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Comparative Analysis of User Satisfaction Between Keyword-based and GPT-based E-commerce Chatbots : A qualitative study utilizing user testing to compare user satisfaction based on the IKEA chatbot.Bitinas, Romas, Hassellöf, Axel January 2024 (has links)
Chatbots are computer programs that interact with users utilizing natural language. Businesses benefit from using chatbots as they can provide a better and more satisfactory customer experience. This thesis investigates differences in user satisfaction with two types of e-commerce chatbots: a keyword-based chatbot and a GPT-based chatbot. The study focuses on user interactions with IKEA's chatbot "Billie" compared to a prototype GPT-based chatbot designed for similar functionalities. Using a within-subjects experimental design, participants were tasked with typical e-commerce queries, followed by interviews to gather qualitative data about each participants experience. The research aims to determine whether a chatbot based on GPT technology can offer a more intuitive, engaging and empathetic user experience, compared to traditional keyword-based chatbots in the realm of e-commerce. Findings reveal that the GPT-based chatbot generally provided more accurate and relevant responses, enhancing user satisfaction. Participants appreciated the GPT chatbot's better comprehension and ability to handle natural language, though both systems still exhibited some unnatural interactions. The keyword-based chatbot often failed to understand user intent accurately, leading to user frustration and lower satisfaction. These results suggest that integrating advanced AI technologies like GPT-based chatbots could improve user satisfaction in e-commerce settings, highlighting the potential for more human-like and effective customer service.
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Discourse and bias: A corpus-assisted discourse analysis on Donald Trump in The Washington PostAlm, Beatrice January 2024 (has links)
This study explores the evolution of discourse surrounding Donald Trump as depicted in The Washington Post, and examines potential biases in the newspaper's articles across two distinct periods: 2015-2017, from when Trump announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election until his inauguration, and 2022-2024, from when he announced his candidacy for the 2024 election until the data collection date. Using corpus-assisted discourse analysis, the study investigates keywords and their collocating adjectival modifiers within the two corpora to reveal patterns in the discourse and potential bias around Trump. The results show that during the 2015-2017 period, the discourse predominantly centered on Trump's rivalry with Hillary Clinton, characterized by personal attacks and recurring themes of corruption, authoritarianism, and widespread protests against his presidency. In contrast, the 2022-2024 period's discourse focused more on Trump's legal challenges, particularly regarding the mishandling of classified information and doubts about electoral integrity, indicating a shift in discourse. The findings do not explicitly demonstrate bias towards Trump. However, the discussion highlights the potential for bias to subtly manifest itself through language choices, issue framing, and narrative selection.
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On the Keyword Extraction and Bias Analysis, Graph-based Exploration and Data Augmentation for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource SettingsPeña Sarracén, Gretel Liz de la 07 April 2024 (has links)
Tesis por compendio / [ES] La detección del lenguaje abusivo es una tarea que se ha vuelto cada vez más importante en la era digital moderna, donde la comunicación se produce a través de diversas plataformas en línea. El aumento de las interacciones en estas plataformas ha provocado un aumento de la aparición del lenguaje abusivo. Abordar dicho contenido es crucial para mantener un entorno en línea seguro e inclusivo.
Sin embargo, esta tarea enfrenta varios desafíos que la convierten en un área compleja y que demanda de continua investigación y desarrollo. En particular, detectar lenguaje abusivo en entornos con escasez de datos presenta desafíos adicionales debido a que el desarrollo de sistemas automáticos precisos a menudo requiere de grandes conjuntos de datos anotados.
