China and India claimed two territories along their borders on the Himalayas: Aksai Chin in the west and the North-East Frontier Agency in the east. The border dispute escalated and, on October 20, 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened fire on the two fronts and advanced into the disputed territories. One month later, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew behind its disputed line of control. In response, the Indian government arrested over 2,000 Chinese living in India and interned them in Deoli, Rajasthan. When the Chinese were released between 1964 and 1966, they found their properties sold off by the Indian government. Many left India and immigrated to Canada. I interviewed four Indian-born Chinese who were interned and who now live in the Greater Toronto Area. I recorded their accounts of life in Deoli Detention Camp in Rajasthan.

China and India claimed two territories along their borders on the Himalayas: Aksai Chin in the west and the North-East Frontier Agency in the east. The border dispute escalated and, on October 20, 1962, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) opened fire on the two fronts and advanced into the disputed territories. One month later, on November 21, China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew behind its disputed line of control. In response, the Indian government arrested over 2,000 Chinese living in India and interned them in Deoli, Rajasthan. When the Chinese were released between 1964 and 1966, they found their properties sold off by the Indian government. Many left India and immigrated to Canada. I interviewed four Indian-born Chinese who were interned and who now live in the Greater Toronto Area. I recorded their accounts of life in Deoli Detention Camp in Rajasthan.

Extensive deforestations, particularly in the (sub)tropics, have led to intense soil degradation and erosion with concomitant reduction in soil fertility. Reforestations or plantations on those degraded sites may provide effective measures to mitigate further soil degradation and erosion, and can lead to improved soil quality. However, a change in land use from, e.g., grassland to forest may have a crucial impact on water balance. This may affect water availability even under humid tropical climate conditions where water is normally not a limiting factor. In this context, it should also be considered that according to climate change projections rainfall may decrease in some of these regions. To mitigate climate change related problems (e.g. increases in erosion and drought), reforestations are often carried out. Unfortunately, those measures are seldom completely successful, because the environmental conditions and the plant specific requirements are not appropriately taken into account. This is often due to data-scarcity and limited financial resources in tropical regions. For this reason, innovative approaches are required that are able to measure environmental conditions quasi-continuously in a cost-effective manner. Simultaneously, reforestation measures should be accompanied by monitoring in order to evaluate reforestation success and to mitigate, or at least to reduce, potential problems associated with reforestation (e.g. water scarcity). To avoid reforestation failure and negative implications on ecosystem services, it is crucial to get insights into the water balance of the actual ecosystem, and potential changes resulting from reforestation. The identification and prediction of water balance changes as a result of reforestation under climate change requires the consideration of the complex feedback system of processes in the soil-vegetation-atmosphere continuum. Models that account for those feedback system are Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) models. For the before-mentioned reasons, this study targeted two main objectives: (i) to develop and test a method combination for site evaluation under data scarcity (i.e. study requirements) (Part I) and (ii) to investigate the consequences of prediction uncertainty of the SVAT model input parameters, which were derived using geophysical methods, on SVAT modeling (Part II). A water balance modeling approach was set at the center of the site evaluation approach. This study used the one-dimensional CoupModel, which is a SVAT model. CoupModel requires detailed spatial soil information for (i) model parameterization, (ii) upscaling of model results and accounting for local to regional-scale soil heterogeneity, and (iii) monitoring of changes in soil properties and plant characteristics over time. Since traditional approaches to soil and vegetation sampling and monitoring are time consuming and expensive (and therefore often limited to point information), geophysical methods were used to overcome this spatial limitation. For this reason, vis-NIR spectroscopy (visible to near-infrared wavelength range) was applied for the measurement of soil properties (physical and chemical), and remote sensing to derive vegetation characteristics (i.e. leaf area index (LAI)). Since the estimated soil properties (mainly texture) could be used to parameterize a SVAT model, this study investigated the whole processing chain