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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Optical Properties of Two Brands of Composite Restorative Materials and Confirmation of Theoretical Predictions for Layering

Mikhail, Sarah Shawky 20 October 2011 (has links)
No description available.
12

Optimization of Optical Properties of Plant-Based Foods

Wannasin, Donpon 01 September 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Plant-based foods are considered to be more sustainable food source than animal-based foods due to their lower environmental impact. However, there is a challenge in producing plant-based foods with similar taste, texture, and appearance to animal-based products to meet consumers expectations. The appearance, which includes color, is the first sensory attribute consumers experience of foods, and so it influences consumers’ buying decisions. Food colorants are added to match the color of plant-based foods with animal-based ones. The food colorant choice is shifting toward natural colorants due to their perceived health benefits and clean-label aspects. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize the optical properties of plant-based foods using natural food colorants. Initially, the impact of natural pigments that selectively absorb light (turmeric, red beet, and butterfly pea flower) and colloidal particles that selectively scatter light (oil droplets) on the optical properties of model plant-based oil-in-water emulsions was investigated. It was found the pigment and oil droplet characteristics, including pigment type and concentration, and droplet size and concentration, could be adjusted to modulate the chromaticness or lightness of emulsions by altering light absorption and scattering effects. This knowledge is useful to optimizing the appearance of plant-based foods by adjusting these parameters. Then, natural pigments with three primary colors (yellow, red, and blue) were blended to mimic the color of animal-based products (raw meat, cooked meats, egg, and cheese). A color matching model developed from Kubelka-Munk and color theories was then used to determine the optimum ratio of each colorant needed to match the spectral reflectance of animal-based products. The methodology developed was able to optimize the color of model plant-based emulsions to that of different food matrices. The improved understanding of the optical properties of natural pigments and color matching theory developed in this study should help to formulate plant-based foods with more similar appearances to animal-based products, thereby increasing consumers’ acceptance of plant-based foods.
13

Non-invasive Estimation of Skin Chromophores Using Hyperspectral Imaging

Karambor Chakravarty, Sriya 07 March 2024 (has links)
Melanomas account for more than 1.7% of global cancer diagnoses and about 1% of all skin cancer diagnoses in the United States. This type of cancer occurs in the melanin-producing cells in the epidermis and exhibits distinctive variations in melanin and blood concentration values in the form of skin lesions. The current approach for evaluating skin cancer lesions involves visual inspection with a dermatoscope, typically followed by biopsy and histopathological analysis. However, to decrease the risk of misdiagnosis in this process requires invasive biopsies, contributing to the emotional and financial distress of patients. The implementation of a non-invasive imaging technique to aid the analysis of skin lesions in the early stages can potentially mitigate these consequences. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has shown promise as a non-invasive technique to analyze skin lesions. Images taken of human skin using a hyperspectral camera are a result of numerous elements in the skin. Being a turbid, inhomogeneous material, the skin has chromophores and scattering agents, which interact with light and produce characteristic back-scattered energy that can be harnessed and examined with an HSI camera. To achieve this in this study, a mathematical model of the skin is used to extract meaningful information from the hyperspectral data in the form of parameters such as melanin concentration, blood volume fraction and blood oxygen saturation in the skin. The human skin is modelled as a bi-layer planar system, whose surface reflectance is theoretically calculated using the Kubelka-Munk theory and absorption laws by Beer and Lambert. The model is evaluated for its sensitivity to the parameters and then fitted to measured hyperspectral data of four volunteer subjects in different conditions. Mean values of melanin, blood volume fraction and oxygen saturation obtained for each of the subjects are reported and compared with theoretical values from literature. Sensitivity analysis revealed wavelengths and wavelength groups which resulted in maximum change in percentage reflectance calculated from the model were 450 and 660 nm for melanin, 500 - 520 nm and 590 - 625 nm for blood volume fraction and 606, 646 and 750 nm for blood oxygen saturation. / Master of Science / Melanoma, the most serious type of skin cancer, develops in the melanin-producing cells in the epidermis. A characteristic marker of skin lesions is the abrupt variations in melanin and blood concentration in areas of the lesion. The present technique to inspect skin cancer lesions involves dermatoscopy, which is a qualitative visual analysis of the lesion’s features using a few standardized techniques such as the 7-point checklist and the ABCDE rule. Typically, dermatoscopy is followed by a biopsy and then a histopathological analysis of the biopsy. To reduce the possibility of misdiagnosing actual melanomas, a considerable number of dermoscopically unclear lesions are biopsied, increasing emotional, financial, and medical consequences. A non-invasive imaging technique to analyze skin lesions during the dermoscopic stage can help alleviate some of these consequences. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising methodology to non-invasively analyze skin lesions. Images taken of human skin using a hyperspectral camera are a result of numerous elements in the skin. Being a turbid, inhomogeneous material, the skin has chromophores and scattering agents, which interact with light and produce characteristic back-scattered energy that can be harnessed and analyzed with an HSI camera. In this study, a mathematical model of the skin is used to extract meaningful information from the hyperspectral data in the form of melanin concentration, blood volume fraction and blood oxygen saturation. The mean and standard deviation of these estimates are reported and compared with theoretical values from the literature. The model is also evaluated for its sensitivity with respect to these parameters to identify the most relevant wavelengths.
14