En esta tesis investigamos diferentes aspectos de la detección del lenguaje abusivo, prestando especial atención a entornos con datos limitados. Primero, estudiamos el sesgo hacia palabras clave abusivas en modelos entrenados para la detección del lenguaje abusivo. Con este propósito, proponemos dos métodos para extraer palabras clave potencialmente abusivas de colecciones de textos. Luego evaluamos el sesgo hacia las palabras clave extraídas y cómo se puede modificar este sesgo para influir en el rendimiento de la detección del lenguaje abusivo. El análisis y las conclusiones de este trabajo revelan evidencia de que es posible mitigar el sesgo y que dicha reducción puede afectar positivamente el desempeño de los modelos. Sin embargo, notamos que no es posible establecer una correspondencia similar entre la variación del sesgo y el desempeño de los modelos cuando hay escasez datos con las técnicas de reducción del sesgo estudiadas.
En segundo lugar, investigamos el uso de redes neuronales basadas en grafos para detectar lenguaje abusivo. Por un lado, proponemos una estrategia de representación de textos diseñada con el objetivo de obtener un espacio de representación en el que los textos abusivos puedan distinguirse fácilmente de otros textos. Por otro lado, evaluamos la capacidad de redes neuronales convolucionales basadas en grafos para clasificar textos abusivos.
La siguiente parte de nuestra investigación se centra en analizar cómo el aumento de datos puede influir en el rendimiento de la detección del lenguaje abusivo. Para ello, investigamos dos técnicas bien conocidas basadas en el principio de minimización del riesgo en la vecindad de instancias originales y proponemos una variante para una de ellas. Además, evaluamos técnicas simples basadas en el reemplazo de sinónimos, inserción aleatoria, intercambio aleatorio y eliminación aleatoria de palabras.
Las contribuciones de esta tesis ponen de manifiesto el potencial de las redes neuronales basadas en grafos y de las técnicas de aumento de datos para mejorar la detección del lenguaje abusivo, especialmente cuando hay limitación de datos.
Estas contribuciones han sido publicadas en conferencias y revistas internacionales. / [CA] La detecció del llenguatge abusiu és una tasca que s'ha tornat cada vegada més important en l'era digital moderna, on la comunicació es produïx a través de diverses plataformes en línia. L'augment de les interaccions en estes plataformes ha provocat un augment de l'aparició de llenguatge abusiu. Abordar este contingut és crucial per a mantindre un entorn en línia segur i inclusiu.
No obstant això, esta tasca enfronta diversos desafiaments que la convertixen en una àrea complexa i contínua de recerca i desenvolupament. En particular, detectar llenguatge abusiu en entorns amb escassetat de dades presenta desafiaments addicionals pel fet que el desenvolupament de sistemes automàtics precisos sovint requerix de grans conjunts de dades anotades.
En esta tesi investiguem diferents aspectes de la detecció del llenguatge abusiu, prestant especial atenció a entorns amb dades limitades. Primer, estudiem el biaix cap a paraules clau abusives en models entrenats per a la detecció de llenguatge abusiu. Amb este propòsit, proposem dos mètodes per a extraure paraules clau potencialment abusives de col·leccions de textos. Després avaluem el biaix cap a les paraules clau extretes i com es pot modificar este biaix per a influir en el rendiment de la detecció de llenguatge abusiu. L'anàlisi i les conclusions d'este treball revelen evidència que és possible mitigar el biaix i que esta reducció pot afectar positivament l'acompliment dels models. No obstant això, notem que no és possible establir una correspondència similar entre la variació del biaix i l'acompliment dels models quan hi ha escassetat dades amb les tècniques de reducció del biaix estudiades.
En segon lloc, investiguem l'ús de xarxes neuronals basades en grafs per a detectar llenguatge abusiu. D'una banda, proposem una estratègia de representació textual dissenyada amb l'objectiu d'obtindre un espai de representació en el qual els textos abusius puguen distingir-se fàcilment d'altres textos. D'altra banda, avaluem la capacitat de models basats en xarxes neuronals convolucionals basades en grafs per a classificar textos abusius.
La següent part de la nostra investigació se centra en analitzar com l'augment de dades pot influir en el rendiment de la detecció del llenguatge abusiu. Per a això, investiguem dues tècniques ben conegudes basades en el principi de minimització del risc en el veïnatge d'instàncies originals i proposem una variant per a una d'elles. A més, avaluem tècniques simples basades en el reemplaçament de sinònims, inserció aleatòria, intercanvi aleatori i eliminació aleatòria de paraules.