and related prediction uncertainty of soil texture and LAI, and their impact on CoupModel water balance prediction uncertainty. A greenhouse experiment with bamboo plants was carried out to determine plant-physiological characteristics needed for CoupModel parameterization. Geoelectrics was used to investigate soil layering, with the intent of determining site-representative soil profiles for model parameterization. Soil structure was investigated using image analysis techniques that allow the quantitative assessment and comparability of structural features. In order to meet the requirements of the selected study approach, the developed methodology was applied and tested for a site in NE-Brazil (which has low data availability) with a bamboo plantation as the test site and a secondary forest as the reference (reference site). Nevertheless, the objective of the thesis was not the concrete modeling of the case study site, but rather the evaluation of the suitability of the selected methods to evaluate sites for reforestations and to monitor their influence on the water balance as well as soil properties. The results (Part III) highlight that one needs to be aware of the measurement uncertainty related to SVAT model input parameters, so for instance the uncertainty of model input parameters such as soil texture and leaf area index influences meaningfully the simulated model water balance output. Furthermore, this work indicates that vis-NIR spectroscopy is a fast and cost-efficient method for soil measurement, mapping, and monitoring of soil physical (texture) and chemical (N, TOC, TIC, TC) properties, where the quality of soil prediction depends on the instrument (e.g. sensor resolution), the sample properties (i.e. chemistry), and the site characteristics (i.e. climate). Additionally, also the sensitivity of the CoupModel with respect to texture prediction uncertainty with respect to surface runoff, transpiration, evaporation, evapotranspiration, and soil water content depends on site conditions (i.e. climate and soil type). For this reason, it is recommended that SVAT model sensitivity analysis be carried out prior to field spectroscopic measurements to account for site specific climate and soil conditions. Nevertheless, mapping of the soil properties estimated via spectroscopy using kriging resulted in poor interpolation (i.e. weak variograms) results as a consequence of a summation of uncertainty arising from the method of field measurement to mapping (i.e. spectroscopic soil prediction, kriging error) and site-specific ‘small-scale’ heterogeneity. The selected soil evaluation method (vis-NIR spectroscopy, structure comparison using image analysis, traditional laboratory analysis) showed that there are significant differences between the bamboo soil and the adjacent secondary forest soil established on the same soil type (Vertisol). Reflecting on the major study results, it can be stated that the selected method combination is a way forward to a more detailed and efficient way to evaluate the suitability of a specific site for reforestation. The results of this study provide insights into where and when during soil and vegetation measurements a high measurement accuracy is required to minimize uncertainties in SVAT modeling. / Umfangreiche Abholzungen, besonders in den (Sub-)Tropen, habe zu intensiver Bodendegradierung und Erosion mit einhergehendem Verlust der Bodenfruchtbarkeit geführt. Eine wirksame Maßnahme zur Vermeidung fortschreitender Bodendegradierung und Erosion sind Aufforstungen auf diesen Flächen, die bisweilen zu einer verbesserten Bodenqualität führen können. Eine Umwandlung von Grünland zu Wald kann jedoch einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den Wasserhaushalt haben. Selbst unter humid-tropischen Klimabedingungen, wo Wasser in der Regel kein begrenzender Faktor ist, können sich Aufforstungen negativ auf die Wasserverfügbarkeit auswirken. In diesem Zusammenhang muss auch berücksichtigt werden, dass Klimamodelle eine Abnahme der Niederschläge in einigen dieser Regionen prognostizieren. Um die Probleme, die mit dem Klimawandel in Verbindung stehen zu mildern (z.B. Zunahme von Erosion und Dürreperioden), wurden und werden bereits umfangreiche Aufforstungsmaßnahmen durchgeführt. Viele dieser Maßnahmen waren nicht immer umfassend erfolgreich, weil die Umgebungsbedingungen sowie die pflanzenspezifischen Anforderungen nicht angemessen berücksichtigt wurden. Dies liegt häufig an der schlechten Datengrundlage sowie an den in vielen Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern begrenzter verfügbarer finanzieller Mittel. Aus diesem Grund werden innovative Ansätze benötigt, die in der Lage sind quasi-kontinuierlich und kostengünstig die Standortbedingungen zu erfassen und zu bewerten. Gleichzeitig sollte eine Überwachung der Wiederaufforstungsmaßnahme erfolgen, um deren Erfolg zu bewerten und potentielle negative Effekte (z.B. Wasserknappheit) zu erkennen und diesen entgegenzuwirken bzw. reduzieren zu können. Um zu vermeiden, dass Wiederaufforstungen fehlschlagen oder negative Auswirkungen auf die Ökosystemdienstleistungen haben, ist es entscheidend, Kenntnisse vom tatsächlichen Wasserhaushalt des Ökosystems zu erhalten und Änderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Wiederaufforstungen vorhersagen zu können. Die Ermittlung und Vorhersage von Wasserhaushaltsänderungen infolge einer Aufforstung unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels erfordert die Berücksichtigung komplex-verzahnter Rückkopplungsprozesse im Boden-Vegetations-Atmosphären Kontinuum. Hydrologische Modelle, die explizit den Einfluss der Vegetation auf den Wasserhaushalt untersuchen sind Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer (SVAT) Modelle. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgte zwei Hauptziele: (i) die Entwicklung und Erprobung einer Methodenkombination zur Standortbewertung unter Datenknappheit (d.h. Grundanforderung des Ansatzes) (Teil I) und (ii) die Untersuchung des Einflusses der mit geophysikalischen Methoden vorhergesagten SVAT-Modeleingangsparameter (d.h. Vorhersageunsicherheiten) auf die Modellierung (Teil II). Eine Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung wurde in den Mittelpunkt der Methodenkombination gesetzt. In dieser Studie wurde das 1D SVAT Model CoupModel verwendet. CoupModel benötigen detaillierte räumliche Bodeninformationen (i) zur Modellparametrisierung, (ii) zum Hochskalierung von Modellergebnissen unter Berücksichtigung lokaler und regionaler Bodenheterogenität, und (iii) zur Beobachtung (Monitoring) der zeitlichen Veränderungen des Bodens und der Vegetation. Traditionelle Ansätze zur Messung von Boden- und Vegetationseigenschaften und deren Monitoring sind jedoch zeitaufwendig, teuer und beschränken sich daher oft auf Punktinformationen. Ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Überwindung der räumlichen Einschränkung sind die Nutzung geophysikalischer Methoden. Aus diesem Grund wurden vis-NIR Spektroskopie (sichtbarer bis nah-infraroter Wellenlängenbereich) zur quasi-kontinuierlichen Messung von physikalischer und chemischer Bodeneigenschaften und Satelliten-basierte Fernerkundung zur Ableitung von Vegetationscharakteristika (d.h. Blattflächenindex (BFI)) eingesetzt. Da die mit geophysikalisch hergeleiteten Bodenparameter (hier Bodenart) und Pflanzenparameter zur Parametrisierung eines SVAT Models verwendet werden können, wurde die gesamte Prozessierungskette und die damit verbundenen Unsicherheiten und deren potentiellen Auswirkungen auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel untersucht. Ein Gewächshausexperiment mit Bambuspflanzen wurde durchgeführt, um die zur CoupModel Parametrisierung notwendigen pflanzenphysio- logischen Parameter zu bestimmen. Geoelektrik wurde eingesetzt, um die Bodenschichtung der Untersuchungsfläche zu untersuchen und ein repräsentatives Bodenprofil zur Modellierung zu definieren. Die Bodenstruktur wurde unter Verwendung einer Bildanalysetechnik ausgewertet, die die qualitativen Bewertung und Vergleichbarkeit struktureller Merkmale ermöglicht. Um den Anforderungen des gewählten Standortbewertungsansatzes gerecht zu werden, wurde die Methodik auf einem Standort mit einer Bambusplantage und einem Sekundärregenwald (als Referenzfläche) in NO-Brasilien (d.h. geringe Datenverfügbarkeit) entwickelt und getestet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war jedoch nicht die Modellierung dieses konkreten Standortes, sondern die Bewertung der Eignung des gewählten Methodenansatzes zur Standortbewertung für Aufforstungen und deren zeitliche Beobachtung, als auch die Bewertung des Einfluss von Aufforstungen auf den Wasserhaushalt und die Bodenqualität. Die Ergebnisse (Teil III) verdeutlichen, dass es notwendig ist, sich den potentiellen Einfluss der Messunsicherheiten der SVAT Modelleingangsparameter auf die Modellierung bewusst zu sein. Beispielsweise zeigte sich, dass die Vorhersageunsicherheiten der Bodentextur und des BFI einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Wasserhaushaltsmodellierung mit CoupModel hatte. Die Arbeit zeigt weiterhin, dass vis-NIR Spektroskopie zur schnellen und kostengünstigen Messung, Kartierung und Überwachung boden-physikalischer (Bodenart) und -chemischer (N, TOC, TIC, TC) Eigenschaften geeignet ist. Die Qualität der Bodenvorhersage hängt vom Instrument (z.B. Sensorauflösung), den Probeneigenschaften (z.B. chemische Zusammensetzung) und den Standortmerkmalen (z.B. Klima) ab. Die Sensitivitätsanalyse mit CoupModel zeigte, dass der Einfluss der spektralen Bodenartvorhersageunsicherheiten auf den mit CoupModel simulierten Oberflächenabfluss, Evaporation, Transpiration und Evapotranspiration ebenfalls von den Standortbedingungen (z.B. Klima, Bodentyp) abhängt. Aus diesem Grund wird empfohlen eine SVAT Model Sensitivitätsanalyse vor der spektroskopischen Feldmessung von Bodenparametern durchzuführen, um die Standort-spezifischen Boden- und Klimabedingungen angemessen zu berücksichtigen. Die Anfertigung einer Bodenkarte unter Verwendung von Kriging führte zu schlechten Interpolationsergebnissen in Folge der Aufsummierung von Mess- und Schätzunsicherheiten (d.h. bei spektroskopischer Feldmessung, Kriging-Fehler) und der kleinskaligen Bodenheterogenität. Anhand des gewählten Bodenbewertungsansatzes (vis-NIR Spektroskopie, Strukturvergleich mit Bildanalysetechnik, traditionelle Laboranalysen) konnte gezeigt werden, dass es bei gleichem Bodentyp (Vertisol) signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Böden unter Bambus und Sekundärwald gibt. Anhand der wichtigsten Ergebnisse kann festgehalten werden, dass die gewählte Methodenkombination zur detailreicheren und effizienteren Standortuntersuchung und -bewertung für Aufforstungen beitragen kann. