В диссертации проводится анализ основных приемов актуализации прагматического потенциала при переводе названий фильмов на примере англоязычных художественных кинолент, вышедших в российский прокат. Описываются основные стратегии перевода, анализируется их целесообразность и прагматическая направленность. Анализ позволяет выявить факты непосредственного воздействия названия киноленты на восприятие зрителя, его эмоции и чувства. Отмечается появление различных прагматических эффектов, в частности эффектов оправданного или обманутого ожидания, в результате взаимодействия фильмонима и текста. / In the dissertation the author analyses the main methods for actualization of the pragmatic potential of film titles by the example of English language feature films, released in Russia. It considers the main translation strategies, and analyzes their advisability and pragmatic orientation. The analysis reveals the fact of the direct impact of the film title on the perception of a viewer, his emotions and feelings. The appearance of various pragmatic effects, in particular the effects of legitimate or defeated expectancies, as a result of the interaction of the film name and the text, is also noted.

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Text in Afrikaans / Suid-Afrika het as gevolg van apartheid vir etlike dekades oor 'n gedeeltelik legitieme plaaslike regeringstelsel beskik. Die probleem is dat die land se apartheidsregering afsonderlike stelsels vir blankes en swartes in aparte woongebiede in stand gehou het, welke beleid vir meeste Suid-Afrikaners onaanvaarbaar was. Swart plaaslike owerhede wat swart plaaslike regering moes bedryf, was nog polities nog ekonomies lewensvatbaar. Die rede hiervoor is dat hul enersyds deur die gemeenskap verwerp is en andersyds nie voldoende inkomstebronne gehad het om plaaslike owerheidsdienste finansieel onafhanklik te lewer nie. Stedelike swart gemeenskappe was aan 'n, vir hulle, onaanvaarbare apartheidsgestruktureerde swart plaaslike regeringstelsel onderworpe. Swart plaaslike owerhede was voorts as gevolg van hul ekonomiese nie-lewensvatbaarheid, gekniehalter in die lewering van plaaslike owerheidsdienste asook die daarstelling en instandhouding van kapitale ontwikkelingsprojekte. Stedelike swartes was dus blootgestel aan gebrekkige dienslewering in aparte, onderontwikkelde "slaapdorpe" waar hulle noodgedwonge moes woon. 'n Vraag waarna gevolglik gekyk word, fokus op die kenmerke van 'n ideeeltipiese model van plaaslike regering wat die gedeeltelik legitieme stelsel behoort te vervang. As gevolg van die onaanvaarbaarheid van die swart plaaslike regeringstelsel was swart plaaslike owerhede sedert die vroee tagtigerjare die teikens van aksioniste teen hierdie apartheidsproduk. Aksioniste het nie-gewelddadige aksie (NGA), geskoei op die Gandhiaanse filosofie en metodiek van Satyagraha, aangewend ten einde swart plaaslike owerhede te vernietig. NGA (wat dikwels ook tot gewelddadigheid gelei het), het tot gevolg gehad dat die owerheid later noodgedwonge 'n nuwe plaaslike regeringstelsel vir die totale Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing, met alle deelvennote moes beding. Onderhandelings het vervolgens meegebring dat 'n oorgangsproses na legitieme (demokratiese) plaaslike regering vir alle Suid-Afrikaners ingevolge die Oorgangswet op Plaaslike Regering, 1993 (Wet No. 209 van 1993) geaktiveer is. In hierdie proefskrif is gevolglik vasgestel: (1) welke invloed die politieke bedeling (apartheidsbedeling) op die ontwikkeling van stedelike swart gemeenskappe en die bedryf van swart plaaslike regering gehad het; (2) wat die aard en effek van NGA op die ontwikkeling van swart plaaslike regering was; en (3) hoe geldig die onderhandelde plaaslike regeringstelsel is, vergeleke met die ideeel-tipiese model wat geidentifiseer is. / As a result of apartheid South Africa possessed a partially legitimate local government system for several decades. The problem is that the country's apartheid government maintained separate systems for whites and blacks in separate residential areas, a policy that was unacceptable to the majority of South Africans. Black local authorities who had to maintain black local government were neither politically nor economically viable because they were rejected by the community and lacked sufficient sources of revenue to render financially independent local government services. Urban black communities were subject to what, for them, was an unacceptable apartheid-structured black local government system. Black local authorities were also prevented by their economic nonviability from delivering local government services effectively and from instituting and maintaining capital development projects. Urban blacks were therefore subjected to poor service delivery in separate, underdeveloped "dormitory towns" where they were forced to live. An issue to be considered in this regard concerns the characteristics of an ideal-typical model of local government that should replace this partially legitimate system. As a result of the unacceptability of the black local government system local authorities became the targets of activists