Les contribucions d'esta tesi destaquen el potencial de les xarxes neuronals basades en grafs i de les tècniques d'augment de dades per a millorar la detecció del llenguatge abusiu, especialment quan hi ha limitació de dades.
Estes contribucions han sigut publicades en revistes i conferències internacionals. / [EN] Abusive language detection is a task that has become increasingly important in the modern digital age, where communication takes place via various online platforms. The increase in online interactions has led to an increase in the occurrence of abusive language. Addressing such content is crucial to maintaining a safe and inclusive online environment.
However, this task faces several challenges that make it a complex and ongoing area of research and development. In particular, detecting abusive language in environments with sparse data poses an additional challenge, since the development of accurate automated systems often requires large annotated datasets.
In this thesis we investigate different aspects of abusive language detection, paying particular attention to environments with limited data. First, we study the bias toward abusive keywords in models trained for abusive language detection. To this end, we propose two methods for extracting potentially abusive keywords from datasets. We then evaluate the bias toward the extracted keywords and how this bias can be modified in order to influence abusive language detection performance. The analysis and conclusions of this work reveal evidence that it is possible to mitigate the bias and that such a reduction can positively affect the performance of the models. However, we notice that it is not possible to establish a similar correspondence between bias mitigation and model performance in low-resource settings with the studied bias mitigation techniques.
Second, we investigate the use of models based on graph neural networks to detect abusive language. On the one hand, we propose a text representation framework designed with the aim of obtaining a representation space in which abusive texts can be easily distinguished from other texts. On the other hand, we evaluate the ability of models based on convolutional graph neural networks to classify abusive texts.
The next part of our research focuses on analyzing how data augmentation can influence the performance of abusive language detection. To this end, we investigate two well-known techniques based on the principle of vicinal risk minimization and propose a variant for one of them. In addition, we evaluate simple techniques based on the operations of synonym replacement, random insertion, random swap, and random deletion.
The contributions of this thesis highlight the potential of models based on graph neural networks and data augmentation techniques to improve abusive language detection, especially in low-resource settings.
These contributions have been published in several international conferences and journals. / This research work was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the research project MISMIS-FAKEnHATE on Misinformation and Miscommunication in social media: FAKE news and HATE speech (PGC2018-096212-B-C31). The authors thank also the EU-FEDER Comunitat Valenciana 2014-2020 grant IDIFEDER/2018/025. This work was done in the framework of the research project on Fairness
and Transparency for equitable NLP applications in social media, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF, EU A way of making
EuropePI. FairTransNLP research project (PID2021-124361OB-C31) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF, EU A way of making
Europe. Part of the work presented in this article was performed during the first author’s research visit to the University of Mannheim, supported
through a Contact Fellowship awarded by the DAAD scholarship program “STIBET Doktoranden”. / Peña Sarracén, GLDL. (2024). On the Keyword Extraction and Bias Analysis, Graph-based Exploration and Data Augmentation for Abusive Language Detection in Low-Resource Settings [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203266 / Compendio
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Données multimodales pour l'analyse d'imageGuillaumin, Matthieu 27 September 2010 (has links) (PDF)
La présente thèse s'intéresse à l'utilisation de méta-données textuelles pour l'analyse d'image. Nous cherchons à utiliser ces informations additionelles comme supervision faible pour l'apprentissage de modèles de reconnaissance visuelle. Nous avons observé un récent et grandissant intérêt pour les méthodes capables d'exploiter ce type de données car celles-ci peuvent potentiellement supprimer le besoin d'annotations manuelles, qui sont coûteuses en temps et en ressources. Nous concentrons nos efforts sur deux types de données visuelles associées à des informations textuelles. Tout d'abord, nous utilisons des images de dépêches qui sont accompagnées de légendes descriptives pour s'attaquer à plusieurs problèmes liés à la reconnaissance de visages. Parmi ces problèmes, la vérification de visages est la tâche consistant à décider si deux images représentent