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie geben einen Einblick darauf, wo und wann bei Boden- und Vegetationsmessungen eine besonders hohe Messgenauigkeit erforderlich ist, um Unsicherheiten bei der SVAT Modellierung zu minimieren. / Extensos desmatamentos que estão sendo feitos especialmente nos trópicos e sub-trópicos resultam em uma intensa degradação do solo e num aumento da erosão gerando assim uma redução na sua fertilidade. Reflorestamentos ou plantações nestas áreas degradadas podem ser medidas eficazes para atenuar esses problemas e levar a uma melhoria da qualidade do mesmo. No entanto, uma mudança no uso da terra, por exemplo de pastagem para floresta pode ter um impacto crucial no balanço hídrico e isso pode afetar a disponibilidade de água, mesmo sob condições de clima tropical úmido, onde a água normalmente não é um fator limitante. Devemos levar também em consideração que de acordo com projeções de mudanças climáticas, as precipitações em algumas dessas regiões também diminuirão agravando assim, ainda mais o quadro apresentado. Para mitigar esses problemas relacionados com as alterações climáticas, reflorestamentos são frequentemente realizados mas raramente são bem-sucedidos, pois condições ambientais como os requisitos específicos de cada espécie de planta, não são devidamente levados em consideração. Isso é muitas vezes devido, não só pela falta de dados, como também por recursos financeiros limitados, que são problemas comuns em regiões tropicais. Por esses motivos, são necessárias abordagens inovadoras que devam ser capazes de medir as condições ambientais quase continuamente e de maneira rentável. Simultaneamente com o reflorestamento, deve ser feita uma monitoração a fim de avaliar o sucesso da atividade e para prevenir, ou pelo menos, reduzir os problemas potenciais associados com o mesmo (por exemplo, a escassez de água). Para se evitar falhas e reduzir implicações negativas sobre os ecossistemas, é crucial obter percepções sobre o real balanço hídrico e as mudanças que seriam geradas por esse reflorestamento. Por este motivo, esta tese teve como objetivo desenvolver e testar uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas adequadas para reflorestamento. Com esse intuito, foi colocada no centro da abordagem de avaliação a modelagem do balanço hídrico local, que permite a identificação e estimação de possíveis alterações causadas pelo reflorestamento sob mudança climática considerando o sistema complexo de realimentação e a interação de processos do continuum solo-vegetação-atmosfera. Esses modelos hidrológicos que investigam explicitamente a influência da vegetação no equilíbrio da água são conhecidos como modelos Solo-Vegetação-Atmosfera (SVAT). Esta pesquisa focou em dois objetivos principais: (i) desenvolvimento e teste de uma combinação de métodos para avaliação de áreas que sofrem com a escassez de dados (pré-requisito do estudo) (Parte I), e (ii) a investigação das consequências da incerteza nos parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT, provenientes de dados geofísicos, para modelagem hídrica (Parte II). A fim de satisfazer esses objetivos, o estudo foi feito no nordeste brasileiro,por representar uma área de grande escassez de dados, utilizando como base uma plantação de bambu e uma área de floresta secundária. Uma modelagem do balanço hídrico foi disposta no centro da metodologia para a avaliação de áreas. Este estudo utilizou o CoupModel que é um modelo SVAT unidimensional e que requer informações espaciais detalhadas do solo para (i) a parametrização do modelo, (ii) aumento da escala dos resultados da modelagem, considerando a heterogeneidade do solo de escala local para regional e (iii) o monitoramento de mudanças nas propriedades do solo e características da vegetação ao longo do tempo. Entretanto, as abordagens tradicionais para amostragem de solo e de vegetação e o monitoramento são demorados e caros e portanto muitas vezes limitadas a informações pontuais. Por esta razão, métodos geofísicos como a espectroscopia visível e infravermelho próximo (vis-NIR) e sensoriamento remoto foram utilizados respectivamente para a medição de propriedades físicas e químicas do solo e para derivar as características da vegetação baseado no índice da área foliar (IAF). Como as propriedades estimadas de solo (principalmente a textura) poderiam ser usadas para parametrizar um modelo SVAT, este estudo investigou toda a cadeia de processamento e as incertezas de previsão relacionadas à textura de solo e ao IAF. Além disso explorou o impacto destas incertezas criadas sobre a previsão do balanço hídrico simulado por CoupModel. O método geoelétrico foi aplicado para investigar a estratificação do solo visando a determinação de um perfil representante. Já a sua estrutura foi explorada usando uma técnica de análise de