Whiteness and Fluorescence in Layered Paper and Board : Perception and Optical Modelling

Gustafsson Coppel, Ludovic January 2012 (has links)
This thesis is about modelling and predicting the perceived whiteness of plain paper from the paper composition, including fluorescent whitening agents. This involves psychophysical modelling of perceived whiteness from measurable light reflectance properties, and physical modelling of light scattering and fluorescence from the paper composition. Existing models are first tested and improvements are suggested and evaluated. A colour appearance model including simultaneous contrast effects (CIECAM02-m2), earlier tested on coloured surfaces, is successfully applied to perceived whiteness. An extension of the Kubelka-Munk light scattering model including fluorescence for turbid media of finite thickness is successfully tested for the first time on real papers. It is extended to layered constructions with different layer optical properties and modified to enable parameter estimation with conventional d/0° spectrophotometers used in the paper industry. Lateral light scattering is studied to enable simulating the spatially resolved radiance factor from layered constructions, and angle-resolved radiance factor simulations are performed to study angular variation of whiteness. It is shown that the linear CIE whiteness equation fails to predict the perceived whiteness of highly white papers with distinct bluish tint. This equation is applicable only in a defined region of the colour space, a condition that is shown to be not fulfilled by many commercial office papers, although they appear white to most observers. The proposed non-linear whiteness equations give to these papers a whiteness value that correlates with their perceived whiteness, while application of the CIE whiteness equation outside its region of validity overestimates perceived whiteness. It is shown that the fluorescence efficiency of FWA is essentially dependent only on the ability of the FWA to absorb light in its absorption band. Increased FWA concentration leads accordingly to increased whiteness. However, since FWA absorbs light in the violet-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the reflectance factor decreases in that region with increasing FWA amount. This violet-blue absorption tends to give a greener shade to the paper and explains most of the observed greening and whiteness saturation at larger FWA concentrations. A red-ward shift of the quantum efficiency is observed with increasing FWA concentration, but this is shown to have a negligible effect on the whiteness value. The results are directly applicable to industrial applications for better instrumental measurement of whiteness and thereby optimising the use of FWA with the goal to improve the perceived whiteness. / PaperOpt
15