la même personne, et le nommage de visages cherche à associer les visages d'une base de données à leur noms corrects. Ensuite, nous explorons des modèles pour prédire automatiquement les labels pertinents pour des images, un problème connu sous le nom d'annotation automatique d'image. Ces modèles peuvent aussi être utilisés pour effectuer des recherches d'images à partir de mots-clés. Nous étudions enfin un scénario d'apprentissage multimodal semi-supervisé pour la catégorisation d'image. Dans ce cadre de travail, les labels sont supposés présents pour les données d'apprentissage, qu'elles soient manuellement annotées ou non, et absentes des données de test. Nos travaux se basent sur l'observation que la plupart de ces problèmes peuvent être résolus si des mesures de similarité parfaitement adaptées sont utilisées. Nous proposons donc de nouvelles approches qui combinent apprentissage de distance, modèles par plus proches voisins et méthodes par graphes pour apprendre, à partir de données visuelles et textuelles, des similarités visuelles spécifiques à chaque problème. Dans le cas des visages, nos similarités se concentrent sur l'identité des individus tandis que, pour les images, elles concernent des concepts sémantiques plus généraux. Expérimentalement, nos approches obtiennent des performances à l'état de l'art sur plusieurs bases de données complexes. Pour les deux types de données considérés, nous montrons clairement que l'apprentissage bénéficie de l'information textuelle supplémentaire résultant en l'amélioration de la performance des systèmes de reconnaissance visuelle.
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The Legal Implications of Internet Marketing : Exploiting the Digital Marketplace Within the Boundaries of the LawMizrahi, Sarit 12 1900 (has links)
Au cours des dernières années, le domaine de la consommation a grandement évolué. Les agents de marketing ont commencé à utiliser l’Internet pour influencer les consommateurs en employant des tactiques originales et imaginatives qui ont rendus possible l’atteinte d'un niveau de communication interpersonnelle qui avait précédemment été insondable. Leurs interactions avec les consommateurs, en utilisant la technologie moderne, se manifeste sous plusieurs formes différentes qui sont toutes accompagnés de leur propre assortiment de problèmes juridiques. D’abord, il n'est pas rare pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser des outils qui leur permettent de suivre les actions des consommateurs dans le monde virtuel ainsi que dans le monde physique. Les renseignements personnels recueillis d'une telle manière sont souvent utilisés à des fins de publicité comportementale en ligne – une utilisation qui ne respecte pas toujours les limites du droit à la vie privée. Il est également devenu assez commun pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser les médias sociaux afin de converser avec les consommateurs. Ces forums ont aussi servi à la commission d’actes anticoncurrentiels, ainsi qu’à la diffusion de publicités fausses et trompeuses – deux pratiques qui sont interdites tant par la loi sur la concurrence que la loi sur la protection des consommateurs. Enfin, les agents de marketing utilisent diverses tactiques afin de joindre les consommateurs plus efficacement en utilisant diverses tactiques qui les rendent plus visible dans les moteurs de recherche sur Internet, dont certaines sont considérés comme malhonnêtes et pourraient présenter des problèmes dans les domaines du droit de la concurrence et du droit des marques de commerce. Ce mémoire offre une description détaillée des outils utilisés à des fins de marketing sur Internet, ainsi que de la manière dont ils sont utilisés. Il illustre par ailleurs les problèmes juridiques qui peuvent survenir à la suite de leur utilisation et définit le cadre législatif régissant l’utilisation de ces outils par les agents de marketing, pour enfin démontrer que les lois qui entrent en jeu dans de telles circonstances peuvent, en effet, se révéler bénéfiques pour ces derniers d'un point de vue économique. / The evolution of consumerism in recent years has been nothing short of remarkable. The unprecedented use of the Internet by marketers to influence consumers in original and imaginative ways has rendered possible a level of communicative efficiency that had previously been unfathomable. Their interaction with consumers using modern technology manifests itself in several different forms – all of which are accompanied by their own assortment of legal issues. To begin with, it is not unheard of for marketers to use tools meant to track the behaviour of individuals throughout both the virtual and physical worlds. The personal information collected in such a manner is often utilized for Online Behavioural Advertising purposes – a use which does not always respect the boundaries of privacy law. It has also become rather common for marketers to utilize online social media to promote conversations with consumers. It has occurred, however, that these forums have also been utilized to further the anti-competitive ambitions of