imagens que permitiu a avaliação quantitativa e a comparabilidade dos aspectos estruturais. Um experimento realizado em uma estufa com plantas de bambu (Bambusa vulgaris) foi criado a fim de determinar as caraterísticas fisiológicas desta espécie que posteriormente seriam utilizadas como parâmetros para o CoupModel. Os resultados do estudo (Parte III) destacam que é preciso estar consciente das incertezas relacionadas à medição de parâmetros de entrada do modelo SVAT. A incerteza presente em alguns parâmetros de entrada como por exemplo, textura de solo e o IAF influencia significantemente a modelagem do balanço hídrico. Mesmo assim, esta pesquisa indica que vis-NIR espectroscopia é um método rápido e economicamente viável para medir, mapear e monitorar as propriedades físicas (textura) e químicas (N, TOC, TIC, TC) do solo. A precisão da previsão dessas propriedades depende do tipo de instrumento (por exemplo da resolução do sensor), da propriedade da amostra (a composição química por exemplo) e das características das condições climáticas da área. Os resultados apontam também que a sensitividade do CoupModel à incerteza da previsão da textura de solo em respeito ao escoamento superficial, transpiração, evaporação, evapotranspiração e ao conteúdo de água no solo depende das condições gerais da área (por exemplo condições climáticas e tipo de solo). Por isso, é recomendado realizar uma análise de sensitividade do modelo SVAT prior a medição espectral do solo no campo, para poder considerar adequadamente as condições especificas do área em relação ao clima e ao solo. Além disso, o mapeamento de propriedades de solo previstas pela espectroscopia usando o kriging, resultou em interpolações de baixa qualidade (variogramas fracos) como consequência da acumulação de incertezas surgidas desde a medição no campo até o seu mapeamento (ou seja, previsão do solo via espectroscopia, erro do kriging) e heterogeneidade especifica de uma pequena escala. Osmétodos selecionados para avaliação das áreas (vis-NIR espectroscopia, comparação da estrutura de solo por meio de análise de imagens, análise de laboratório tradicionais) revelou a existência de diferenças significativas entre o solo sob bambu e o sob floresta secundária, apesar de ambas terem sido estabelecidas no mesmo tipo de solo (vertissolo). Refletindo sobre os principais resultados do estudo, pode-se afirmar que a combinação dos métodos escolhidos e aplicados representam uma forma mais detalhada e eficaz de avaliar se uma determinada área é adequada para ser reflorestada. Os resultados apresentados fornecem percepções sobre onde e quando, durante a medição do solo e da vegetação, é necessário se ter uma precisão mais alta a fim de minimizar incertezas potenciais na modelagem com o modelo SVAT.

Die Bildung von Anlauffarben durch molekularen Sauerstoff im Wurzelschutzgas ist bereits gut erforscht. Weitere Sauerstoffquellen für die Bildung von Anlauffarben sind Feuchte und CO2. Besonders Feuchte ist in diesem Zusammenhang kritisch, da sie sich wesentlich langsamer mit den etablierten Mitteln entfernen lässt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte für durch Feuchte verursachte Anlauffarben im Wurzelschutzgas ein Grenzwert von 300 ppm bei 23 °C ermittelt werden. Die Farbausprägung der durch Feuchte verursachten Anlauffarben tendiert besonders bei schwachen bis mittleren Ausprägungen (450-800 ppm) stärker ins Bräunliche als die durch molekularen Sauerstoff verursachten Anlauffarben. Mit Hilfe des an der TU Dresden entwickelten Algorithmus für die Auswahl von Gaskomponenten für Prozessgase, wurde für das gepulste WIG-Orbitalschweißverfahren von austenitischen CrNi-Stahlrohren das Gasgemisch Ar/He/H2 20/70/10 ausgewählt. Gegenüber dem ursprünglich als Prozessgas verwendeten Argon und einem Ar/He 70/30 Gemisch, zeigte sich eine mögliche Steigerung der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit um den Faktor 3,5. Bei Fragen und Anmerkungen zur Arbeit sowie beim Verfassen einer weiterführenden Arbeit bitte Kontakt mit dem Autor aufnehmen (gerd.hauser@gmx.de). Dieser ist an einer Weiterführung des Themas sowie einer unabhängigen Überprüfung der Messwerte sehr interessiert. / The formation of annealing colors by molecular oxygen in the backing gas is already well understood. Other sources of oxygen for the formation of annealing colors are humidity and CO2. Moisture is especially critical in this context, since they can be removed much more slowly with the established agents. As part of this work can be set a limit for annealing colors (caused by moisture in the root protection gas) of 300 ppm moisture with a environment temparatur of 23 ° C. The annealing colors caused by humidity tends especially in low to moderate conzentrtions (450-800 ppm) mor to a brownish than the annealing colors caused by molecular oxygen. Using the algorithm developed at the TU Dresden for the selection of gas components for process gases,the gas mixture Ar/He/H2 20/70/10 was chosen for the pulsed TIG orbital welding of austenitic stainless steel tubes. Compared to the originally used process gas argon and Ar/He-mixture 70/30, showed the Ar/He/H2 mixtur a possible increase in feed rate by a factor of 3.5.

