Nous posons la question de la relation entre les langues et l’identité d’individus d’origine-exyougoslave nés en France ou venus jeunes avec leurs parents avant la dissolution du pays en 1991. Les expressions identitaires et les pratiques langagières déclarées ont été collectées auprès de quinze personnes en utilisant deux méthodes : l’entretien semi-directif et le questionnaire. Les noms employés pour désigner l’identité nationale ont été comparés aux dénominations officielles actuelles des États issus de la disparation de la Yougoslavie et ont permis de mettre à jour le maintien de l’identité yougoslave parallèlement à l’utilisation des noms actuels. Les informations ainsi obtenues permettent de distinguer la part individuelle de la (re)présentation identitaire et le rapport entretenu avec la langue d’origine, qui est la fois l’outil communicationnel et l’un des éléments d’affirmation identitaire. Les pratiques langagières déclarées informent sur l’autoévaluation bilingue et dévoilent une forte détermination à l’approfondissement des compétences linguistiques en langue d’origine. Différentes situations de bilinguisme ont pu être constatées. Les compétences à l’oral sont déterminées, le plus souvent, par les compétences communicationnelles (pratiques langagières en famille ou dans le cadre professionnel). L’étude du bilinguisme, dans ce qu’il révèle de la relation ente langues et identité, fait apparaître très nettement le rôle de la langue d’origine comme « marqueur » d’identité. Les réflexions exprimées sur l’identité nationale montrent qu’elle est aussi problématisée à partir du rapport entretenu avec le pays d’accueil (et le plus souvent de naissance) la France. Ainsi, l’identification française influence d’une certaine manière le rapport à l’identité (ex)-yougoslave, d’une part par la relation des noms entre langue et pays (France-français ; Yougoslavie-yougoslave), mais aussi, par le fait que le maintien de l’utilisation du nom yougoslave reste possible en France où elle ne fait pas polémique. La relation entre les deux identités principales (française et ex-yougoslave) doit être envisagée comme une construction « mixte », même si l’identification française est parfois considérée avec une certaine distance. / We are questioning the relationship between language and identity of ex-Yugoslav youth, born or settled in France before the dissolution of the country in 1991. Expressions of identity and language practices were collected from fifteen people through two methods: semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The names used as national self-assignment were compared with the official names of the current states stemming from ex-Yugoslavia and revealed the maintenance of a Yugoslav identity along with the use of current state or national names among the studied sample. Thereby, obtained informations helped to distinguish the individual identification process from the interaction through the original language, which is both communication tool and an element of identity affirmation. Declared language practices inform on bilingual self assessment and reveal a strong commitment to the development of language skills in original language. Different situations of bilingualism have been identified. The speaking skills are usually determined by communication skills (language practices in family or in the workplace). The study of bilingualism, in that it reveals the relationship between language and identity, shows very clearly the role of the original language as "marker" of identity. Expressed reflections show that national identity is also problematized from the interactions with the host country (most often birth pace), France. Thus, French assignment influence in some way the report to (ex-)Yugoslav identity, by the relations between language and names of countries (France-French; Yugoslavia -“Yugoslav”), but also by the fact that it is still possible to use “Yugoslav” as self-assignment in France, where it is not controversial. The relationship between the two main identities (French and ex-Yugoslav) should be considered as a "mixed" construction, even if the identification with French is sometimes regarded with a certain distance.