who waged a campaign against this product of apartheid since the early eighties. Activists used non-violent action (NV A), based on the Gandhian principle of Satyagraha, to destroy black local authorities. As a result of NVA (which often led to violence) the central government was eventually forced to negotiate a new local government system for the whole of South African society with all stakeholders. Negotiations led to a process of transition to legitimate (democratic) local government for all South Africans as promulgated in the Local Government Transition Act, 1993 (Act No. 209 of I 993). Consequently the following has been established in this thesis: (1) the influence of the political dispensation (apartheid dispensation) on the development of urban black communities and the maintenance of black local government; (2) the nature and the effect of NV A on the development of black local government; and (3) how valid the negotiated local government system is, compared to the identified ideal-typical model. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingsadministrasie)

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in English / Writer investigates the constitutionality of section 18(4)(d) of the Child Care Act 74 of 1983 against the backdrop of the South African common law and the common law of comparative legal systems. In the South Africa law the mother of an illegitimate child has guardianship. The natural father does not have parental power which weakens his legal position. In analysing the judgement of the Constitutional Court, writer criticises the court for stating that in the case of a newborn baby the kind of discrimination which section 18( 4 )( d) authorises against a natural father may be justifiable in the initial period after the child is born. The constitutional position of the natural father in American jurisprudence is discussed at length. Writer concludes that the natural father has to take positive steps to vest a right to be heard in an adoption application. Proposals for legal reform are also made. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)

La recherche analyse le traitement réservé aux demandeurs d'asile au Canada.Plus spécialement, elle se penche sur l'interprétation et l’application de l’article 7 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés. La réflexion observe que la mise en œuvre des droits fondamentaux des revendicateurs du statut de réfugié est affectée, selon les époques, par des considérations à dominance « humanitaires » [arrêt Singh, 1985] ou, comme cela est le cas depuis le 11 septembre 2001, par des impératifs allégués de sécurité nationale [arrêt Suresh, 2002]. D’un point de vue analytique, la thèse considère que lorsqu'il s'agit de protéger des populations vulnérables – ce que le Canada s'est juridiquement engagé à faire – le droit public ne peut pas se limiter à la communauté de ses propres membres, citoyens et résidents. D'ailleurs, la Charte reconnaît la protection de ses droits fondamentaux à « toute personne » du fait de sa seule qualité de personne, qu'elle soit ou non citoyenne et la garde des abus. Des exceptions aux droits reconnus à l’article 7 doivent être considérées à la mesure du principe démocratique qui guide nos sociétés. Sur ce fondement, l’analyse interroge l’argumentation et les motivations de certaines décisions judiciaires et législatives qui ont déconsidérées les implications de notions porteuses de valeurs impératives, telles que l'équité, la dignité humaine, la liberté et la sécurité de l'individu, en privilégiant les intérêts étatiques conforment à la conception classique de la souveraineté. / The research analyzes the treatment of asylum seekers in Canada. In particular, it focuses on the interpretation and application of Section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The analysis underscores how the implementation of refugee claimants’ human rights is affected, according to the times, by humanitarian considerations [Singh, 1985], or, as is the case since September 11, 2001, by the imperatives of alleged national security. [Suresh, 2002]. From an analytical point of view, the research considers that when it comes to protecting vulnerable populations - which Canada is legally bound to do- public law is not limited to the constituents of its own community, (members, citizens and residents), but also to strangers and more specifically, to refugees. Moreover, the Charter recognizes that “everyone” is entitled to the protection of his or her fundamental rights, including migrants and refugees. This protection prevents the state from acting against the life, liberty and security of the person. Exceptions to these rights recognized under Section 7 must be narrowed to the very essence of what a democratic society could allow. In this context, the research questions the arguments and justifications of some judicial and legislative decisions that have discredited the implications of carrying notions of mandatory values, such as equity, human dignity, freedom and the security of the individual, instead favoring state interests based on the classical conception of sovereignty.