companies while also serving as an outlet for false advertising – two eventualities that are prohibited by both competition laws and consumer protection laws. Finally, marketers utilize various tactics in order to more successfully reach consumers through online search engines – a practice known as Search Engine Marketing – some of which are considered to be dishonest and could present issues from both competition law and trademark law perspectives. This thesis essentially provides a detailed description of these tools and the manners in which they are utilized and then proceeds to illustrate the legal issues that may arise as a result of their use. In doing so, it outlines the legal boundaries within which marketers must use these tools so as to ultimately demonstrate that the laws that come into play under such circumstances may, in fact, prove to be beneficial to marketers from an economic perspective.
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Det tror jag är väldigt stort och viktigt - praktiken... : En kvalitativ undersökning där tre omsorgsassistenter får beskriva sina uppfattningar från omvårdnadsutbildningen och deras första år i yrket.Nygren, Ingegerd January 2007 (has links)
<p>Abstract</p><p>This essay is an investigation where I try to gain an increased knowledge of the three assistants’ (in the mentally disability profession) opinion about their education and their first years in their profession. I have also tried to answer the questions whether the course mentally disability/functional gives the students a good start in their profession, if there are any flaws or if something is missing in the course or if they can think of any improvements to make the course better.</p><p>This investigation is performed as a qualitative interview study where three women were interviewed about their education and their first years as assistants’ (in the mentally disability profession). All the interviewed women have been working in the care activity for two or three years since they graduated. The investigation shows that there is a great need for practical training for students on the mentally disability/functional disability course, since it leads to a better start in their profession. Since working as a assistant in the mentally disability is a profession which could be difficult to get accustomed to, the instructor plays an important role since the student really needs to learn how to take responsibility and participate as much as possible in the daily work which concerns mentally disabled people during their practical training.</p><p>Keyword: Vocational training, socialization* transition* that’s combine with care assistant, care nurse, practical nurse, secondary nurse, mental health and nurse assistant.</p> / <p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Denna uppsats är en undersökning där jag vill få en ökad förståelse kring tre omsorgsassistenters uppfattningar om utbildningen på omvårdnadsprogrammet och deras första tid i yrket. Jag har även försökt besvara frågorna om kursen utvecklingsstörning/funktionshinder ger studenterna en god start i yrket, om det finns några brister eller om något saknas samt om studenterna kan ge förslag på förbättringar som kan göra kursen bättre.</p><p>Denna undersökning är utförd som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tre kvinnor intervjuas kring utbildningen och vidare ut i yrkeslivet. Samtliga av de intervjuade kvinnorna har arbetat i omsorgsverksamheten under två till tre år sedan slutförd utbildning. Undersökningen visar att det finns ett stort behov av praktik för studenter som väljer kursen med inriktningen utvecklingsstörning/funktionshinder, eftersom det leder till en god start i yrket. Då yrket som omsorgsassistent kan vara svårt att komma in i så har även handledaren en viktig roll, studenten behöver verkligen få lära sig att ta ansvar och delta så mycket som möjligt i det dagliga arbetet med utvecklingsstörda under sin praktik.</p><p>Nyckelord: Yrkesutbildning, socialization* transition* vilket kombinerats med care assistant, care nurse, practical nurse, secondary nurse, mental health och nurse assistant.</p>
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Etude de Valorisation des Rejets des Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi, République Démocratique du Congo/Recovery Study of Values Metals from Kolwezi Zinc Plant Residues, Democratic Republic of CongoNGENDA BANKA, Richard 28 April 2010 (has links)
Résumé
Les rejets des Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi contiennent majoritairement du zinc sous forme réfractaire (ferrite) au traitement hydrométallurgique conventionnel. Ils contiennent d’autres métaux « lourds » qui les rendent dangereux vis-à-vis de l’environnement dans lequel ils sont actuellement entreposés. Ces métaux, dont la plupart peuvent être valorisés, font de ces rejets un véritable gisement secondaire. Il est donc impératif de mettre au point un procédé adéquat de valorisation ; d’où le thème de la présente thèse : « Etude de valorisation des rejets des Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi, RDC ».