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Cette thèse, menée auprès de deux campi nomadi de Rome (Italie), se situe dans une approche sociolinguistique qui souhaite rendre compte de la pluralité et de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques langagières observées auprès des habitants roms. Pour en saisir la complexité et la diversité, il s’agit d’abord de comprendre l’espace social où ces pratiques ont été observées. Le campo, en tant que lieu de vie anthropologique et terrain d’enquête sera donc compris en tenant compte des relations humaines qui s’y tissent et des places que l’on désigne à l’Autre ou que l’on s’octroie. L’objectif est de procéder par « fragmentation » (Lorcerie, 2009), de s’intéresser aux représentations et aux discours individuels pour rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité des pratiques. Il s’agira également de passer par un travail de déconstruction et de compréhension des mécanismes d’ethnicisation et d’assignation identitaire, sociales et linguistique qui participent à l’élaboration de catégorisations autour des groupes roms. Cette recherche part donc d’un espace social spécifique, d’un « specialismo » italien (Tosi, 2007) pour fournir une analyse des pratiques socio-langagières fragmentées de ses habitants et rendre compte de leur « expérience plurielle de la parole » (Canut, 2007). / This doctoral research, carried out in two campi nomadi (Rome, Italy) is underpinned by a sociolinguistic approach that aims to analyse the plurality and heterogeneity of language practices observed among Roma inhabitants. Grasping the complexity and diversity of these practices requires an undertanding of the social space where they take place. The campo, as an anthropological living place and fieldwork will therefore be understood taking into account the human relations that emerge and the places that the Other is assigned or those one grants oneself. The objective is to proceed by "fragmentation" (Lorcerie, 2009), focusing on representations and individual discourses to account for the heterogeneity of practices. This also involves a process of deconstruction and comprehension of the mechanisms of ethnicization and identity, and of social and linguistic assignment that contribute to the development of categorizations of Roma groups. This research therefore starts from a specific social space, from an Italian "specialismo" (Tosi, 2007) so as to provide an analysis of the fragmented sociolinguistic practices of its inhabitants and to expound the "plural experience of their speech" (Canut, 2007)

Submitted by secretaria pós-letras repositorio (secretaria.repositorio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-25T20:28:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jussara Moore (jussaramoore@id.uff.br) on 2017-11-06T12:46:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-06T12:46:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) dissertação Gabriel Perez.pdf: 2520774 bytes, checksum: 8d237221f377fc5cb39c0d149e892a38 (MD5) / Faperj / Colégio Cruzeiro, CRUZEIRO, Brasil / A imigração de brasileiros no Suriname é um fenômeno relativamente recente que começou a ser percebido em meados dos anos 80, quando as primeiras modestas ondas de migração, formadas sobretudo por garimpeiros e prostitutas, se instalaram principalmente no interior do país. Estima-se que atualmente vivam na antiga Guiana Holandesa cerca de 16.000 brasileiros, concentrados particularmente na zona norte da capital Paramaribo, onde exercem atividades diversas nos setores de mineração, prestação de serviços, comércio e prostituição. Esta pesquisa se propõe a analisar as práticas e representações linguísticas de imigrantes brasileiros residentes na capital do Suriname, país onde coexistem cerca de 20 línguas faladas por distintas etnias, sendo o holandês a única com status de idioma oficial. Por entender, assim como Calvet ([1999] 2004), que as práticas linguísticas e as representações, ou seja, as imagens que os sujeitos constroem em torno das línguas, são não só interdependentes, mas se relacionam com os contextos sociais, ideologias e relações de poder nas quais estão inseridas, discuto neste trabalho os conceitos de mercado linguístico e violência simbólica conforme Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) e, naturalmente, contextualizo a imigração brasileira e apresento o panorama sociolinguístico observado no país, com ênfase na capital Paramaribo. A pesquisa in loco que constitui o corpus desta investigação demonstrou ainda que o gênero dos falantes exerce forte influência sobre as práticas e, sobretudo, sobre as representações linguísticas dos sujeitos, o que apontou para a necessidade de se discutir as interações entre linguagem e essas duas categorias. Assim, o presente trabalho apresenta ainda uma revisão bibliográfica das pesquisas sociolinguísticas mais relevantes que se dispuseram a analisar tais relações, como as pioneiras contribuições variacionistas de Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) e Eckert (1989), os estudos centrados em contato linguístico de Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) e, ainda, as desconstruções de um emergente campo dos estudos da linguagem, a linguística queer (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). A reflexão teórica aqui proposta visará a discutir não só como esses dois fatores afetam as escolhas dos falantes, mas como os indivíduos constroem e afirmam seu gênero e outras identidades através da linguagem. / The Brazilian immigration in Suriname is a relatively recent phenomenon that came into prominence in the mid-80's, when the first modest waves of immigrants, most of them miners and prostitutes, settled mainly in the countryside. Around 16,000 Brazilians are currently living in the former Dutch Guiana, particularly in the northern part of the capital Paramaribo, where they work mostly in retail, the service industry, mining and prostitution. This research aims to analyze the language practices and representations of Brazilian immigrants living in the capital of Suriname, where about 20 languages are spoken by different ethnic groups and Dutch remains the only one with an official status. In our understanding, language representations, that means, the images that speakers have about languages, and language practices are, as defined by Calvet ([1999] 2004) not only interdependent, but are also related to social contexts, ideologies and power relationships. Thus, we discuss in this work the concepts of linguistic market and symbolic violence according to Bourdieu ([1982] 1996) and contextualize the Brazilian immigration and the current sociolinguistic panorama observed in the country, with an emphasis on the capital Paramaribo. The data collected in the field research also demonstrated that the gender of the speakers exerts a strong influence on their language practices and, above all, on their language representations. These observations led to the discussion on the relationships between language and gender. Thus, this work presents a bibliographical review of the most relevant sociolinguistic researches that discussed these relations, such as the first contributions of Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) and Eckert (1989), the studies based on language contact by Piller & Pavlenko (2001, 2006) and the deconstructions of an emerging field of language studies: the Queer Linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). The reflection on the theories presented in this work aims to discuss not only how gender affects the speakers' choices, but also how individuals construct and affirm their gender and other identities through language. / De immigratie van Brazilianen in Suriname is een vrij recent fenomeen en verscheen halfweg de jaren 80. De eerste golf van migranten bestonden voornamelijk uit mijnwerkers en prostituees die zich vestigden op het platteland in Suriname. Ongeveer 16.000 Brazilianen leven momenteel in het voormalige nederlanstalige Guyana, hoofdzakelijk in het noordelijke deel van de hoofdstad Paramaribo, waar ze voornamelijk werken in de kleinhandel, dienstensector, de mijnindustrie en prostitutie. Dit onderzoek richt zich op het analyseren van de taalgebruiken en representaties van Braziliaanse immigranten die leven in de hoofdstad van Suriname, waar ongeveer 20 talen gesproken worden door verschillende etnische groepen waarvan het Nederlands de enige taal is met een officiële status. Taalrepresentaties, d.i. het beeld dat sprekers hebben over een taal, en taalgebruiken worden door Calvet (1999, 2004) gedefinieerd als niet alleen onderling afhankelijk, maar gerelateerd tot de sociale context, ideologieën en krachtige relaties. Om deze reden onderzoeken we in dit werk de concepten van de taalkundige markt en het symbolisch geweld dat daarmee gepaard gaat volgens Bourdieu ([1982] 1996). Verder onderzoeken we ook de Braziliaanse immigratie en het huidig sociolinguistisch panorama dat geobserveerd wordt in het land, met de nadruk op de hoofdstad Paramaribo. De data dat werd verworven door het veldwerk toont ons dat de gender van de spreker een sterke invloed uitoefent op de taalgebruiken en bovenal op de taalrepresentatie. Deze observaties brengen ons naar de discussie van de relatie tussen taal en gender. Omwille van die reden focust dit werk zich op een bibliografische kijk op de meest relevante, sociolinguïstieke onderzoeken die deze relaties reeds aangehaald hebben. We kijken naar de eerste bijdragen van Labov (1966, 1990), Trudgill (1972) en Eckert (1989) en alsook de studies die gebaseerd zijn op taal contact door Piller en Pavlenko (2001,2006) en ook de bijdragen van een opkomend gebied van taalstudies: Queer linguistics (LIVIA. A; HALL, K, 1997; BORBA, 2015). De theorieën die we aanhalen in dit werk brengen ons naar de discussie hoe het geslacht van de spreker zijn keuzes beïnvloedt, maar ook hoe individuen hun geslacht en andere identiteiten vormen en bevestigen door middel van taal.