La gouvernance des sociétés par actions canadiennes accorde une place aux créanciers, qui contribuent considérablement à leur financement. Les créanciers fournissent une prestation en échange d’une promesse d’être payé plus tard, de sorte qu’ils sont en conflit d’agence avec d’autres parties prenantes de la société par actions, particulièrement les dirigeants. Principale voie procédurale des litiges en droit des sociétés, le recours en cas d’abus (ou « recours en oppression ») permet d’endiguer certains aspects de ce conflit d’agence en octroyant aux tribunaux de larges pouvoirs pour pallier les abus. Cette intervention judiciaire s’exprime par la théorie des attentes raisonnables, selon laquelle le tribunal doit protéger non seulement les droits des parties, mais également leurs attentes raisonnables. La jurisprudence permet de conclure à des attentes raisonnables relativement à l’information fournie par la société, au patrimoine social et au processus décisionnel des dirigeants. Elle laisse également entrevoir une attente raisonnable à l’égard des modifications du partage des risques découlant d’un événement imprévisible. / Creditors feature prominently in the corporate governance of Canadian business corporations and significantly contribute to their funding. Creditors perform in exchange for a promise to be paid later, so that they are in an agency conflict with other stakeholders of the corporation, especially managers. The main procedural route for litigation in corporate law, the oppression remedy helps curb some aspects of the agency conflict by granting courts broad powers to remedy oppressive conduct. This judicial intervention is expressed through the theory of reasonable expectations, which states that the court must not only protect the legal rights of the parties but also their reasonable expectations. The case law shows that creditors have reasonable expectations toward the information provided by the corporation, its assets and the decision-making process of managers and directors. It also suggests a reasonable expectation with respect to changes in the sharing of risks arising from an unforeseeable event.

La réalisation du marché intérieur de l’énergie constitue le moyen de diminuer le coût de l’énergie pour les consommateurs tout en assurant d’autres objectifs tels que la sécurité d’approvisionnement. Toutefois, les marchés européens du gaz et de l’électricité connaissent de nombreuses défaillances identifiées par la Commission dans son rapport résultant d’une enquête sectorielle lancée en 2005. Les directives de libéralisation ne suffisant pas, elle prône une application renforcée du droit de la concurrence, en particulier du droit du contrôle des concentrations. L’objet de cette étude est dès lors d’analyser l’utilisation de ces règles dans le cadre du processus de libéralisation des marchés énergétiques en Europe.Après une explication de la vague de concentrations ayant eu lieu dans le secteur énergétique sous l’impact de la libéralisation et du contexte qui l’entoure, on s’intéresse à l’utilisation des règles du contrôle des concentrations. Cette étude tente de mettre en exergue l’utilisation orientée de ses règles. Les Etats membres tout d’abord tendent à favoriser les opérations de concentrations se produisant entre des entreprises nationales tout en posant des obstacles aux opérations impliquant l’entrée sur leurs territoires d’acteurs étrangers.La Commission quant à elle favorise les concentrations de nature transfrontalière afin d’aider à la réalisation du marché intérieur et au développement de l’aspect concurrentiel de ce marché. Pour ce faire, elle a recours à un outil particulier : les remèdes. De tels rapprochements entre entreprises favorisant le marché intérieur, il n’est pas dans l’intérêt de la Commission de les interdire. Les remèdes permettent d’éliminer les effets négatifs qui pourraient résulter d’une opération de concentration. Cette étude propose une analyse des différents remèdes ayant été acceptés par la Commission afin de résoudre un problème de concurrence. / The completion of the internal energy market is the way to reduce energy costs forconsumers while providing other objectives such as security of supply. However,European gas and electricity markets are experiencing many failures identified by theCommission in its report published in 2007. The Commission advocates a strongerapplication of competition law, in particular the rules of merger control because theliberalization directives was not enough. Therefore the purpose of this study istherefore to analyze the application of those rules in the process of liberalization ofenergy markets in Europe.After an explanation of the merger wave that occurred in the energy sector under theimpact of liberalization and the environment that surrounds it, we are interested in theapplication of the rules of merger control.In this scope we will see that the Commission encourages the concentration of crossbordernature to help build the internal market and to develop the competition. Torealize this objective, the Commission uses a particular tool: the remedies. Theremedies can eliminate the negative effects that could result from a merger. Thisstudy provides an analysis of the various remedies that have been accepted by theCommission to resolve the problems of competition.