A l’aide des techniques modernes de caractérisation (physico–chimique, minéralogique et morphologique), nous sommes arrivés à cibler, à adapter et à justifier l’utilisation d’une technique de valorisation des matières minérales existantes. Les minéraux utiles contenus dans les rejets UZK ont été sulfatés par digestion et sélectivement mis en solution après un grillage. La sulfatation s’est avérée l’étape déterminante du procédé et un intérêt particulier a été focalisé sur cette étape en réalisant une étude cinétique approfondie.
Les données et informations récoltées tout le long de cette recherche nous ont permis de réaliser une simulation du procédé par le logiciel ASPEN PLUS. Ce qui a permis de faire une ébauche d’un schéma de traitement industriel. Ce dernier s’est avéré souple vis-à-vis de l’utilisation d’autres matières comme les calcines des concentrés sulfurés cuivre-zinc.
Residues from the Kolwezi Zinc Plant (Usines à Zinc de Kolwezi UZK) essentially contain zinc in a refractory (ferrite) form, which is difficult to recover by conventional hydrometallurgical methods. « Heavy» metals are also present that make them hazardous towards the environment in which they are currently stored. Most of these metals are valuable; thus, the UZK residues are a real secondary deposit. It is therefore imperative to develop an appropriate method of treatment, hence the theme of the present thesis: « Recovery study of values metals from Kolwezi Zinc Plant residues, DRC ».
Using modern techniques of characterization (physical and chemical, mineralogical and morphological), we focused, adapted and justified the use of a technique for efficient recovery of the existing valuable minerals. The minerals contained in UZK residues have been sulphated by digestion and thereafter selectively dissolved after roasting. Sulphatation proved to be the decisive step of the process and a particular attention has been given to this step by performing a detailed kinetic study.
The data and information collected throughout this research allowed a simulation of the developed method by using the « Aspen Plus » software. This allowed us to propose a draft scheme of industrial processing. The latter proved flexible towards the use of other materials such as calcines of copper-zinc sulphide concentrates.