Submitted by Armando Pereira (armandopereira1967@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-29T12:54:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2016-04-19T19:41:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-04-20T18:31:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-20T18:31:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1300195 bytes, checksum: 680676252d71ac8e10e4b3405284c357 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / The main goal of this dissertation is to critically examine the archival situation of the Araruama City Council, describing and analyzing the organization, the management and the production of documents on the Legislative Power presenting. In order to contribute to the processes of record management in the House, the dissertation presents an outline of a draft resolution. The work is justified by the importance of a correct and efficient management of the records therein produced and archived so the House can ensure compliance with the constitutional principle of public transparency, regulated by Federal Law nº. 12.527/2011 and known as the Access to Information Act. / O principal objetivo desta dissertação é examinar criticamente a situação arquivística da Câmara Municipal de Araruama, descrevendo e analisando de que forma ocorre a organização, a gestão e a disponibilização de documentos por parte do poder legislativo daquele município apresentando, ao final, com o intuito de contribuir para a gestão documental na Câmara, esboço de um Projeto de Resolução. O trabalho justifica-se pela importância de uma correta e eficiente gestão de documentos para que se possa garantir o cumprimento do princípio constitucional da transparência pública, regulamentado pela Lei Federal nº 12.527/2011 conhecida como Lei de Acesso à Informação.

Savannahs regulate an agro-ecosystem crucial for the production of domestic livestock, one of the main sources of income worldwide as well as in South African rural communities. Nevertheless, globally these ecosystem functions are threatened by intense human exploitation, inappropriate land use and environmental changes. Leaf area index (LAI) defined as one half the total green leaf area per unit ground surface area, is an inventory of the plant green leaves that defines the actual size of the interface between the vegetation and the atmosphere. Thus, LAI spatial data could serve as an indicator of rangeland productivity. Consequently, the accurate and rapid estimation of LAI is a key requirement for farmers and policy makers to devise sustainable management strategies for rangeland resources. In this study, the main focus was to assess the utility and the accuracy of the PROSAILH radiative transfer model (RTM) to estimate LAI in the South African rangeland on the recently launched Landsat 8 sensor data. The Landsat 8 sensor has been a promising sensor for estimating grassland LAI as compared to its predecessors Landsat 5 to 7 sensors because of its increased radiometric resolution. For this purpose, two PROSAIL inversion methods and semi- empirical methods such as Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were utilized to estimate LAI. The results showed that physically based approaches surpassed empirical approach with highest accuracy yielded by artificial neural network (ANN) inversion approach (RMSE=0.138), in contrast to the Look-Up Table (LUT) approach (RMSE=0.265). In conclusion, the results of this study proved that PROSAIL RTM approach on Landsat 8 data could be utilized to accurately estimate LAI at regional scale which could aid in rapid assessment and monitoring of the rangeland resources. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

No description available.

Die Bildung von Anlauffarben durch molekularen Sauerstoff im Wurzelschutzgas ist bereits gut erforscht. Weitere Sauerstoffquellen für die Bildung von Anlauffarben sind Feuchte und CO2. Besonders Feuchte ist in diesem Zusammenhang kritisch, da sie sich wesentlich langsamer mit den etablierten Mitteln entfernen lässt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte für durch Feuchte verursachte Anlauffarben im Wurzelschutzgas ein Grenzwert von 300 ppm bei 23 °C ermittelt werden. Die Farbausprägung der durch Feuchte verursachten Anlauffarben tendiert besonders bei schwachen bis mittleren Ausprägungen (450-800 ppm) stärker ins Bräunliche als die durch molekularen Sauerstoff verursachten Anlauffarben. Mit Hilfe des an der TU Dresden entwickelten Algorithmus für die Auswahl von Gaskomponenten für Prozessgase, wurde für das gepulste WIG-Orbitalschweißverfahren von austenitischen CrNi-Stahlrohren das Gasgemisch Ar/He/H2 20/70/10 ausgewählt. Gegenüber dem ursprünglich als Prozessgas verwendeten Argon und einem Ar/He 70/30 Gemisch, zeigte sich eine mögliche Steigerung der Vorschubgeschwindigkeit um den Faktor 3,5. Bei Fragen und Anmerkungen zur Arbeit sowie beim Verfassen einer weiterführenden Arbeit bitte Kontakt mit dem Autor aufnehmen (gerd.hauser@gmx.de). Dieser ist an einer Weiterführung des Themas sowie einer unabhängigen Überprüfung der Messwerte sehr interessiert.