Im Zuge der Novellierung des Raumordnungsgesetzes (ROG) im Jahr 2008, wurde das Leitbild „Ressourcen bewahren – Kulturlandschaften gestalten“ neu hervorgehoben. Neben dem Schutzauftrag wurde dabei auch explizit ein aktiver Gestaltungs- und Entwicklungsauftrag als Schwerpunktthema in den Zielen der deutschen Raumordnung verankert. Am Beispiel des historischen Kalkgewerbes untersucht das Forschungsvorhaben, unter welchen Voraussetzungen Kulturlandschaftselemente eines historischen Gewerbezweiges überhaupt erfasst werden können und wie ihre Einbindung in Planwerke und Konzepte möglich wird. Die exemplarische Forschungsarbeit „vor Ort“ bildet, im Sinne eines Betrachtungsansatzes aus der „Bottom-up“ Perspektive, die Basis der Arbeit. Auf diesem Wege soll der tatsächliche Handlungsrahmen der lokalen Akteure erschlossen sowie Hindernisse und Erfolgsfaktoren erkannt werden. Die praktische Kulturlandschaftsforschung zum historischen Kalkgewerbe ermöglicht es darüber hinaus den Forschungsstand zu diesem Gewerbezweig zu erweitern sowie seine Bedeutung für die Regionalgeschichte des Untersuchungsgebietes aufzuarbeiten.:1. Vorwort 2. Einleitung TEIL A: Kulturlandschaft – Raumordnung - Regionalplanung 3. Kulturlandschaftsforschung im Rahmen der Raumordnung 3.1 Bedeutung der Kulturlandschaft in der Raumordnung (aktuelle Leitbilder) 3.2 Begriffsdefinitionen 3.3 Gesetzliche Grundlagen 3.4 Zuständigkeit 4. Historische Gewerbe als Gegenstand der Kulturlandschaftsforschung 4.1 Begriffsbestimmung: „gewerblich-industrielle Kulturlandschaften“ 4.2 Sichtweisen: beteiligte Disziplinen und Institutionen 4.3 Inventarisation von Kulturlandschaftselementen und –strukturen 4.4 Kulturlandschaftspflege als integrative Disziplin 5. Inwertsetzung „gewerblich-industrieller Kulturlandschaften“ 5.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale 5.2 Bedeutung und Wert Technischer Denkmale 5.3 Planungspraxis TEIL B: Das Historische Kalkgewerbe – Kulturlandschaftsforschung in der Praxis 6. Grundlagenforschung zum Historischen Kalkgewerbe 6.1 Vorgehensweise 6.2 Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche zum Historischen Kalkgewerbe (Kurzfassung) 7. Exemplarische Kulturlandschaftsforschung = Darstellung der Kalkregion 7.1 Vorgehensweise 7.2 Ergebnisse der Inventarisation (Kurzfassung) TEIL C: Das Historische Kalkgewerbe – Inwertsetzungsperspektiven im Rahmen der Regionalentwicklung 8. Praxisbeispiele 8.1 Darstellung von Praxisbeispielen zur Inwertsetzung von Denkmalen des historischen Kalkgewerbes 8.2 Fazit: Potenziale, Erfolgsaussichten, Risiken 9. Analyse der Inwertsetzungsperspektiven für das Untersuchungsgebiet 9.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale 9.2 Schützenswerte Elemente und Ensembles 9.3 Analyse der Inwertsetzungsperspektiven für das Untersuchungsgebiet Teil D: Fazit 10. Forschungsergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen 10.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale gewerblich-industrieller Kulturlandschaften 10.2 Denkmalwert der Elemente und -strukturen des historischen Kalkgewerbes 10.3 Planungspraxis 10.4 Beiträge zur Kulturlandschaftsforschung 10.5 Handlungsempfehlungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anlagen / During the reexamination of the law for regional organization (Raumordnungsgesetz) in 2008, the central theme “preserving resources – developing cultural landscapes“ was introduced. In addition to the need for preservation, the German spatial planning (Raumordnung) aims for an active process of creation and development. The thesis presented here uses a case study on the historical lime industry to address the question how and under which predispositions elements of an historical industry could be assessed and employed in the concepts for regional development. The exemplary fieldwork in the area of investigation allows for a “Bottom-up” perspective. Thus, the challenges that are faced by local operators could be documented and their actual options and requirements for pursuing a successful implementation of the project are evaluated. Furthermore, the applied cultural landscape research on the historical lime industry uncovered novel facts and insights into this industrial branch and its contributions to the history of the area of investigation.:1. Vorwort 2. Einleitung TEIL A: Kulturlandschaft – Raumordnung - Regionalplanung 3. Kulturlandschaftsforschung im Rahmen der Raumordnung 3.1 Bedeutung der Kulturlandschaft in der Raumordnung (aktuelle Leitbilder) 3.2 Begriffsdefinitionen 3.3 Gesetzliche Grundlagen 3.4 Zuständigkeit 4. Historische Gewerbe als Gegenstand der Kulturlandschaftsforschung 4.1 Begriffsbestimmung: „gewerblich-industrielle Kulturlandschaften“ 4.2 Sichtweisen: beteiligte Disziplinen und Institutionen 4.3 Inventarisation von Kulturlandschaftselementen und –strukturen 4.4 Kulturlandschaftspflege als integrative Disziplin 5. Inwertsetzung „gewerblich-industrieller Kulturlandschaften“ 5.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale 5.2 Bedeutung und Wert Technischer Denkmale 5.3 Planungspraxis TEIL B: Das Historische Kalkgewerbe – Kulturlandschaftsforschung in der Praxis 6. Grundlagenforschung zum Historischen Kalkgewerbe 6.1 Vorgehensweise 6.2 Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche zum Historischen Kalkgewerbe (Kurzfassung) 7. Exemplarische Kulturlandschaftsforschung = Darstellung der Kalkregion 7.1 Vorgehensweise 7.2 Ergebnisse der Inventarisation (Kurzfassung) TEIL C: Das Historische Kalkgewerbe – Inwertsetzungsperspektiven im Rahmen der Regionalentwicklung 8. Praxisbeispiele 8.1 Darstellung von Praxisbeispielen zur Inwertsetzung von Denkmalen des historischen Kalkgewerbes 8.2 Fazit: Potenziale, Erfolgsaussichten, Risiken 9. Analyse der Inwertsetzungsperspektiven für das Untersuchungsgebiet 9.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale 9.2 Schützenswerte Elemente und Ensembles 9.3 Analyse der Inwertsetzungsperspektiven für das Untersuchungsgebiet Teil D: Fazit 10. Forschungsergebnisse und Handlungsempfehlungen 10.1 Inwertsetzungspotenziale gewerblich-industrieller Kulturlandschaften 10.2 Denkmalwert der Elemente und -strukturen des historischen Kalkgewerbes 10.3 Planungspraxis 10.4 Beiträge zur Kulturlandschaftsforschung 10.5 Handlungsempfehlungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anlagen