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Cesar de Oliveira Marinho.pdf: 2034105 bytes, checksum: c5f56cb3c9fc76d86114ccc6a95d19e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work is a study regarding the limitation of the effects and particularly of the prospective effects of decisions issued by appellate courts that result in a change to a previous holding and, consequently, recognize a new or more burdensome legal tax relationship. It begins with the distinction between a legal rule and the text of the law (prescriptive statement), with the legal rule being considered to be the result of an interpretive process conducted by all those who have the necessary cognitive ability. For them, the judicial branch is the authentic interpreter the one with the last word regarding what the law is, regardless of and overriding other interpretive results. When the interpretive results are coincident (the same legal rule) or when the judicial branch states the meaning of the legal rule, there is an idealization of a stable nucleus of legal rules. That nucleus represents certainty in regard to the meaning that should be attributed to a given normative text, so as to produce foreseeability and stability, founded on a general state of legitimate expectations and acting as guidelines for taxpayers conduct. Working from these premises, on the basis of legal certainty, which is a fundamental element of a democratic state that intends to be subject to the rule of law, set upon the pillars of the principals of private property, liberty and equality and grounded on the application of the rules of non-retroactive enforcement and legality to legal rules (and not merely to legal texts), this work seeks to justify the necessary prospective limitation of the effects of a decision that establishes a new legal holding, which consequently eliminates a previously settled holding, in relation to which taxpayers acted based on the legitimate expectation that they were acting in accordance with that which the authentic interpreter of the law held to be correct / Este trabalho tem por objeto o estudo sobre a modulação dos efeitos especialmente a aplicação de efeitos prospectivos das decisões proferidas pelos tribunais superiores que impliquem alteração de entendimento anteriormente manifestado e, consequentemente, reconheçam uma nova ou mais onerosa relação jurídica tributária. Partiu-se da distinção entre norma jurídica e texto de lei (enunciado prescritivo), considerando ser a norma jurídica resultante de um processo interpretativo realizado por todos aqueles que disponham do mínimo de senso cognitivo. Estes têm no intérprete autêntico, no Poder Judiciário, a figura daquele que possui a última palavra sobre o que é o direito, independentemente dos demais resultados interpretativos e a estes se sobrepondo. Existindo coincidência nos resultados interpretativos (mesma norma jurídica), ou dizendo, o Poder Judiciário, qual o sentido da norma jurídica, há a idealização de um núcleo estável de normas jurídicas. Tal núcleo representa a certeza em relação ao sentido que deve ser atribuído a determinado texto normativo, de modo a gerar previsibilidade e estabilidade, fundadas num estado geral de confiança legítima e orientadoras das condutas dos contribuintes. A partir dessas premissas, com base na segurança jurídica, enquanto elemento fundamental do Estado Democrático que se pretenda ser de Direito, elevada sobre os pilares dos princípios da propriedade, da liberdade e da igualdade e com fundamento na aplicação das regras da irretroatividade e da legalidade às normas jurídicas (e não apenas aos textos legais), este trabalho intenta justificar a necessária modulação prospectiva dos efeitos da decisão que estabelece um novo entendimento jurisprudencial, afastando, consequentemente, entendimento anteriormente pacificado, em relação ao qual os contribuintes atuaram baseados na confiança legítima de que estavam agindo segundo aquilo que o intérprete autêntico entendia ser o correto

La « responsabilité de protéger », concept politique adopté en 2005 pour prévenir et mettre fin aux atrocités criminelles, repose sur un premier pilier —l'obligation de l'Etat de protéger ses populations— dont le consensus apparent a conduit à un manque d’analyse institutionnelle dans sa double dimension constitutionnelle comparée et internationale. Or, l’obligation de l’Etat incombe enparticulier au chef d'Etat. Son obligation de protéger est un élément commun de définition de sa fonction, mais aussi un critère essentiel de différenciation —selon que le chef d’Etat relève d’un modèle étatiste, privilégiant la protection de l’Etat quitte à suspendre le droit, ou d’un modèle libéral, privilégiant la protection de la Constitution et la soumission permanente de l’action politique au droit. La thèse analyse d'abord les sources de l'obligation de protéger du chef d’Etat,successivement théorisée, constitutionnalisée et internationalisée, puis l'exécution de cette obligation résultant de prérogatives, d'immunités et de contrôles de la protection. Les sources de l’obligation révèlent que le chef d’Etat, à l’interface des ordres juridiques interne et international, aune obligation spécifique, non réductible à celle de l’Etat ou de l’individu, qui comporte à la fois une dimension négative (ne pas commettre de crimes contre la population) et une dimension positive(empêcher la commission de tels crimes) et dont l’internationalisation permet de combler les lacunes des Constitutions. Si l’exécution par le chef d’Etat de son obligation de protéger, par la mise en oeuvre de ses prérogatives de protection, est soumise à un contrôle croissant, tant politique que juridictionnel, ce processus reste néanmoins inachevé, faute d'une responsabilité politique internationale, systématique et institutionnalisée. La thèse conclut à l’utilité d'une individualisation de la « responsabilité de protéger » et à l’enrichissement de ce concept par le contrôle de l’obligation de protéger du chef