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 2 2.1 WIG-Schweißen 2 2.1.1 Gepulstes WIG-Schweißen 2 2.1.2 WIG-Orbitalschweißen 5 2.2 Schweißen von austenitischem CrNi-Stahl 7 2.2.1 Schweißtechnische Verarbeitung von austenitischem CrNi-Stahl 7 2.2.2 Schweißnahtunregelmäßigkeit: Anlauffarben 12 2.3 Prozess- und Wurzelschutzgase 17 2.3.1 Prozessgase 18 2.3.2 Wurzelschutzgase 21 2.4 Messung von Sauerstoff und Feuchte bei schweißtechnischen Anwendungen 23 3 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 28 4 Analyse von Baustellenbedingungen und Maßnahmen auf Winterbaustellen 29 4.1 Beschreibung der Bedingungen 29 4.2 Beschreibung der Unregelmäßigkeiten 31 4.3 Bewertung der etablierten Maßnahmen 33 5 Versuchsplanung und Durchführung 35 5.1 Experimentelle Randbedingungen 35 5.1.1 Geräte, Messmittel und Software 35 5.1.2 Versuchswerkstoffe und Materialien 42 5.1.3 Schweißparameter 43 5.1.4 Auswertungsmethoden 44 5.2 Einfluss der Feuchte in Wurzelschutzgasen 47 5.2.1 Schweißversuche bei konstanten und wechselnden Temperaturen 47 5.2.2 Versuche zur Feuchteansammlung im Rohr 49 5.2.3 Versuch zur Bildung von Anlauffarben bei unterschiedlichen Feuchtekonzentrationen im Wurzelschutzgas 51 5.3 Einfluss der Prozessgaszusammensetzung für die Gasgemische Ar, Ar/He, Ar/He/H2 53 6 Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen 56 6.1 Anlauffarben auf Winterbaustellen 56 6.1.1 Einfluss der Außentemperatur auf den Schweißprozess 56 6.1.2 Einfluss von Feuchteansammlungen in Rohren 61 6.1.3 Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Feuchtekonzentrationen im Wurzelschutzgas 63 6.1.4 Schlussfolgerungen für die Anwendung in der Praxis 68 6.2 Einfluss der Prozessgaszusammensetzung beim WIG-Orbitalschweißen 74 6.2.1 Versuchsauswertung 74 6.2.2 Anwendung des Mischgases Ar/He/H2 in der Praxis 80 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 81 8 Quellenverzeichnis 82 9 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen und Tabellen 87 10 Anlagenverzeichnis 92 / The formation of annealing colors by molecular oxygen in the backing gas is already well understood. Other sources of oxygen for the formation of annealing colors are humidity and CO2. Moisture is especially critical in this context, since they can be removed much more slowly with the established agents. As part of this work can be set a limit for annealing colors (caused by moisture in the root protection gas) of 300 ppm moisture with a environment temparatur of 23 ° C. The annealing colors caused by humidity tends especially in low to moderate conzentrtions (450-800 ppm) mor to a brownish than the annealing colors caused by molecular oxygen. Using the algorithm developed at the TU Dresden for the selection of gas components for process gases,the gas mixture Ar/He/H2 20/70/10 was chosen for the pulsed TIG orbital welding of austenitic stainless steel tubes. Compared to the originally used process gas argon and Ar/He-mixture 70/30, showed the Ar/He/H2 mixtur a possible increase in feed rate by a factor of 3.5.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Stand der Technik 2 2.1 WIG-Schweißen 2 2.1.1 Gepulstes WIG-Schweißen 2 2.1.2 WIG-Orbitalschweißen 5 2.2 Schweißen von austenitischem CrNi-Stahl 7 2.2.1 Schweißtechnische Verarbeitung von austenitischem CrNi-Stahl 7 2.2.2 Schweißnahtunregelmäßigkeit: Anlauffarben 12 2.3 Prozess- und Wurzelschutzgase 17 2.3.1 Prozessgase 18 2.3.2 Wurzelschutzgase 21 2.4 Messung von Sauerstoff und Feuchte bei schweißtechnischen Anwendungen 23 3 Präzisierung der Aufgabenstellung 28 4 Analyse von Baustellenbedingungen und Maßnahmen auf Winterbaustellen 29 4.1 Beschreibung der Bedingungen 29 4.2 Beschreibung der Unregelmäßigkeiten 31 4.3 Bewertung der etablierten Maßnahmen 33 5 Versuchsplanung und Durchführung 35 5.1 Experimentelle Randbedingungen 35 5.1.1 Geräte, Messmittel und Software 35 5.1.2 Versuchswerkstoffe und Materialien 42 5.1.3 Schweißparameter 43 5.1.4 Auswertungsmethoden 44 5.2 Einfluss der Feuchte in Wurzelschutzgasen 47 5.2.1 Schweißversuche bei konstanten und wechselnden Temperaturen 47 5.2.2 Versuche zur Feuchteansammlung im Rohr 49 5.2.3 Versuch zur Bildung von Anlauffarben bei unterschiedlichen Feuchtekonzentrationen im Wurzelschutzgas 51 5.3 Einfluss der Prozessgaszusammensetzung für die Gasgemische Ar, Ar/He, Ar/He/H2 53 6 Auswertung der Versuchsergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen 56 6.1 Anlauffarben auf Winterbaustellen 56 6.1.1 Einfluss der Außentemperatur auf den Schweißprozess 56 6.1.2 Einfluss von Feuchteansammlungen in Rohren 61 6.1.3 Einfluss von unterschiedlichen Feuchtekonzentrationen im Wurzelschutzgas 63 6.1.4 Schlussfolgerungen für die Anwendung in der Praxis 68 6.2 Einfluss der Prozessgaszusammensetzung beim WIG-Orbitalschweißen 74 6.2.1 Versuchsauswertung 74 6.2.2 Anwendung des Mischgases Ar/He/H2 in der Praxis 80 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 81 8 Quellenverzeichnis 82 9 Verzeichnis der Abbildungen und Tabellen 87 10 Anlagenverzeichnis 92