This thesis examines restoration of Garry oak ecosystems in Southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Before the arrival of European settlers, Coast Salish peoples practiced intensive stewardship and cultivation practices that heavily shaped Garry oak ecosystems. These long-standing stewardship practices are responsible for the abundance of culturally important plants found in Garry oak ecosystems today. In addition to their cultural value to Coast Salish peoples, Garry oak ecosystems also support unique biodiversity, including numerous at-risk species. These ecosystems and the values they embody came under threat with the arrival of European settlers, who introduced non-native plants and excluded Coast Salish peoples and their stewardship practices from these ecosystems. Today, Garry oak ecosystems have been reduced to a fraction of their pre-colonial distribution and remaining patches are typically heavily invaded by both native and non-native plants. Their cultural and biological values coupled with ongoing degradation has motivated both Indigenous and non-Indigenous land managers to implement restoration programs in Garry oak ecosystems. To inform future restoration efforts, this thesis examines ecological impacts of a long-term restoration program and a wildfire in a lək̓ʷəŋən Garry oak ecosystem at Mill Hill Regional Park near Langford, British Columbia. In Project 1, vegetation responses to a 13-year invasive species removal program were quantified to determine if native plant populations were successfully bolstered by the removal efforts. In Project 2, impacts of an unintended wildfire on the relative cover of native and non-native plants were examined. This attempted to explore potential ecosystem shifts that may occur as wildfires increase in frequency and severity as predicted by climate models. In Project 1, the greatest change observed after invasive species removal was an increase in other introduced species, while increases in native species were not statistically significant. In Project 2, introduced Anthoxanthum odoratum was facilitated by fire while native Camassia spp. were reduced by it. Taken together, these results demonstrate the complexity of restoring Indigenously managed ecosystems where multiple introduced species have existed for long periods. Invasive species, specifically Anthoxanthum odoratum, showed greater responses to removal efforts and wildfire than native species. Intensive, long-term restoration programs that utilize multiple tools, including low-intensity fire, invasive removal, herbicide, and seeding of native species appear necessary to bolster native species without unintentional facilitation of introduced species. Coast Salish peoples and stewardship practices were integral in maintaining these ecosystems before the arrival of European settlers and should play a key role in their restoration today, though traditional practices will likely need adapted to account for environmental changes caused by colonization. Furthermore, to avoid continuing the cultural damage that began with colonization, it is vital that Coast Salish First Nations lead or be directly involved in restoration of these ecosystems, which continue to hold irreplaceable cultural value. / Graduate / 2023-01-14

In 2020, the year the Covid-19 pandemic struck, the Swedish Covid-19 response differed radically from the general policy of total lockdown and strict enforcement of Covid-measures and regulations recommended by the WHO. Instead, Sweden strove early on to achieve herd immunity, with no mandatory measures to limit numbers in shopping malls, buses, and other public events, nor mask requirements. Hence, during the height of the pandemic, Swedish Covid-19 policy was a highly debated issue in the international media, within academia and the World Health Organization. The aim of this study is to examine the international media discourse on the Swedish Covid-19 strategy in the international print media. The focus has been on newspapers from the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The research has been done by investigating how Sweden’s Covid-19 strategy is discursively constructed, through major themes and sub-themes that have emerged. Additionally, the differences in discourse between Dutch, English and American media have been explored. As well as the use of language, ideologies, and linguistic devices within the international discourse have been investigated. A total of 178 articles, published between the period of 1 January 2020 until 6 February 2022, have been collected and analyzed. This study uses Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) as main method and has been inspired by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). A coding frame has inductively been created, by having used a sample of 20 newspaper articles in a pilot study. The software of NVivo has been used for the coding process. The major themes that emerged from my analyses of media discourses are: Anders Tegnell, Strategy, Trust and Image of Sweden and Swedes. My study found that media discourses on the Swedish Covid-19 policy are not positive. Rather these tend to be negative or at best neutral. Images of Sweden tend to vary in tandem with increase or decreases of Covid-19 infections and/or deaths. As the Swedish strategy became more or less aligned with the ‘norm’ of the WHO, the coverage of Sweden in media declined and lost its newsworthiness.