The Ukrainian society has gone through vast changes since independence in 1991 and in this thesis some of these social changes are discussed through the prism of language policy. The main topic of the study is language policy (conceptualised as language practices, language beliefs, and language management) in the eastern Ukrainian city Kharkiv. This topic is examined within a framework focusing on motivation, allowing for a study of how people in Kharkiv describe, explain and rationalise language policy in the context of change in society. Ukrainian is the only state language in Ukraine, but Russian is widely used in Ukrainian society, and in Kharkiv Russian is the predominantly used language. One specific topic of the study is how young Ukrainians perceive the role granted the Ukrainian language in on-going processes of nation-building, related to the formation of a national identity. This is contrasted with discussions on individual linguistic rights and what is considered reasonable to demand from the Ukrainian population in terms of language practices. Further, the study examines the concept of language conflict, notably what kinds of conflict can be identified in and extracted from discussions on the role of language in society. This examination shows that it is not necessarily a case of potential conflict between groups or individuals, but also that individuals may struggle with internal conflict. This study demonstrates how language conflict is not about language, but rather about social positions, interests and value systems. This also illustrates the fact that the three components of language policy are not necessarily interrelated and consistent. Especially language practices and language beliefs are often at odds. Fieldwork was carried out in Kharkiv 2003-2005 and the study relies on a combination of methods (in-depth individual interviews, group interviews and a large-scale questionnaire).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:21:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 manzoni_rm_dr_assis.pdf: 1091754 bytes, checksum: 919921a80776933b0daa4b27374b9b2a (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar a textualização das produções dissertativas escritas na escola, de concluintes do Ensino Médio e ingressantes no Ensino Superior. Pretende, portanto, estudar suas dimensões textuais e discursivas, detectando recorrências a partir das características típicas desse discurso para, então, indexarmo-las em um gênero textual. Em outros termos, esta pesquisa pretende caracterizar a dissertação escolar como uma das práticas efetivas de linguagem na escola e, por conseguinte, legitimá-la como um gênero discursivo. O tratamento das práticas de produção do texto dissertativo a partir da perspectiva do gênero elimina a artificialidade, até então peculiar a essa prática, e leva o aluno ao seu domínio, já que o gênero é objeto concreto de ensinoaprendizagem por estar diretamente relacionado com uma situação de comunicação autêntica. Como esta pesquisa qualifica o texto dissertativo escolar como a materialização de um gênero específico da esfera de comunicação escolar, pretende, ainda, servir como um ponto de partida e instrumento para proporcionar aos professores de língua portuguesa a elaboração de propostas metodológicas para o ensino da dissertação escolar como um gênero. Dessa forma, tais propostas visam a propiciar efetivamente a flutuação do gênero dissertativo escolar que existe na escola, hoje, para aquele gênero dissertativo escolar aceito e reconhecido socialmente, conforme as habilidades e competências previstas para o ensino Médio, as quais são definidas pelos teóricos e disseminadas nos documentos oficiais da Instituição Escola. / This research has as objective to investigate the textualization of written argumentative essays of students who have finished Secondary School Education and have just started Higher Education. Thus, it intends to study such written compositions in their textual and discursive dimensions, observing recurrences of some typical characteristics of this discourse so that it can be possible to index them in a textual genre. In other words, this research intends to characterize the argumentative school essay as one of the effective language practices at school and, accordingly, define them as a discourse genre. The treatment of the text production practices from the genre perspective eliminates the artificiality, peculiar to this practice, and leads the student to its mastery, since the genre is a concrete object of the teaching and learning process and is directly related to an authentic communicative situation. As this study qualifies the school argumentative essay as the materialization of a specific genre of the school communication sphere, it still intends to work as a starting-point and an instrument to provide to teachers of Portuguese the creation of methodological proposals to the teaching of the school essay as a genre. So, such proposals aim to provide effectively the fluctuation from a non-standard school genre that exists at school nowadays to a standard school genre that is socially accepted and recognized according to the abilities and competences established to the Secondary School Education, defined by the theoreticians and spread by the official documents to the School Institution.