Whiteness and Fluorescence in Paper : Perception and Optical Modelling

Gustafsson Coppel, Ludovic January 2010 (has links)
This thesis is about modelling and predicting the perceived whiteness of plain paper from the paper composition, including fluorescent whitening agents. This includes psycho-physical modelling of perceived whiteness from measurable light reflectance properties, and physical modelling of light scattering and fluorescence from the paper composition. Existing models are first tested and improvements are suggested and evaluated. The standardised and widely used CIE whiteness equation is first tested on commercial office papers with visual evaluations by different panels of observers, and improved models are validated. Simultaneous contrast effects, known to affect the appearance of coloured surfaces depending on the surrounding colour, are shown to significantly affect the perceived whiteness. A colour appearance model including simultaneous contrast effects  (CIECAM02-m2), earlier tested on coloured surfaces, is successfully applied to perceived whiteness. A recently proposed extension of the Kubelka-Munk light scattering model including fluorescence for turbid media of finite thickness is successfully tested for the first time on real papers. It is shown that the linear CIE whiteness equation fails to predict the perceived whiteness of highly white papers with distinct bluish tint. This equation is applicable only in a defined region of the colour space, a condition that is shown to be not fulfilled by many commercial office papers, although they appear white to most observers. The proposed non-linear whiteness equations give to these papers a whiteness value that correlates with their perceived whiteness, while application of the CIE whiteness equation outside its region of validity overestimates perceived whiteness. It is shown that the quantum efficiency of two different fluorescent whitening agents (FWA) in plain paper is rather constant with FWA type, FWA concentration, filler content, and fibre type. Hence, the fluorescence efficiency is essentially dependent only on the ability of the FWA to absorb light in its absorption band.  Increased FWA concentration leads accordingly to increased whiteness. However, since FWA absorbs light in the violet-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum, the reflectance factor decreases in that region with increasing FWA amount. This violet-blue absorption tends to give a greener shade to the paper and explains most of the observed greening and whiteness saturation at larger FWA concentrations. A red-ward shift of the quantum efficiency is observed with increasing FWA concentration, but this is shown to have a negligible effect on the whiteness value. The results are directly applicable to industrial applications for better instrumental measurement of whiteness and thereby optimising the use of FWA with the goal to improve the perceived whiteness. In addition, a modular Monte Carlo simulation tool, Open PaperOpt, is developed to allow future spatial- and angle-resolved particle level light scattering simulation. / PaperOpt
16

Optical Response From Paper : Angle-dependent Light Scattering Measurements, Modelling, and Analysis

Granberg, Hjalmar January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
17

Optical Response From Paper : Angle-dependent Light Scattering Measurements, Modelling, and Analysis

Granberg, Hjalmar January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
18

The Impact of the Optical Phenomena of Color Adjustment Potential and Kubelka-Munk Layering of Dental Composite Resins on Modern Esthetic Dentistry

Carney, Melody Noelle 27 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
19

Couleur de la matière picturale : caractérisation des pigments et des mélanges de pigments, effets induits par l'adjonction de liant et de charges

Dupuis, Guillaume 18 June 2004 (has links) (PDF)
La spectroscopie de réflectance diffuse dans le domaine du visible est une technique paradoxalement rarement utilisée pour identifier les matériaux des couches picturales des oeuvres d'art. Quand elle est malgré tout mise en oeuvre, l'identification de pigments à partir de ce type de mesures repose toujours sur la comparaison avec une base de données spectrophotométriques de pigments de référence. Au sein du Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France, la base de données est composée des spectres de réflectance de pigments purs, secs et en poudre. Une couche picturale est au contraire constituée de pigments parfois mélangés et dispersés dans un liant. Ces deux caractéristiques des couches picturales ont permis de distinguer deux axes de recherche pour le travail de thèse. I. La caractérisation des mélanges de pigments La modélisation de Kubelka-Munk s'est avérée pertinente pour la gamme usuelle des couleurs utilisées dans les oeuvres d'art, et ce même dans le cas extrême des mélanges dans lesquels un des composants est nettement minoritaire. Il est à présent possible, pour un mélange binaire, de déterminer les composants du mélange dans la majorité des cas par traitement numérique des mesures spectrophotométriques. Une fois la nature des composants déterminée, il est de plus systématiquement possible d'en retrouver les proportions relatives. Les résultats obtenus sur les échantillons modèles ont pu être adaptés au cas d'une oeuvre d'art : la Vierge d'Annonciation attribuée à Giovanni di Paolo. Dans ce tableau italien du XVe siècle, la couleur du visage est réalisée à partir d'un mélange de blanc de plomb et de vermillon a tempera. Les proportions relatives calculées de ces deux pigments sont en accord avec ce qui est observable au microscope optique sur des prélèvements et mesurable ensuite par traitement des images. II. L'influence du liant Des échantillons de couches picturales ont été réalisés par un artiste selon une recette traditionnelle. La concentration de pigments et le nombre de couches de matière picturales varient selon les échantillons. Ces derniers ont été étudiés parallèlement en spectrophotométrie, en diffractométrie des rayons X et en microfluorimétrie X. Les résultats obtenus par ces méthodes d'analyse concordent. La méthode de Rietveld d'affinement des diffractogrammes permet notamment d'aboutir à des valeurs de concentration de pigment dans le liant tout à fait en accord avec les résultats obtenus par la modélisation de la propagation de la lumière dans les milieux absorbants et diffusants utilisée pour interpréter les mesures spectrophotométriques. L'aboutissement de ce travail de thèse devrait permettre aux scientifiques de la conservation, aux historiens d'art et aux restaurateurs d'envisager la spectrophotométrie comme une technique d'analyse qualitative et quantitative, sans prélèvement, sans contact et réalisable in situ, qui fournit la nature et les proportions des différents constituants de la matière picturale.
20