[ES] La tesis doctoral analiza las contaminaciones de la arquitectura que afloran al transformar los grandes contenedores multifuncionales o hasta los edificios complejos más recientes de menor tamaño que son el resultado de una hibridación entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructuras. Trámite la perspectiva de la dimensión hibrida, se va perfilando, en realidad, una evolución conceptual y productiva significativa. Con este enfoque de investigación, lo híbrido se concibe como un agente teórico que se desglosa primero como contenedor híbrido (objeto-arquitectónico), luego como hibridación (arquitectura-paisaje), y por último como ámbito híbrido (arquitectura-infraestructura). Así se establece un ámbito teórico con la capacidad de reconectar los elementos en un sistema y lograr renovar constantemente el significado. Es decir que, primero, las obras ponen de relieve un desacoplamiento entre contenido y contenedor, entre forma y función, en donde se detecta una espacialidad interior dilatada, un paisaje indoor definido por la envoltura estática, donde lo híbrido se manifiesta como una presencia intrínseca que representa el concepto de “ciudad en la ciudad”, un espacio centrípeto, que se proyecta por completo hacia el interior del volumen arquitectónico. Sucesivamente dicho desacoplamiento se encamina hacia una difuminación de los límites dentro de los que trabaja la arquitectura, llegan-do luego a definir una hibridación que actúa en el espacio intermedio, como presencia liminar que se concentra en el perímetro y en el borde, como ámbitos de acoplamiento entre arquitectura y paisaje: desde esta óptica el papel más significativo de la superficie conlleva una atenuación del vínculo volumétrico. Las delimitaciones reglamentarias, por consiguiente, se van difuminando, facilitadas por el empuje vital que ofrece el paisaje. En la tesis doctoral se recoge, además, otra brecha conceptual debida a la capacidad de los elementos de organizarse en un sistema que actúa en un ámbito con mayores posibilidades de acoplamiento trámite un rebasamiento que elimina los casos anteriores. El planteamiento arquitectónico se enmarca así en un ámbito de infraestructuras más amplio, un ámbito híbrido extendido que se caracteriza por una presencia extrínseca del híbrido. De esta forma se genera un espacio centrífugo que logra crear conexiones de gran alcance acoplando arquitectura e infraestructuras trámite orientaciones de intensidad e imágenes de la extensión. El rebasamiento representa una fase nueva en la que la arquitectura alcanza una conciencia identitaria nueva mediante una ampliación de sus atribuciones y de los instrumentos teóricos y operativos. La tesis doctoral profundiza en el ámbito de la metrópolis contemporánea que se caracteriza por el paulatino abandono de los modelos urbanos reconocibles, porque se abre y acoge las contradicciones, lo plural y lo heterogéneo. La difuminación de los límites tradicionales implica un replanteamiento de la ciudad concebida ahora como un sistema abierto que se transforma indefinidamente (Sennett, 2018). La incesante urbanización y la elevada densidad implican un cambio de los valores asignados al espacio tradicional de las ciudades que tienden a estructurar-se con formas mutantes, generando fragilidad dentro a la ciudad misma: bienvenida ¡cultura de la congestión! (Koolhaas, 2001). Se analiza el enriquecimiento del ámbito específico de la arquitectura que acoge la esencia de las otras disciplinas para lograr así una difuminación de la idea de producir objetos aislados, al incorporarlos dentro de un espacio más extenso de relaciones. Esta es la idea subyacente a la noción de antiobjeto elaborada por el arquitecto japonés Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), que propugna abandonar definitivamente el edificio como objeto arquitectónico y apunta en cambio a crear una red de interrelaciones e interconexiones con el entorno que lo rodea. La noción final de anti-objeto, a la que se refiere la tesis doctoral, marca el ápice de una estrategia de acciones que analizan la difuminación de la arquitectura identitaria tradicional y destacan el inicio de una relación nueva con el territorio y el paisaje. Por último, otra fase conceptual es la afirmación de la condición de ámbito híbrido (Allen 1999). Lo híbrido a este respecto opera anulando las jerarquías y facilitando los intercambios que se generan por la condición de libertad. Por su capacidad de desplazarse entre las diferentes disciplinas y las diferentes escalas, lo híbrido demuestra su fuerza transversal en términos de interescalaridad. El acoplamiento entre arquitectura, paisaje e infraestructura conlleva un potencial emancipador de los dogmas compositivos, un replanteamiento del enfoque proyectual desde su origen, es decir una revisión radical de sus elementos. Desde esta perspectiva nueva, la arquitectura se considera como un soporte y parrilla que puede ajustarse de modo flexible a los cambios. Una disciplina que no ofrece respuestas inflexibles y que actúa en una zona liminar entre ámbitos diferentes tratando de plasmar una actitud proyectual abierta que logre encarar los eventos imprevisibles y respaldar las transformaciones futuras. / [EN] The dissertation analyses architectural contaminations emerging from the development from large multifunctional containers to most recent smaller complex buildings, resulting from a hybridisation between architecture, landscape and infrastructure. Through the lens of the hybrid dimension, a significant conceptual and productive evolution emerges. In this perspective of study, the hybrid is interpreted as a theoretical operator and is developed as hybrid container (architecture-object) at first, then as Hybridisation (architecture-landscape), and finally as hybrid field (archi-tecture-infrastructure). Therefore, the theoretical scope is characterised by the systemic reconnection of elements and the constant creation of new meanings. In other words, at first the architectural works highlight the disconnection between content and container, shape and function, where internal space is extended, as in an indoor landscape defined by the static nature of the container and the hybrid is presented as an intrinsic presence representing the idea of a “city in a city”, a centripetal space, fully extended within the architectural volume. Subsequently, the afore mentioned disconnection moves towards the thinning of the boundaries in which architecture operates, to then de-fine a hybridisation operating on intermediate space as a liminal presence concentrating on the perimeter and the edge, as the reconnecting area of architecture and landscape. In this perspective, the enhanced role of the surface leads to reduced volume constraints. Disciplinary boundaries move towards their dissolution encouraged by the vital impulse provided by the landscape. The dissertation highlights also a further conceptual shift caused by the capacity of the elements to organise into a system, by acting in a freer field for reconnection through a trespassing which addresses the previous instances. Therefore, the architectural discourse expresses itself within a larger infrastructure scope, a hybrid expanded field characterised by the extrinsic presence of the hybrid. In this way, a centrifugal space, capable of large-scale connections, joining architecture and infrastructure through 13 intensity trajectories and shapes with different extensions, is created. The trespassing represents a new phase when architecture acquires renewed awareness of its identity through the extension of its attributions and its