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Det tror jag är väldigt stort och viktigt - praktiken... : En kvalitativ undersökning där tre omsorgsassistenter får beskriva sina uppfattningar från omvårdnadsutbildningen och deras första år i yrket.Nygren, Ingegerd January 2007 (has links)
Abstract This essay is an investigation where I try to gain an increased knowledge of the three assistants’ (in the mentally disability profession) opinion about their education and their first years in their profession. I have also tried to answer the questions whether the course mentally disability/functional gives the students a good start in their profession, if there are any flaws or if something is missing in the course or if they can think of any improvements to make the course better. This investigation is performed as a qualitative interview study where three women were interviewed about their education and their first years as assistants’ (in the mentally disability profession). All the interviewed women have been working in the care activity for two or three years since they graduated. The investigation shows that there is a great need for practical training for students on the mentally disability/functional disability course, since it leads to a better start in their profession. Since working as a assistant in the mentally disability is a profession which could be difficult to get accustomed to, the instructor plays an important role since the student really needs to learn how to take responsibility and participate as much as possible in the daily work which concerns mentally disabled people during their practical training. Keyword: Vocational training, socialization* transition* that’s combine with care assistant, care nurse, practical nurse, secondary nurse, mental health and nurse assistant. / Sammanfattning Denna uppsats är en undersökning där jag vill få en ökad förståelse kring tre omsorgsassistenters uppfattningar om utbildningen på omvårdnadsprogrammet och deras första tid i yrket. Jag har även försökt besvara frågorna om kursen utvecklingsstörning/funktionshinder ger studenterna en god start i yrket, om det finns några brister eller om något saknas samt om studenterna kan ge förslag på förbättringar som kan göra kursen bättre. Denna undersökning är utförd som en kvalitativ intervjustudie där tre kvinnor intervjuas kring utbildningen och vidare ut i yrkeslivet. Samtliga av de intervjuade kvinnorna har arbetat i omsorgsverksamheten under två till tre år sedan slutförd utbildning. Undersökningen visar att det finns ett stort behov av praktik för studenter som väljer kursen med inriktningen utvecklingsstörning/funktionshinder, eftersom det leder till en god start i yrket. Då yrket som omsorgsassistent kan vara svårt att komma in i så har även handledaren en viktig roll, studenten behöver verkligen få lära sig att ta ansvar och delta så mycket som möjligt i det dagliga arbetet med utvecklingsstörda under sin praktik. Nyckelord: Yrkesutbildning, socialization* transition* vilket kombinerats med care assistant, care nurse, practical nurse, secondary nurse, mental health och nurse assistant.
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The Legal Implications of Internet Marketing : Exploiting the Digital Marketplace Within the Boundaries of the LawMizrahi, Sarit 12 1900 (has links)
Au cours des dernières années, le domaine de la consommation a grandement évolué. Les agents de marketing ont commencé à utiliser l’Internet pour influencer les consommateurs en employant des tactiques originales et imaginatives qui ont rendus possible l’atteinte d'un niveau de communication interpersonnelle qui avait précédemment été insondable. Leurs interactions avec les consommateurs, en utilisant la technologie moderne, se manifeste sous plusieurs formes différentes qui sont toutes accompagnés de leur propre assortiment de problèmes juridiques. D’abord, il n'est pas rare pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser des outils qui leur permettent de suivre les actions des consommateurs dans le monde virtuel ainsi que dans le monde physique. Les renseignements personnels recueillis d'une telle manière sont souvent utilisés à des fins de publicité comportementale en ligne – une utilisation qui ne respecte pas toujours les limites du droit à la vie privée. Il est également devenu assez commun pour les agents de marketing d’utiliser les médias sociaux afin de converser avec les consommateurs. Ces forums ont aussi servi à la commission d’actes anticoncurrentiels, ainsi qu’à la diffusion de publicités fausses et trompeuses – deux pratiques qui sont interdites tant par la loi sur la concurrence que la loi sur la protection des consommateurs. Enfin, les agents de marketing utilisent diverses tactiques afin de joindre les consommateurs plus efficacement en utilisant diverses tactiques qui les rendent plus visible dans les moteurs de recherche sur Internet, dont certaines sont considérés comme malhonnêtes et pourraient présenter des problèmes dans les domaines du droit de la concurrence et du droit des marques de commerce. Ce mémoire offre une description détaillée des outils utilisés à des fins de marketing sur Internet, ainsi que de la manière dont ils sont utilisés. Il illustre par ailleurs les problèmes juridiques qui peuvent survenir à la suite de leur utilisation et définit le cadre législatif régissant l’utilisation de ces outils par les agents de marketing, pour enfin démontrer que les lois qui entrent en jeu dans de telles circonstances peuvent, en effet, se révéler bénéfiques pour ces derniers d'un point de vue économique. / The evolution of consumerism in recent years has been nothing short of remarkable. The unprecedented use of the Internet by marketers to influence consumers in original and imaginative ways has rendered possible a level of communicative efficiency that had previously been unfathomable. Their interaction with consumers using modern technology manifests itself in several different forms – all of which are accompanied by their own assortment of legal issues. To begin with, it is not unheard of for marketers to use tools meant to track the behaviour of individuals throughout both the virtual and physical worlds. The personal information collected in such a manner is often utilized for Online Behavioural Advertising purposes – a use which does not always respect the boundaries of privacy law. It has also become rather common for marketers to utilize online social media to promote conversations with consumers. It has occurred, however, that these forums have also been utilized to further the anti-competitive ambitions of companies while also serving as an outlet for false advertising – two eventualities that are prohibited by both competition laws and consumer protection laws. Finally, marketers utilize various tactics in order to more successfully reach consumers through online search engines – a practice known as Search Engine Marketing – some of which are considered to be dishonest and could present issues from both competition law and trademark law perspectives. This thesis essentially provides a detailed description of these tools and the manners in which they are utilized and then proceeds to illustrate the legal issues that may arise as a result of their use. In doing so, it outlines the legal boundaries within which marketers must use these tools so as to ultimately demonstrate that the laws that come into play under such circumstances may, in fact, prove to be beneficial to marketers from an economic perspective.