Neue Ansätze zur linearen und nichtlinearen optischen Charakterisierung molekularer und nanokristalliner Ensembles: Zusammenhang zwischen makroskopischer Funktion und Struktur auf mesoskopischer Längenskala technologisch relevanter Materialien

Bock, Sergej 29 October 2020 (has links)
Durch neue Ansätze zur Charakterisierung molekularer und nanokristalliner Materialien spiegelt die vorliegende Arbeit die Synergie von linearer Optik über Ultrakurzzeitphysik zur nichtlinearen Optik wider. Angefangen mit der linearen diffusen Reflektanz (Remission) zur Bestimmung des spektralen Reflexionsvermögens von Pulverpartikeln, erlaubt die hier gezeigte alternative Herangehensweise (s. Kapitel 2) nicht nur ein vereinfachtes Messen der Remission zur Analyse von Materialzusammensetzungen, Verunreinigungen und Co-Dotierungen, sondern eröffnet zudem über Monte-Carlo Simulationen, kombiniert mit der Kubelka-Munk Theorie und der Mie Streuung, auch den Zugang zu dem ansonsten experimentell unzugänglichen Absorptionskoeffizienten von nicht-transluzenten Proben. Die präsentierten Mess- und Simulationsergebnisse an Pulvertabletten aus Rutil-Titandioxid (TiO2) und Cer-dotierten Yttrium Aluminium Granat (YAG:Ce3+) sind mit den bisherigen in der Literatur vorliegenden Ergebnissen konsistent oder zumindest vergleichbar. Auch lassen sich nach Modifikation der Kubelka-Munk Funktion die Bandkanten-Energien Eg der mikro- und nanokristallinen Pulverproben mittels so genannter Tauc Plots verifizieren. Basierend auf einer starken Temperatur- und Konzentrationsabhängigkeit lassen sich die Emissionsspektren der oben genannten YAG:Ce3+-Leuchtstoffe aufgrund von Überlappung oder Verschiebung der energetischen Grundniveaus 2F5/2 und 2F7/2 variieren (s. Kapitel 3). Während sich bei Tieftemperaturen um 19K die doppelbandige Natur der Leuchtstoffe zeigt, verbreitern sich die Emissionsbanden bei Raumtemperatur zu einer Einzelbande, womit eine spektral sehr breite Fluoreszenz einhergeht. Mathematische Entfaltungen dieser Spektren zeigen jeweils den prozentualen Beitrag der Relaxation aus dem untersten angeregten Zustand 5d1 in einen der beiden Grundzustände 2F5/2 und 2F7/2 und ebenso den Einfluss der Temperatur und Cer-Konzentration. Tatsächlich führen die experimentellen Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zu der Erkenntnis, dass eine der vier untersuchten YAG:Ce3+-Proben eine erhöhte Cer-Konzentration aufweisen muss. Anders als bei den schwach konzentrierten YAG:Ce3+-Proben ist die spektrale Doppelbande des stark konzentrierten Leuchtstoffs selbst bei 19K nur zu erahnen, während der Beitrag des 5d1 --> 2F7/2 Übergangs auf die Gesamtfluoreszenz retrograd zum 5d1 --> 2F5/2 Übergang mit steigender Temperatur sogar abnimmt. Im direkten Anschluss an die spektrale Vermessung der Proben folgen zeitaufgelöste Lebensdauermessungen zur Bestimmung der Nachleuchtdauern dieser Leuchtstoffe mittels Pikosekunden-Laserpulsen (ps-Pulse) (s. Kapitel 3.3). Auch hier stellen sich Unterschiede zwischen den genannten YAG:Ce3+-Proben heraus und