theoretical and operational tools. The focus area of the dissertation is the contemporary metropolis, charac-terised by the progressive abandonment of recognisable urban models, to embrace, contradictions, multiplicity and heterogeneity. The dissolution of traditional constraints leads to the rethinking of the city conceived now as an open system in constant transformation (Sennett, 2018), where constant urbanisation and its high density introduce a change in the values given to the traditional space of the city which tends to configurate in discontinuous forms, causing internal fragility for the city: welcome to the culture of congestion! (Koolhaas, 2001). The Enrichment of the scope of architecture is therefore explored as it welcomes the spirit of other disciplines, and by doing so reaches the dis-solution of the idea of the production of isolated objects, by reconnecting them into a larger space of relationships. This is the idea underlying the notion of anti-object, elaborated by the Japanese architect, Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), who wishes for the permanent abandonment of the build-ing as architectural objects and aims at creating a network of relationships and interconnections with the surroundings. The final notion of anti-ob-ject referred to in the dissertation, marks the apex of a strategy of actions exploring the dissolution of architecture in terms of traditional identity and marks the beginning of a renewed relationship with the territory and the landscape. A further conceptual shift is finally represented by the affirmation of the notion of Hybrid field (Allen 1999). In this case, the hybrid operates by nullifying hierarchies and favouring interchanges produced by a condition of freedom. Due to its ability to move between different disciplines and scales, the hybrid shows its transversal strength in terms of interscalarity. The reconnection between architecture, landscape and infrastructure carries with it a potential freedom from the compositional dogmas, and the rethinking of the projectual approach starting from its origin, that is a radical revision of its elements. In this new perspective, architecture is seen as a support and a palimpsest able to address changes in a flexible manner. A discipline that doesn’t provide fixed answers but operates at the border between different areas and tries to build an open projectual attitude capable of facing up to unpredictable events and supporting future transformations. / [IT] La dissertazione analizza le contaminazioni dell’architettura che emergono nella trasformazione dai grandi contenitori multifunzionali fino ai più recenti edifici complessi di minori dimensioni e che sono il frutto di una ibridazione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura. Attraverso la lente della dimensione ibrida, infatti, emerge una significativa evoluzione concettuale e produttiva. In questa prospettiva di studio, l’ibrido viene letto come un operatore teorico e si declina prima come contenitore ibrido (oggetto-architettonico), poi come ibridazione (architettura-paesaggio), infine come campo ibrido (architettura-infrastruttura). Si afferma così un ambito teorico caratterizzato dalla capacità di riconnettere a sistema gli elementi e approdare a significati costantemente rinnovati.In altri termini, dapprima le opere evidenziano una disgiunzione tra contenuto e contenitore, tra forma e funzione, in cui si rileva una spazialità interna dilatata, un paesaggio indoor fissato dalla staticità dell’involucro, dove l’ibrido si manifesta come una presenza intrinseca rappresentativa di un’idea di “città nella città”, uno spazio centripeto, tutto proiettato all’interno del volume architettonico. Successivamente detta disgiunzione si orienta verso un assottigliamento dei confini entro i quali opera l’architettura, giungendo poi a definire un’ibridazione che agisce sullo spazio intermedio, come presenza liminare che si concentra sul perimetro e sul bordo, quale ambito di ricongiunzione tra architettura e paesaggio: in questa prospettiva il ruolo più significativo della superficie porta a un affievolimento del vincolo volumetrico. Le perimetrazioni disciplinari si avviano dunque a una dissoluzione, favorita dallo slancio vitale offerto dal paesaggio.La dissertazione coglie infine un ulteriore scarto concettuale, determinato dalla capacità degli elementi di organizzarsi a sistema agendo in un campo più libero di riconnessione tramite uno sconfinamento che riassorbe le istanze precedenti. Il discorso architettonico si esprime così in un ambito di infrastrutturazione più ampio, un campo ibrido espanso caratterizzato da una presenza estrinseca dell’ibrido. In questo modo si genera uno spazio centrifugo in grado di compiere connessioni ad ampio respiro con un congiungimento tra architettura e infrastruttura attraverso direttrici di intensità e figure dell’estensione. Lo sconfinamento rappresenta una nuova fase in cui l’architettura acquisisce una rinnovata consapevolezza identitaria mediante una dilatazione delle sue attribuzioni e degli strumenti teorici ed operativi. Ambito di approfondimento della dissertazione è la metropoli contemporanea, connotata dal progressivo abbandono di modelli urbani riconoscibili, per aprirsi ad accogliere le contraddizioni, il molteplice e l’eterogeneo. La dissoluzione dei limiti tradizionali porta a un ripensamento della città vista ora come sistema aperto e in continua trasformazione (Sennett, 2018), in cui l’incessante inurbamento e l’elevata densità introducono un cambio dei valori attribuiti allo spazio urbano tradizionale che tende a configurarsi in forme discontinue, generando una fragilità interna alla città stessa: benvenuta cultura della congestione! (Koolhaas, 2001). Si esplora dunque un arricchimento del campo stesso dell’architettura che accoglie lo spirito delle altre discipline e così facendo giunge a una dissoluzione dell’idea di una produzione per oggetti isolati, reinserendoli all’interno di uno spazio più ampio di relazioni. Questa è l’idea alla base della nozione di anti-oggetto elaborata dall’architetto giapponese Kengo Kuma (Kuma, 2014), che auspica il definitivo abbandono dell’edificio come oggetto architettonico e mira invece a intrecciare una rete di interrelazioni e interconnessioni con l’intorno circostante. La nozione finale di anti-oggetto, cui la dissertazione fa riferimento, segna l’apice di una strategia di azioni che esplorano la dissoluzione dell’architettura in termini identitari tradizionali e segnano l’avvio di un ritrovato rapporto con il territorio e il paesaggio. Un ulteriore passaggio concettuale è infine rappresentato dall’affermazione della condizione di campo ibrido (Allen 1999). L’ibrido a questo punto opera annullando le gerarchie favorendo interscambi generati da una condizione di libertà. Per questa sua capacità di muoversi tra le diverse discipline e alle diverse scale, l’ibrido mostra la sua forza trasversale in termini di inter-scalarità. La ricongiunzione tra architettura, paesaggio e infrastruttura porta con sé un potenziale liberatorio dai dogmi compositivi, un ripensamento dell’approccio progettuale partendo all’origine, ossia una radicale revisione dei suoi elementi. In questa nuova ottica, l’architettura viene vista quale supporto e palinsesto in grado di rispondere in modo flessibile ai cambiamenti. Una disciplina che non fornisce risposte rigide ma si muove su un terreno liminare tra ambiti differenti e cerca di costruire un atteggiamento progettuale aperto che possa fronteggiare gli eventi imprevedibili e supportare future trasformazioni. / Gironi, R. (2021). Gulliver en busca de Liliput. La dimensión híbrida de la Arquitectura [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/170334 / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