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TAKK är alltid laddat : Lärare och klassassistenters erfarenheter av TAKK i grundsärskolan / TAKK is always prepared : Teacher´s and class-assistent´s experiences of keyword signing in compulsory school for learning disabilitiesHellquist, Anna Karin January 2018 (has links)
Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva lärare och klassassistenters erfarenheter av TAKK som kommunikativt stöd för elever i grundsärskolan. Data har samlats in genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre lärare och två klassassistenter, som i sin profession praktiserade TAKK i interaktion med eleverna. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt för metodval och analysbearbetning har inspiration och begrepp från det sociokulturella, samt det kommunikativa relationsinriktade perspektivet (KoRP) inhämtats. Det sammantagna resultatet visar att lärarna och klassassistenterna beskrev TAKK som en kommunikativ, medierande resurs som gynnade elevernas kommunikation och interaktion med omgivningen, vilket av deltagarna ansågs vara grunden för kommunikativ och social delaktighet, samt grunden för elevernas lärande. Som artefakt ansågs TAKK övervägande innebära fördelar och möjligheter för elevernas kommunikation, delaktighet och lärande. TAKK praktiserades från och till under skoldagen, mestadels i formella kontexter i relation till lärare och klassassistenter. Spontant tecknande bland eleverna var inte vanligt förekommande. Lärare och klassassistenter hade tilltro till sin förmåga att kunna tillgodose elevernas kommunikativa behov och ansåg sig anpassa sitt tecknande utefter dessa. TAKK användes i verksamheterna tillsammans med andra alternativa AKK- redskap, vilka var under utvecklande i verksamheterna. Min förhoppning är att studien kommer bidra med större kunskap och ökad medvetenhet gällande TAKK i grundsärskolan. / The aim of this study is to describe teacher and class-assistents experiences of Keyword Signing (KWS) as communicative support for pupils in compulsory school for learning disabilities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with three teachers and two class-assistents, who in their profession used KWS in interaction with the pupils. The theoretical framework is founded on inspiration and theoretical concepts from both the sociocultural perspective as well from the communicative relationshiporiented perspective. The total result from this study shows that teachers and class-assistents described KWS as a communicative mediated resource that favored the pupil’s communication and interaction with the surroundings, as from the participant´s point of view is elementary for communicative and social participation, and learning. Over all the interviewed considered that KWS as an artefact was contributing advantages and possibilities concerning the pupils communication, participation and learning. KWS was practiced on daily basis during the schooldays, mostly in formal contexts in relation to teachers and class-assistents. Spontaneous KWS was rarely used by the pupils. Teachers and class-assistents had confidence in their own ability to support the communicative needs of the pupils. KWS was practiced in the classrooms among other alternative of AAC-tools, which were developing in the classrooms. My hope is that this study will contribute cumulative knowledge and awareness about KWS in compulsory school for learning disabilities.
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