Grasslands are one of the most important ecosystems on Earth, covering approximately one-third of the Earth’s surface. Grassland biodiversity is important as many services provided by such ecosystems are crucial for the human economy and well-being. Given the importance of grasslands ecosystems, in recent years research has been carried out on the potential to monitor them with novel remote sensing techniques. Improved detectors technology and novel sensors providing fine-scale hyperspectral imagery have been enabling new methods to monitor plant traits (PTs) and biodiversity. The aims of the work were to study different approaches to monitor key grassland PTs such as Leaf Area Index (LAI) and biodiversity-related traits. The thesis consists of 3 parts: 1) Evaluating the performance of remote sensing methods to estimate LAI in grassland ecosystems, 2) Estimating plant biodiversity by using the optical diversity approach in grassland ecosystems, and 3) Investigating the relationship between PTs variability with alpha and beta diversity for the applicability of the optical diversity approach in a subalpine grassland of the Italian Alps To evaluate the performance of remote sensing methods to estimate LAI, temporal and spatial observations of hyperspectral reflectance and LAI were analyzed at a grassland site in Monte Bondone, Italy (IT-MBo). In 2018, ground temporal observations of hyperspectral reflectance and LAI were carried out at a grassland site in Neustift, Austria (AT-NEU). To estimate biodiversity, in 2018 and 2019 a floristics survey was conducted to determine species composition and hyperspectral data were acquired at two grassland sites: IT-MBo and University of Padova’s Experimental Farm, Legnaro, Padua, Italy (IT-PD) respectively. Furthermore, in 2018, biochemistry analysis of the biomass samples collected from the grassland site IT-MBo was carried out to determine the foliar biochemical PTs variability. The results of the thesis demonstrated that the grassland spectral response across different spectral regions (Visible: VIS, red-edge: RE, Near-infrared: NIR) showed to be both site-specific and scale-dependent. In the first part of the thesis, the performance of spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) based on visible, red-edge (RE), and NIR bands alongside SVIs solely based or NIR-shoulder bands (wavelengths 750 - 900 nm) was evaluated. A strong correlation (R2 > 0.8) was observed between grassland LAI and both RE and NIR-shoulder SVIs on a temporal basis, but not on a spatial basis. Using the PROSAIL Radiative Transfer Model (RTM), it was demonstrated that grassland structural heterogeneity strongly affects the ability to retrieve LAI, with high uncertainties due to structural and biochemical PTs co-variation. In the second part, the applicability of the spectral variability hypothesis (SVH) was questioned and highlighted the challenges to use high-resolution hyperspectral images to estimate biodiversity in complex grassland ecosystems. It was reported that the relationship between biodiversity (Shannon, Richness, Simpson, and Evenness) and optical diversity metrics (Coefficient of variation (CV) and Standard deviation (SD)) is not consistent across plant communities. The results of the second part suggested that biodiversity in terms of species richness could be estimated by optical diversity metrics with an R2 = 0.4 at the IT-PD site where the grassland plots were artificially established and are showing a lower structure and complexity from the natural grassland plant communities. On the other hand, in the natural ecosystems at IT-MBo, it was more difficult to estimate biodiversity indices, probably due to structural and biochemical PTs co-variation. The effects of canopy non-vegetative elements (flowers and dead material), shadow pixels, and overexposed pixels on the relationship between optical diversity metrics and biodiversity indices were highlighted. In the third part, we examined the relationship between PTs variability (at both local and community scales, measured by standard deviation and by the Euclidean distances of the biochemical and biophysical PTs respectively) and taxonomic diversity (both α-diversity and β-diversity, measured by Shannon’s index and by Jaccard dissimilarity index of the species, families, and functional groups percent cover respectively) in Monte Bondone, Trentino province, Italy. The results of the study showed that the PTs variability metrics at alpha scale were not correlated with α-diversity. However, the results at the community scale (β-diversity) showed that some of the investigated biochemical and biophysical PTs variations metrics were associated with β-diversity. The SVH approach was also tested to estimate β-diversity and we found that spectral diversity calculated by spectral angular mapper (SAM) showed to be a better proxy of biodiversity in the same ecosystem where the spectral diversity failed to estimate alpha diversity, this leading to the conclusion that the link between functional and species diversity may be an indicator of the applicability of optical sampling methods to estimate biodiversity. The findings of the thesis highlighted that grassland structural heterogeneity strongly affects the ability to retrieve both LAI and biodiversity, with high uncertainties due to structural and biochemical PTs co-variation at complex grassland ecosystems. In this context, the uncertainties of satellite-based products (e.g., LAI) in monitoring grassland canopies characterized by either spatially or temporally varying structure need to be carefully taken into account. The results of the study highlighted that the poor performance of optical diversity proxies in estimating biodiversity in structurally heterogeneous grasslands might be due to the complex relationships between functional diversity and biodiversity, rather than the impossibility to detect functional diversity with spectral proxies.

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