[ES] El objeto de esta tesis doctoral es cuantificar la importancia de los componentes intangibles del paisaje en la gestión de los puertos deportivos, aplicando métodos de decisión multicriterio. El paisaje es un concepto que integra el medio físico, la presencia de un observador y una mirada subjetiva fruto, a su vez, de un momento determinado. Este concepto tiene su origen en el arte y, en su evolución, ha ido adquiriendo mayor significación. Sin embargo, las diversas acepciones han ido quedando englobadas en el mismo término, lo que puede originar confusión en la interpretación de su expresión. En cualquier caso, dicha significación deberá encontrarse complementada en su contexto. El actual concepto de paisaje queda recogido en el Convenio Europeo del Paisaje, que supone una definición con carácter extensivo, integrador y dinámico, suponiendo un reconocimiento jurídico del mismo. El elemento crucial en el paisaje estriba en la subjetividad, que le proporciona una característica distintiva en cada individuo. La forma en que se produce la relación entre el medio físico y el observador, así como en los mecanismos por lo que se incorporan al conocimiento, marcan el proceso de percepción y asimilación, No obstante, las condiciones socioculturales crean patrones que condicionan estos mecanismos llegando, en casos extremos, a disociarse de la realidad que los sustenta. Así pues, el conocimiento de los patrones culturales que filtran la mirada y la escala de aproximación a la significación del entorno, resultan factores sustanciales en los procesos de percepción y asimilación del entorno, en el análisis y la interpretación del paisaje. Los puertos deportivos son instalaciones que se encuentran fuertemente vinculadas al turismo náutico. Se trata de elementos de transición entre el medio marítimo y el terrestre, proporcionando acomodo y actividades de ocio. Los puertos deportivos presentan una serie de relaciones con su entorno, con afecciones de carácter recíproco. Por una parte, existe una serie de condicionantes de carácter ambiental y social sobre el puerto deportivo, por lo que puede servir de espacio de oportunidad para proporcionar nuevos servicios basados en el potencial espacial y en los recursos naturales locales. Por otro lado, el puerto deportivo representa una oportunidad de revitalización de las comunidades próximas, no solo por los recursos tangibles, sino por los componentes intangibles. Dentro del primer grupo, el puerto puede incorporar materiales, colores y texturas diversas que den lugar a unos contornos y siluetas características, y que creen una imagen reconocible del mismo. Igualmente, es espacio portuario representa un área de oportunidad en una zona costera, frecuentemente sometida a presiones urbanísticas. En el segundo grupo, el puerto puede ser albergar recursos históricos, culturales, hospitalidad, seguridad, etc., que creen un ambiente agradable. Por tanto, el paisaje puede ser un activo importante dentro del puerto deportivo, estableciendo una identidad característica y propiciando unos valores intangibles atractivos para los usuarios y visitantes. En este sentido, no solo puede representar una ventaja competitiva respecto a otras instalaciones, sino materializarse en una ventaja económica dentro de su gestión. Esta investigación propone procedimientos para integrar del paisaje en la gestión de los puertos deportivos, centrando la atención en los elementos intangibles del paisaje y proporcionando herramientas para su cuantificación a través de métodos de decisión multicriterio. Partiendo de una definición de paisaje en el puerto deportivo, se asocia este elemento con las actividades relacionadas con la gestión de los puertos deportivos. Resulta importante la percepción que tienen del paisaje tanto los gestores del puerto deportivo como sus usuarios. En el primer caso, es un reflejo de las fortalezas y debilidades de este concepto y, por tanto, representa un punto de partida en su gestión. En el segundo cas / [CA] L'objecte d'esta tesi doctoral és quantificar la importància dels components intangibles del paisatge en la gestió dels ports esportius, aplicant mètodes de decisió multicriteri. El paisatge és un concepte que integra el medi físic, la presència d'un observador i una mirada subjectiva fruit, al seu torn, d'un moment determinat. Este concepte té el seu origen en l'art i, en la seua evolució, ha anat adquirint major significació. No obstant això, les diverses accepcions han anat quedant englobades en el mateix terme, la qual cosa pot originar confusió en la interpretació de la seua expressió. En qualsevol cas, esta significació haurà de trobar-se complementada en el seu context. L'actual concepte de paisatge queda arreplegat en el Conveni Europeu del Paisatge, que suposa una definició amb caràcter extensiu, integrador i dinàmic, suposant un reconeixement jurídic d'este. L'element crucial en el paisatge consistix en la subjectivitat, que li proporciona una característica distintiva en cada individu. La forma en què es produïx la relació entre el medi físic i l'observador, així com en els mecanismes pel que s'incorporen al coneixement, marquen el procés de percepció i assimilació, No obstant això, les condicions socioculturals creen patrons que condicionen estos mecanismes arribant, en casos extrems, a dissociar-se de la realitat que els sustenta. Així doncs, el coneixement dels patrons culturals que filtren la mirada i l'escala d'aproximació a la significació de l'entorn, resulten factors substancials en els processos de percepció i assimilació de l'entorn, en l'anàlisi i la interpretació del paisatge. Els ports esportius són instal·lacions que es troben fortament vinculades al turisme nàutic. Es tracta d'elements de transició entre el mig marítim i el terrestre, proporcionant acomodament i activitats d'oci. Els ports esportius presenten una sèrie de relacions amb el seu entorn, amb afeccions de caràcter recíproc. D'una banda, existix una sèrie de condicionants de caràcter ambiental i social sobre el port esportiu, per la qual cosa pot servir d'espai d'oportunitat per a proporcionar nous servicis basats en el potencial espacial i en els recursos naturals locals. D'altra banda, el port esportiu representa una oportunitat de revitalització de les comunitats pròximes, no sols pels recursos tangibles, sinó pels components intangibles. Dins del primer grup, el port pot incorporar materials, colors i textures diverses que donen lloc a uns contorns i siluetes característiques, i que creen una imatge recognoscible d'este. Igualment, és espai portuari representa una àrea d'oportunitat en una zona costanera, sovint sotmesa a pressions urbanístiques. En el segon grup, el port pot ser albergar recursos històrics, culturals, hospitalitat, seguretat, etc., que creen un ambient agradable. Per tant, el paisatge pot ser un actiu important dins del port esportiu, establint una identitat característica i propiciant uns valors intangibles atractius per als usuaris i visitants. En este sentit, no sols pot representar un avantatge competitiu respecte a altres instal·lacions, sinó materialitzar-se en un avantatge econòmic dins de la seua gestió. Esta investigació proposa procediments per a integrar del paisatge en la gestió dels ports esportius, centrant l'atenció en els elements intangibles del paisatge i proporcionant ferramentes per a la seua quantificació a través de mètodes de decisió multicriteri. Partint d'una definició de