Cette recherche s'inscrit en didactique des sciences, à l'intérieur d'un cadre théorique qui s'appuie sur la théorie du développement humain de Vygotski et qui met en avant le rôle du langage dans les apprentissages. L'enseignement apprentissage des sciences à l'école primaire est appréhendé comme l'entrée des élèves dans une première culture scientifique visant la construction de savoirs scientifiques et de pratiques de ces savoirs. La recherche porte sur le concept de vivant dans une analyse épistémologique est réalisée avant l'élaboration d'un dispositif didactique et sa mise en œuvre dans des classes de CP et CE1. L'analyse des données recueillies (productions individuelles des élèves et échanges oraux collectifs) s'organise autour de deux axes. Le premier vise à caractériser des processus d'acculturation scientifique scolaire relatifs au concept de vivant à travers des indicateurs, signalant l'entrée des élèves dans la culture scientifique visée, et des conditions, rendant possible ces processus. Les évolutions conjointes du positionnement énonciatif et des conceptions des élèves permettent de définir l'acculturation scientifique comme un changement de point de vue sur le vivant qui devient un objet de savoir dans un cadre scientifique, ce qui joue sur le processus de conceptualisation. Le deuxième axe s’intéresse à la dimension développementale des apprentissages réalisés autour du concept de vivant. Cette étude met au ,jour des traces de développement chez plusieurs élèves, ce qui permet d'avancer l'idée qu'un enseignement engageant les élèves dans des processus d'acculturation scientifique peut contribuer à leur développement. / This research in didactis of science adopts a theoretical framework based on Vygotski's theory of human development and focuses on th role of language in learning. Teaching and learning science at primary school is regarded as pupils' initial entrance into scientific culture to build scientific knowledge and to apply it. The research concerns the concept of living, involving an epistemological analysis, before preparing class situations and implementing them in the first-grade and second-grade classes. The analysis of the data collected (pupil's works and oral interactions) is organised into two research topics. The first aims to distinguish scientific acculturation processes related to the concept of living. Indicator of pupils' acquisition of scientific culture and the necessary conditions are identified, enabling scientific acculturation to be defined as a change in how the living is perceived. Pupils' ideas shift from the everyday world into the scientific world, since pupils popsition themselves in the field of science and they regard living as a scientific concept. The second topic deals with the developmental aspects of learning about the concept of living. The study reveals signs of developmental in several pupils, suggesting that teachers involving pupils in scientific acculturation processes can encourage their development.

This thesis explores the family language policies (FLP) of two Somali-Swedish families living in Rinkeby, Stockholm. It focuses on the relationships between FLP and identity construction in different social spaces. It aims to address three main gaps in the FLP research in Sweden: in representation, methodology, and epistemological understandings of family, language, and policy. Most studies focus on families originating in the global North, which renders invisible the practices of families representing minoritized indigenous or immigrants – the South in the North. Moreover, few studies investigate FLP in interaction, resulting in a knowledge gap of FLP as practiced. In general, issues of power in relation to languages, social inequalities and status in society are barely present, yet, understanding relationships between linguistic practices and social structures at different scales seems crucial for understanding how language ideologies emerge and inform FLP. This study thus contributes to the field of FLP by investigating the language practices of two Somali-Swedish families, the language ideologies shaping these practices, as well as the everyday challenges they face in raising children multilingually. It uses an ethnographic design, drawing on interviews and fieldnotes, with attention to researcher positionality. Throughout, the thesis takes a decolonial stance, discussing how North-South entanglements are present in the interactions of marginalized populations and illuminating their experiences of struggle and oppression. Findings suggest that, for these families, FLP is an intentional act of maintaining the Somali language, although practices do not always align with this policy. Participants use in fact a broad linguistic repertoire in their interactions, constructing multiple identities in different spaces through their discursive practices, which are connected to their FLP. These practices are informed by ideologies on the importance of Somali in identity-building and in connecting people within the Somali diaspora, and by the supposed benefits of multilingualism. Participants report challenges in maintaining their FLP, such as the main role attributed to mothers in language maintenance, facing negative reactions to FLP from peers and society, and lack of institutional support. Results from this thesis contribute to redressing the identified gaps by researching participants’ own views on what is important for them and what challenges they face, an essential element for a decolonial approach. They also offer a critical perspective on multilingualism in FLP, locating language within southern perspectives. Results could also aid state actors working with Somali-Swedish families, enabling them to offer more focused support regarding raising multilingual children.

