose of the work is to analyze and balance an assembly line at Fläkt Woods in Jönköping. The work is going to answer the questions about today’s throughput time, how much waste that occurs, number of staff at the assembly line, how the supply of material works and possible improvements that can be made at the work stations. The work is also going to give a proposal of improve-ments that can be made. The methods used to get the result include observations and measurements, con-versations with technicians and operators and also data from Fläkt Woods’ data-base. Large variations in throughput time are measured during the measure period, from 3 hours up to 5 hours and 35 minutes. These variations depend mainly on the time the air handling unit spends between the stations. The identification of the bottleneck was shown that it occurred in the last station in the assembly line. This results in a pressure from the stations behind with a long throughput time as a con-sequence. The largest source of waste is the operators’ waiting time. The measures that have been made show that the operators wait 33.4 % on average of the time available. The number of operators varies from ten to twelve during the measure period. This number of operators is too high in consideration of the high waiting times. It results in difficulties for the operators to move between the stations be-cause every station is fully manned. The supply of larger components for example fans, batteries, rotary heat exchangers and dampers for the air handling units are made by a truck driver. This leads to disorder in the work stations and fixed posi-tions for a number of smaller components and tools go missing. The analysis of the result shows that the pressure that occurs in the assembly line results in high throughput time because the units wait a long time between the stations. To eliminate these waiting times, a suction must be created. The difficul-ties for the operators to move between the stations can be solved with a lower number of operators. This makes it easier for the operators to move between the stations and reduce the waiting time for the operators.