untermauern erneut die Annahme unterschiedlicher Cer-Konzentrationen: Während die Nachleuchtdauer der niedrig konzentrierten Leuchtstoffe von der Temperatur nahezu unberührt bleibt, zeigt sich eine bemerkenswerte Temperaturabhängigkeit des 5d1 --> 2F5/2 Übergangs beim YAG:Ce3+ mit hohem Cer-Gehalt. Auf Basis sämtlicher experimenteller Erkenntnisse und einer ausgiebigen Literaturrecherche kann schließlich eine Fremddotierung der Leuchtstoff-Proben nahezu vollständig ausgeschlossen und ein Energieschema für die vorliegenden YAG:Ce3+-Leuchtstoffe mit den wichtigsten optischen Übergängen erstellt werden. In Hinblick auf potentielle holographische Applikationen wie der optischen Datenspeicherung oder Echtzeit-Holographie erweisen sich die in Polydimethylsiloxan eingebetteten photoschaltbaren Ruthenium-Sulfoxide aufgrund der äußerst geringen Beugungseffizienz von < 10−2 als nicht pragmatisch für die Praxis (s. Kapitel 4). Vergleichbare photoschaltbare Materialien, wie zum Beispiel Natriumnitrosylprussiat, erreichen hingegen Effizienzen von bis zu 100 %. Dennoch zeichnen sich die in Publikation 2 (s. Anhang A.2) vorgestellten Resultate an OSO-PDMS durch ihre äußerst hohe Qualität aus. Sowohl die dynamische Hologramm-Entstehung als auch die Rocking-Kurve folgen den physikalischen Theorien einwandfrei und lassen sich mit den bekannten mathematischen Anpassungen exakt wiedergeben, womit sich entsprechend intrinsische Größen ableiten lassen. Zudem beeindruckt der experimentelle Aufbau mit der präzisen Messung der oftmals nicht detektierbaren Nebenmaxima der gezeigten Rocking-Kurve sowie des Winkel-Multiplexings. Bemerkenswert ist außerdem aus physikalischer Sicht der immense Unterschied zwischen cw- und fs-Holographie. Hier deuten sich nichtlineare Effekte an, die zu der Erkenntnis führen, dass sich die bekannten Theorien mit cw-Lasern nicht ohne Weiteres deckungsgleich auf die Holographie mit ultrakurzen Laserpulsen anwenden lassen. Ein möglicher Erklärungsansatz ist in Kapitel 4.1 beschrieben. Einen praktischen Zweck zur Nutzung nichtlinearer Effekte erfüllt die vorgestellte Messmethode zur Unterscheidung polarer und nicht-polarer Materialien mittels intensiver fs- Puls-Anregung von sogenannten harmonischen (Upconversion-)Nanopartikeln (s. Kapitel 5). Denn anders als die zu Beginn behandelten Leuchtstoffe, weisen die harmonischen Nanopartikel eine starke Anti-Stokes Verschiebung durch Frequenzkonversion zweier oder dreier Photonen zu einem energiereicheren (kurzwelligen) Photon auf. Diese als SHG (second harmonic generation) und THG (third harmonic generation) bekannte Lichtemission wird spektral vermessen, wobei die zu Beginn der Arbeit beschriebenen linearen diffusen Reflektanzmessungen den zu erwartenden Spektralbereich ohne nennenswerte Absorption eingrenzen. Die eigens definierte Gütezahl fR, bestehend aus dem integrierten SHG- und THG-Emissionsspektrum einer Probe, kategorisiert dann die polare (fR > 1) oder nicht-polare (fR << 1) Natur des Materials.

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