paisatge en el port esportiu, s'associa este element amb les activitats relacionades amb la gestió dels ports esportius. Resulta important la percepció que tenen del paisatge tant els gestors del port esportiu com els seus usuaris. En el primer cas, és un reflex de les fortaleses i debilitats d'este concepte i, per tant, representa un punt de partida en la seua gestió. En el segon cas, els valors paisatgístics percebuts pels usuaris posen de manifest les seues preferències. A més, l'assignació d'un valor a este paisatge, tant / [EN] This study aims to quantify the importance of the landscape's intangible components in managing marinas using multicriteria decision-making methods. The landscape is a concept that encompasses the physical environment, the presence of an observer, and a subjective perspective that is a product of a particular moment. This concept originated in art and has gained increasing significance over time. However, the various meanings have been subsumed under the same term, which can lead to confusion in its interpretation. In any case, the significance of the landscape must be complemented within its context. The current concept of the landscape is included in the European Landscape Convention, which provides an extensive, inclusive, and dynamic definition, representing a legal recognition of the landscape. The crucial element of the landscape lies in subjectivity, which provides a distinctive characteristic in each individual. How the relationship between the physical environment and the observer occurs and the mechanisms by which they are incorporated into knowledge shape the process of perception and assimilation. However, sociocultural conditions create patterns that condition these mechanisms, sometimes dissociating them from the reality that sustains them. Therefore, knowledge of cultural patterns that filter the gaze and the scale of approach to the meaning of the environment is a substantial factor in the processes of perception and assimilation of the environment in the analysis and interpretation of the landscape. Marinas are facilities that are strongly linked to nautical tourism. They are transitional elements between the maritime and terrestrial environment, providing accommodation and leisure activities. Marinas have a series of relationships with their environment, with reciprocal effects. On the one hand, the marina has a series of environmental and social constraints, so it can serve as a space of opportunity to provide new services based on spatial potential and local natural resources. On the other hand, the marina represents an opportunity to revitalize nearby communities for tangible resources and intangible components. Within the first group, the marina can incorporate diverse materials, colors, and textures that give rise to characteristic contours and silhouettes, creating a recognizable image. Similarly, the port space represents an opportunity in a coastal area, often subject to urban pressures. In the second group, the marina can house historical, cultural, hospitality, and security resources, creating a pleasant environment. Therefore, the landscape can be an essential asset within the marina, establishing a characteristic identity and promoting attractive intangible values for users and visitors. In this sense, it can represent a competitive advantage over other facilities and materialize in an economic advantage within its management. This research proposes procedures to integrate the landscape into the management of marinas, focusing on the intangible elements of the landscape and providing tools for their quantification through multicriteria decision-making methods. Firstly, a definition of landscape within marinas is established. Secondly, this element is associated with activities related to the management of marinas. Marina managers and their users' perception of the landscape is essential. In the first case, it reflects the strengths and weaknesses of this concept and, therefore, represents a starting point in its management. In the second case, the landscape values perceived by users reveal their preferences. In addition, assigning a value to this landscape, both from a social and economic perspective, demonstrates a quantification of the importance of the intangible elements of the landscape. / The authors acknowledge the Grant PID2020-117056RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. / Martín Polo, R. (2024). Integración de los elementos intangibles del paisaje en la gestión de los puertos deportivos mediante la aplicación de métodos de decisión multicriterio [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206771

This research delves into the application of semantic segmentation in precision agriculture, specifically targeting the automated identification and classification of various irrigation system types within agricultural landscapes using high-resolution aerial imagery. With irrigated agriculture occupying a substantial portion of US land and constituting a major freshwater user, the study's background highlights the critical need for precise water-use estimates in the face of evolving environmental challenges, the study utilizes advanced computer vision for optimal system identification. The outcomes contribute to effective water management, sustainable resource utilization, and informed decision-making for farmers and policymakers, with broader implications for environmental monitoring and land-use planning. In this geospatial evaluation research, we tackle the challenge of intraclass variability and a limited dataset. The research problem centers around optimizing the accuracy in geospatial analyses, particularly when confronted with intricate intraclass variations and constraints posed by a limited dataset. Introducing a novel approach termed "dynamic contrastive learning," this research refines the existing contrastive learning framework. Tailored modifications aim to improve the model's accuracy in classifying and segmenting geographic features accurately. Various deep learning models, including EfficientNetV2L, EfficientNetB7, ConvNeXtXLarge, ResNet-50, and ResNet-101, serve as backbones to assess their performance in the geospatial context. The data used for evaluation consists of high-resolution aerial imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) captured in 2015. It includes four bands (red, green, blue, and near-infrared) with a 1-meter ground sampling distance. The dataset covers diverse landscapes in Lonoke County, USA, and is annotated for various irrigation system types. The dataset encompasses diverse geographic features, including urban, agricultural, and natural landscapes, providing a representative and challenging scenario for model assessment. The experimental results underscore the efficacy of the modified contrastive learning approach in mitigating intraclass variability and improving performance metrics. The proposed method achieves an average accuracy of 96.7%, a BER of 0.05, and an mIoU of 88.4%, surpassing the capabilities of existing contrastive learning methods. This research contributes a valuable solution to the specific challenges posed by intraclass variability and limited datasets in the realm of geospatial feature classification. Furthermore, the investigation extends to prominent deep learning architectures such as Segformer, Swin Transformer, Convexnext, and Convolution Vision Transformer, shedding light on their impact on geospatial image analysis. ConvNeXtXLarge emerges as a robust backbone, demonstrating remarkable accuracy (96.02%), minimal BER (0.06), and a high MIOU (85.99%).