This thesis explores the family language policies (FLP) of two Somali-Swedish families living in Rinkeby, Stockholm. It focuses on the relationships between FLP and identity construction in different social spaces. It aims to address three main gaps in the FLPresearch in Sweden: in representation, methodology, and epistemological understandings of family, language, and policy. Most studies focus on families originating in the global North, which renders invisible the practices of families representing minoritized indigenous or immigrants – the South in the North. Moreover, few studies investigate FLP in interaction, resulting in a knowledge gap of FLP as practiced. In general, issues of power in relation to languages, social inequalities and status in society are barely present, yet, understanding relationships between linguistic practices and social structures at different scales seems crucial for understanding how language ideologies emerge and inform FLP. This study thus contributes to the field of FLP by investigating the language practices of two Somali-Swedish families, the language ideologies shaping these practices, as well as the everyday challenges they face in raising children multilingually. It uses an ethnographic design, drawing on interviews and fieldnotes, with attention to researcher positionality. Throughout, the thesis takes a decolonial stance, discussing how North-South entanglements are present in the interactions of marginalized populations and illuminating their experiences of struggle and oppression. Findings suggest that, for these families, FLP is an intentional act of maintaining the Somali language, although practices do not always align with this policy. Participants use in fact a broad linguistic repertoire in their interactions, constructing multiple identities in different spaces through their discursive practices, which are connected to their FLP. These practices are informed by ideologies on the importance of Somali in identity-building and in connecting people within the Somali diaspora, and by the supposed benefits of multilingualism. Participants report challenges in maintaining their FLP, such as the main role attributed to mothers in language maintenance, facing negative reactions to FLP from peers and society, and lack of institutional support. Results from this thesis contribute to redressing the identified gaps by researching participants’ own views on what is important for them and whatchallenges they face, an essential element for a decolonial approach. They also offer a critical perspective on multilingualism in FLP, locating language within southern perspectives. Results could also aid state actors working with Somali-Swedish families, enabling them to offer more focused support regarding raising multilingual children.

The recently established National Assembly for Wales (with the vision of a “truly bilingual Wales”) and bilingual schools are but two major sites in which bilingualism is reconstituting and repackaging Welsh. By close examination of the discourse(s) of language policy texts, the public discourse of one bilingual secondary school and the discussions of four focus groups composed of pupils from the same school, this study identifies three types of discourse which are particularly salient in contemporary Wales: a globalising discourse, a nationalist discourse and an ecology-of-language discourse. By collating the data from focus group discussions, language use questionnaires and language diaries, this study also identifies three categories of bilinguals based on their reported language use: Welsh-dominant bilinguals, English-dominant bilinguals and ‘floaters’ (balanced bilinguals). These three categories correlate with how individuals discursively construct Welsh and bilingualism. However, the medium of the focus group discussions (English or mixed-medium Welsh) correlates more closely with the category that is dominant in each focus group. With performativity theory as a framework, bilingualism is to be seen as a dynamic phenomenon, which is constantly being performatively (re)constituted through the situated practices of bilinguals. In short, this study examines how bilingualism in Wales is being performed, i.e. both how it is discursively constructed by various players in various sites, and how it is formed through everyday bilingual practices, not least those of young people in bilingual education. / Den nyetablerade rådsförsamlingen National Assembly for Wales (med en vision om ett ”verkligt tvåspråkigt Wales”) och tvåspråkiga skolor utgör två av de viktiga arenor där tvåspråkighet omstöper och ompaketerar walesiskan. Genom en närmare granskning av diskursen i språkpolitiska texter, den diskurs som används av en tvåspråkig skola i sina kontakter med allmänheten samt de diskussioner som förs i fyra fokusgrupper med elever från samma skola identifierar den här studien tre diskurstyper som är särskilt framträdande i dagens Wales: en globaliseringsdiskurs, en nationell diskurs och en språkekologisk diskurs. Genom att sammanställa data från diskussioner i fokusgrupper, enkäter om språkanvändning samt språkdagböcker identifierar studien också tre kategorier av tvåspråkiga elever utifrån deras angivna språkanvändning: tvåspråkiga med walesiska som starkare språk, tvåspråkiga med engelska som starkare språk samt ”floaters” (balanserat tvåspråkiga). De här tre kategorierna överensstämmer med hur individerna diskursivt konstruerar walesiska och tvåspråkighet. Det språk som talas i fokusgrupperna (engelska eller walesiska med engelska inskott) korrelerar däremot med den kategori som dominerar i varje fokusgrupp. Med performativitetsteori som utgångspunkt framstår således tvåspråkighet som en dynamisk företeelse, som ständigt (om)skapas genom de tvåspråkigas situerade praktiker. I korthet visar den här studien hur tvåspråkighet i Wales görs, det vill säga både hur den diskursivt konstrueras av olika aktörer på olika arenor och hur den formas av vardagliga tvåspråkiga praktiker, inte minst bland unga i tvåspråkig utbildning.