d’Etat. / The political concept of the “responsibility to protect” was adopted in 2005 to prevent and p ut anend to criminal atrocities. The apparent consensus over its first pillar, the State’s obligation to protect its populations, has resulted in a lack of institutional analyses regarding its combined comparative constitutional and international aspects. Importantly, the State’s obligation rests in particular with the Head of State. The obligation to protect is common to all heads of state, but it also differentiates among them, depending on whether their obligation is State-oriented (with the aim to protect the State, even if that requires the suspension of the rule of law) or Rule-of-law oriented (with the aim to protect a liberal constitutional order while always subjecting political actionto the rule of law). The thesis begins with an analysis of the sources of law relating to the Head of State’s obligation to protect, as it was successively theorised, constitutionalised and internationalised. It then turns to the execution of this obligation, which derives from the Head of State’s prerogatives, the relevant immunities involved and available institutional review over his orher activities. The study of the sources reveals that the Head of State (at the interface between the domestic and the international legal orders) is bound by a specific obligation, which exceeds the confines of the obligations of either the State or the individual. This obligation is both negative and positive as it requires both not to commit crimes against the population, and to prevent and put an end to such crimes. Its international dimension supplements the missing parts in the Constitutions.The execution of this obligation, by the implementation of the Head of State’s prerogatives, is subject to an increasing political and judicial control. However, this control remains under construction due to a lack of systematic and institutionalized international political responsibility. The thesis concludes that the “responsibility to protect” could be usefully “individualized” and enriched by institutional supervision and judicial review of the Head of State’s obligation to protect.

Dans notre monde actuel, les entreprises utilisent, pour se prémunir de toute atteinte et protéger au maximum leurs intérêts économiques, des techniques contractuelles élaborées par la pratique telles que les clauses de non-concurrence, les clauses de confidentialité, les clauses de non-réaffiliation et les clauses de non sollicitation.Ces clauses occupent de multiples champs de l’activité contractuelle en mêlant le droit des contrats, le droit des affaires et le droit du travail. Elles visent à interdire au cocontractant, d’exercer une activité professionnelle, de divulguer des informations secrètes, ou encore d’embaucher certains collaborateurs. Ainsi, elles viennent limiter une liberté fondamentale, plus spécialement la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie. Dès lors, il semble nécessaire d’élaborer un régime juridique commun à toutes ces clauses afin de préserver d’un coté la protection de l’activité économique des entreprises et de l’autre la sauvegarde de la liberté économique des contractants soumis à de telles clauses. L’intérêt d’un régime commun est d’anticiper les conditions de validité et de mise en œuvre des ce type de clauses. De cette façon, la prévisibilité ne ferait plus défaut aux contractants. L’élaboration de ce droit commun passe par deux étapes. La première est relative à l’identification des clauses limitatives de concurrence. Il s’agit de saisir leur autonomie par rapport aux contrats dans lesquels elles peuvent être insérées et d’en tirer les conséquences au niveau leur validité. La seconde est relative à la mise en œuvre de ces clauses. Leur application est délicate car dépendante pour une grande partie de la précision de leur contenu. En cas de non-respect, un vaste choix de remèdes est offert au contractant déçu pour venir sanctionner le manquement contractuel constaté. / In the modern world, to guard themselves from damage and to protect at best their economical interests, companies use contractual techniques developed by usage such as non-compete clauses,confidentiality clauses, non-reaffiliation clauses and non-solicitation clauses. These clauses cover many fields of contractual legality, mixing contract law, labor law and business law. Their aim is to prohibit the co-contractor to practice a professional activity, to disclose secret information, or even to employ specific colleagues, or contributors. Thus, they are brought to restrict a fundamental freedom, specifically the freedom of trade and of industry. As a result, it appears necessary to formulate a common legal system for all these clauses so as to preserve on one side the protection of the economic activity of the companies et on the other side the safeguard of the economic freedom of the co-contractors subject to these clauses. The benefit of a common legal system is the anticipation of the conditions of validity and implementation of this type of clause. In this way, the cocontractants will not lack in foresight. The development of this common right is in two steps. This includes confirming their autonomy relative to the contracts in which they may be inserted and draw the necessary conclusions regarding their validity. The second step is relative to the implementation of these clauses. Their application is sensitive because it depends for the most part on the precision of their content. In case of a breach of contract, a large array of legal remedies is available to the aggrieved contractor to penalize the breach of contract.