The dead have a lot to say, but in the fast-paced context of ultra-capitalist societies, who has the time to listen? If social sciences and societies have depicted death in the West as denied, the dying as abandoned and the dead as forgotten, then how do we reconcile this dark portrait with the importance of The End in the stories of our lives? One cannot help but wonder: what kind of relationships do westerners truly foster with death? This study proposes a new reading of the practices and beliefs surrounding death in contemporary western societies by questioning the pessimistic death theories of the 20th century. The investigation raises two concerns, namely the possibility of an increased sense of loneliness among the dead and the dying, and the effects of technology and consumer lifestyles on alienating the aging and dying from the living. Drawing on Gramscian and Foucauldian theory on the concept of hegemony, the study combines historical and ethnographic data related to the domination of institutions and industries over death in the urbanized societies of Canada, France, the United States and England. To uncover the deeper hegemonic processes that shape the experience of death in the 21st century, the study goes back in time and retraces the changes that have occurred around death under different regimes. From the Early Middle Ages to the late capitalist era, the reader is brought on a journey across the changing landscape of death by means of 70 annotated illustrations which invite us to reflect on a central question, namely, what makes death a grave affair? Beginning with a sociohistorical analysis of the rise of individualism as linked to the disenchantment of death in the West, followed by an experiential ethnography of silence in one of North America’s largest sepulchral space—Montreal’s Mount Royal and Notre-Dame-des-Neiges cemeteries, the journey ends with an investigation of the affairs related to the commodification of death and aging in North America. The results of the study show that the possibilities of loneliness among the dead and the dying are not more significant today than they were in the past. The current landscape of death rather attests to an abundance of intentions which seek to highlight the importance of caring for and commemorating loved ones. What this finding reveals, is that western societies harbour misconceptions that undermine the complexity, richness and continuity of the bonds which keep the living and the dead engaged in a meaningful relationship that, we shall see, affords more possibilities than ends. / Les morts ont sans doute beaucoup à dire, mais dans le contexte effréné des sociétés ultracapitalistes, qui donc a le temps de les écouter ? Si, de prime abord, sciences sociales et sociétés dépeignent la mort en Occident contemporain comme étant niée, les défunts oubliés et les mourants délaissés, ce piètre portrait ne reflète pourtant pas l’importance que l’on attribue généralement à toute fin. À cet égard, nous serions en droit de nous demander ce qu’il en est vraiment de la relation des Occidentaux à ce destin inéluctable. Cette étude propose une nouvelle lecture des pratiques et perspectives entourant la mort dans les sociétés occidentales contemporaines en remettant en cause les théories pessimistes de la mort issues du 20e siècle. Deux enjeux sont soulevés, le premier concerne la possibilité d’une solitude accrue chez les morts et les mourants ; et le deuxième vise à comprendre si et comment diverses forces individualisantes du capitalisme — telles que la technologie ou la surconsommation — auraient contribuées à les isoler du vivant. Avec l’éclairage qu’apportent Gramsci et Foucault sur la notion d’hégémonie, la recherche met en dialogue diverses données ethnographiques et historiques relatives à la domination des industries et des institutions de la mort dans les sociétés urbanisées du Canada, de la France, des États-Unis et de l’Angleterre. Afin de comprendre les dynamiques qui sous-tendent l’expérience de la mort au 21e siècle, l’étude remonte dans le temps et retrace les changements qui se sont produits autour de la Grande faucheuse sous différents régimes. Du christianisme médiéval jusqu’à l’ère capitaliste, le lecteur est invité à parcourir 70 illustrations annotées — voyage qui l’incite à se pencher sur une question principale, à savoir, qu’est-ce qui fait de la mort une grave affaire ? Débutant par une analyse sociohistorique sur la montée de l’individualisme en Occident comme étant liée à un désenchantement envers la mort, suivie d’une ethnographie expérientielle du silence dans l’un des plus grands sites funéraires d’Amérique du Nord — les cimetières Mont-Royal et Notre-Dame-des-Neiges de Montréal, le parcours se termine par une enquête sur la marchandisation du vieillissement et de la mort en Amérique du Nord. Les résultats de l’étude révèlent que la solitude des morts et des mourants n’est pas plus grande aujourd’hui que dans le passé. Qui plus est, le paysage actuel de la fin de vie atteste d’un foisonnement d’intentionnalités qui visent à souligner l’importance de prendre soin des êtres chers et de les commémorer. L’approche anthropologique de ce mémoire démontre que les sociétés occidentales entretiennent des préjugés qui masquent la complexité, la richesse et la continuité des liens que tisse l’imaginaire entre morts et vivants — une co-construction qui, on le verra, ouvre plus de possibilités qu’elle ne scelle de fins.

This dissertation is an examination of the interiority of American authorship from 1815–1866, an era of political, social, and economic instability in the United States. Without a well-defined historical narrative or an established literary lineage, writers drew upon death and the American landscape as tropes of unity and identification in an effort to define the nation and its literary future. Instead of representing nationalism or collectivism, however, the authors in this study drew on landscapes and death to mediate the crises of authorial displacement through what I term "xenotopia," strange places wherein a venerated American landscape has been disrupted or defamiliarized and inscribed with death or mourning. As opposed to the idealized settings of utopia or the environmental degradation of dystopia, which reflect the positive or negative social currents of a writer's milieu, xenotopia record the contingencies and potential problems that have not yet played out in a nation in the process of self-definition. Beyond this, however, xenotopia register as an assertion of agency and literary definition, a way to record each writer's individual and psychological experience of authorship while answering the call for a new definition of American literature in an indeterminate and undefined space.

English, Afrikaans and Zulu summaries / While there is increasing interest in the effect of landscape on ancient imagination, less attention has been paid to the impact of restless karst hydrology on ancient beliefs. By identifying shared themes, this study compares and contrasts the way Hittites and Aegean people in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages reshaped peripheral karst landscapes into physical and imagined transitional zones. Karst geology underpins much of the Aegean and Anatolian landscape, allowing subterranean zones to be visible and accessible above ground via caves, springs, sinking streams, sinkholes and other unusual natural formations. In both cultures, certain dynamic landscapes were considered to be sacred porous points where deities, daemons, heroes and mortals could transit between cosmic realms. Evidence suggests that Hittites and Aegean people interpreted dramatic karst landscapes as liminal thresholds and spaces situated between the world of humans and the world of deities. Part One investigates physical zones of transition via the karst ecosystems of rural sanctuaries. Part Two considers the creative interpretation in myth and iconography of karst phenomena into metaphysical zones of transition. The examples reveal the way in which Hittites and Aegean people built their concept of the sacred on the extraordinary characteristics of karst geology. Numinous karst landscapes provided validity and a familiar reference point for the creation of imagined worlds where mortal and divine could connect. / Vandag is daar toenemende belangstelling in die effek van die landskap op die verbeelding van die mensdom in die oudheid - maar minder aandag word bestee aan die impak van die rustelose karst landskap op die mens se gelowigheid in die oudheid. Deur die identifisering van sekere gemene temas, vergelyk hierdie verhandeling die manier waarop die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere in die Laat Brons- en vroeë Ystertydperke die omliggende karstlandskap herskep het in fisiese en denkbeeldige oorgangszones. Die Egeïese en Anatoliese landskap bestaan grotendeels uit karst geologie, met tot gevolg dat ondergrondse zones bo die grond sigbaar en toeganklik is in die vorm van grotte, bronne, sinkgate en ander uitsonderlike natuurlike formasies. In beide bogenoemde kulture is sekere landskapstonele beskou as heilige en poreuse punte waar gode, demone, helde en sterwelinge tussen die kosmiese zones kon beweeg. Die getuienis van die tyd suggereer dat die Hetiete en die Egeïese volkere die dramatiese karst landskappe as grense of drempels tussen hulle wêreld en dié van die gode beskou het. Deel Een ondersoek die fisiese oorgangszones deur te kyk na die karst ecostelsels waarin plattelandse heiligdomme hulle bevind het. Deel Twee beskou die kreatiewe gebruik van karst verskynsels as voorstellings van metafisiese oorgangszones in die gekrewe bronne en ikonografie. Die geselekteerde voorbeelde dui aan die manier waarop die Hetiete en Egeïese volke hulle konsepte van heiligdom gebaseer het op die buitengewone verskynsels van karst geologie. Numineuse karst landskappe het hulle idees gestaaf en ‘n bekende verwysingspunt uitgemaak waar die menslike en die goddelike met mekaar in kontak kon kom. / Ngenkathi intshisekelo ekhulayo yethonya lokwakheka komhlaba emcabangweni wasendulo, kunakwe kancane umthelela we-karst hydrology engenazinkolelo ezinkolelweni zasendulo. Ngokukhomba izingqikithi okwabelwana ngazo, lo mqondo uqhathanisa futhi uqhathanise indlela amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean kweLate Bronze kanye ne-Early Iron Ages abuye abuye abumbe kabusha imigwaqo ye-karst yomngcele ibe yizingxenye zesikhashana zomzimba nezicatshangwe. I-Karst geology isekela kakhulu indawo yezwe i-Aegean ne-Anatolian evumela ukuthi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba zibonakale futhi zifinyeleleke ngaphezu komhlaba ngemigede, iziphethu, imifudlana ecwilayo, imigodi yokushona nokunye ukwakheka okungokwemvelo okungajwayelekile. Kuwo womabili amasiko izindawo ezithile eziguqukayo zazithathwa njengezindawo ezingcwele zokungena lapho onkulunkulu, amademoni, amaqhawe nabantu abafayo bengadlula phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba. Ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi amaHeti nabantu base-Aegean bahumusha imidwebo emangazayo yekarst njengemikhawulo yemikhawulo nezikhala eziphakathi komhlaba wabantu nezwe lonkulunkulu. Ingxenye yokuqala iphenya izindawo eziguqukayo zomzimba ngokusebenzisa imvelo ye-karst yezindawo ezingcwele zasemakhaya. Ingxenye Yesibili ibheka ukutolikwa kokudala kunganekwane nakwizithonjana zezinto ze-karst kube izingxenye eziguqukayo zenguquko. Izibonelo ziveza indlela abantu abangamaHeti nabantu base- Aegean abawakha ngayo umqondo wabo ongcwele ngezimpawu ezingavamile ze-karst geology. Amathafa amahle we-karst ahlinzeka ngokusebenza kanye nephuzu elijwayelekile lesethenjwa lokwakhiwa kwamazwe acatshangelwe lapho abantu abafayo nabaphezulu bangaxhuma khona. / Biblical and Ancient Studies / M. A. (Ancient Near Eastern Studies)

xv, 298 p. ; ill. (chiefly col.), maps (chiefly col.) A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries under the call number: AAA F868.Y6 G47 2004 / This study describes existing conditions, evaluates significance and historic integrity, and recommends treatment strategies to preserve historic elements of the Nevada Fall Corridor cultural landscape in Yosemite National Park. It reports findings from field investigation that examined and inventoried landscape features such as stone retaining walls, treadway material, bridges and causeways, and water features on both current-use and abandoned trail segments. The site was examined numerous times over a three-month period, with a followup visit one year later. Libraries and other archives were consulted for written and photographic historic documentation, which were analyzed against current conditions. The process also involved review of comparison documents as well as national guidelines set forth by the National Park Service. / Adviser: Melnick, Robert Z.