Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3460966 bytes, checksum: c2363ebecc6efb9b05e5a12ca28e3dd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / By means of oxidative coupling of phenylpropanoids, it was possible to develop a synthesis enantioselective method some natural lignans found in various plants that possess important biological activities. Through this method we obtained the novel synthesis of dihidrocarinatidina composed to be assigned valuable pharmacological activities. Thus, in patent (PI 1101946-8) submitted by our research group, describe the preparation of some natural process lignans, using this, peroxidase contained in coconut water (Cocos nucifera) that acts as a biocatalyst, and hydrogen peroxide as an agent oxidant in the oxidative coupling of acid p-(OH)-phenylpropanoids. Thus, dimeric forms of isoeugenol (Licarina A) and dihidrocarinatidina heterodimer production by oxidative cross-coupling between eugenol and isoeugenol were obtained. This technique was also carried out the synthesis of seringaresinol by dimerization sinapílico alcohol, once methylated provided in yangambin. Moreover, were made by this method, attempts to synthesize the conocarpan. It is noteworthy that all these substances have great pharmacological importance. Using an aqueous mixture of potassium ferrocyanide and ammonium hydroxide, promote oxidative coupling of eugenol, which provided the dehidrodieugenol, its methylation with methyl iodide and potassium carbonate provided mainly in the form monomethyl ether and minority, the dimethyl derivative. The products of the reactions were characterized by 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectra, which were then faced with spectral data of natural counterparts in the literature. Tests for leishmania activity licarina A, dehidrodieugenol and its mono and dimethyl ether derivatives were developed. Through these trials there were activities against Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major (licarina A) and promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis (dehidrodieugenol), with more efficient results than the reference drug. The highlighted dehidrodieugenol monometilado showed antiparasitic activity against Leishmania amazonensis. / Por meio do acoplamento oxidativo de fenilpropanóides, foi possível desenvolver um método de síntese enantiosseletivo de algumas lignanas naturais encontradas em diversas plantas e que possuem importantes atividades biológicas. Através deste método obteve-se a síntese inédita da dihidrocarinatidina, composto ao qual se atribui importantes atividades farmacológicas. Destarte, em patente (PI 1101946-8) submetida por nosso grupo de pesquisa, descrevemos processo de preparo de algumas lignanas naturais, utilizando para isso, peroxidase contida na água de coco (Cocos nucifera) que atua como biocatalizador, e água oxigenada como agente oxidante nos acoplamentos oxidativos de ácidos p-(OH)-fenilpropanoides. Deste modo, foram obtidas formas diméricas do isoeugenol (Licarina A) e a produção do heterodímero dihidrocarinatidina por meio do acoplamento oxidativo cruzado entre eugenol e isoeugenol. Através desta técnica, foi também realizada a síntese do seringaresinol, pela dimerização do álcool sinapílico, que uma vez metilado nos forneceu iangambina. Além disso, foram realizadas por este método, tentativas de síntese do conocarpan. Vale ressaltar, que todas estas substâncias apresentam grande importância farmacológica. Utilizando uma mistura aquosa de ferrocianeto de potássio e hidróxido de amônia, promovemos o acoplamento oxidativo do eugenol, que nos forneceu o dehidrodieugenol, sua metilação com iodeto de metila e carbonato de potássio forneceu majoritariamente, a forma monometil éter e minoritariamente, o derivado dimetiléter. Os produtos das reações foram caracterizados pelos espectros de 13C-RMN e 1H-RMN, que depois foram confrontados com dados espectrais dos homólogos naturais encontrados na literatura. Foram desenvolvidos ensaios de atividade antileishmania para a licarina A, dehidrodieugenol e seus derivados mono e dimetil éteres. Por meio destes ensaios verificaram-se atividades antileishmania contra formas promastigotas e amastigotas de Leishmania major (licarina A) e formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis (dehidrodieugenol), apresentando resultados mais eficientes que a droga de referência. O dehidrodieugenol monometilado mostrou destacada atividade antiparasitária contra Leishmania amazonensis.

O processo inflamatório subclinico encontra-se associado à prevenção e controle de um agrupamento de fatores de risco (FR) nutricionais, entre eles, dislipidemia e aumento de depósito de gordura visceral. Indicadores nutricionais, inflamatórios e metabólicos parecem estar associados com o estilo de vida. A semente de linhaça tem sido reconhecida como um alimento rico em fibras e -3, entretanto, um novo constituinte de sua composição nutricional tem merecido atenção, pelo seu papel antiinflamatório e antioxidante. Este componente é chamado de lignanas, um polímero complexo e o principal constituinte não-carbohidrato de plantas vasculares. Está ligado a fibras de celulose, e é responsável por reforçar a estrutura das paredes celulares, o que previne o colapso das mesmas. Lignanas, em contato com a microflora intestinal humana transformam-se em enterolignanas, especialmente, enterodiol e enterolactona. O presente trabalho tem por hipótese que o teor de lignanas dietético pode interferir no perfil metabólico, e alterar fatores de riscos envolvidos no estado nutricional, e consequentemente na saúde. O conhecimento de que diferentes características na composição nutricional de macronutrientes da dieta poderiam modificar o perfil inflamatório, independentemente, da presença das enterolignanas provenientes da semente de linhaça também constituíram o objetivo deste estudo. Por 42 dias, foram avaliados 52 funcionários, pertencentes ao sexo masculino, com idade média de 37± 9 anos, de uma indústria de grande porte, na cidade de Itu-SP. Os voluntários foram divididos em 4 grupos de pesquisa, sendo, um grupo controle, e três grupos com dietas isocalóricas e diferentes proporções no % de carboidratos (CH), e acréscimo de semente de linhaça em pó ou arroz cru triturados (protocolo duplo cego). Foi preenchida ficha de coleta de informações sobre dados pessoais e conhecimento de fatores de risco (hipertensão, dislipidemia e diabetes), comportamentos de risco (tabagismo e sedentarismo) e antecedentes familiares. Foi também realizada avaliação clinico - laboratorial, no qual se obteve o registro de medidas antropométricas, medida da pressão arterial e coleta de sangue venoso em jejum de 12 h para avaliação de indicadores bioquímicos referentes à FR cardiovascular, tais como, colesterol total e frações (LDL-c e HDL-c), triglicérides, glicemia, insulina, Homa-beta e Homa-IR, ácido úrico, bem como, para avaliação de indicadores inflamatórios (Proteína C Reativa (PCR), Fator de Necrose Tumoral (TNF-) e Isoprostane Sérico), hormonais (Leptina e Adiponectina) e nutricionais (Enterodiol e Enterolactona séricas e urinárias). Observou-se que para redução significativa das medidas antropométricas estudadas e indicador de estresse oxidativo não houve diferenças entre os grupos que receberam intervenção dietética. Entretanto, para a melhora do perfil bioquímico, inflamatório, hormonal e nutricional, diferentes respostas foram encontradas. Os grupos que receberam dietas com redução de CH total (32% e 35%) mostraram benefícios, no que se refere ao perfil bioquímico, especialmente, colesterol total, LDL-c e ácido úrico, como também, para o perfil hormonal, referente aos níveis de adiponectina (p <0,05). Com relação aos níveis de PCR e TNF-, apenas os grupos que tiveram acréscimo de semente de linhaça na dieta apresentaram redução significativa (p<0,05). Para os níveis de triglicérides, somente o grupo com adição de semente de linhaça e 32 % de CH total apresentou diminuição significativa (p<0,05). Foi observado que com 32 % de CH total ingerido e adição de um alimento rico em lignanas constituiu-se uma estratégia nutricional relevante, para prevenção primária de fatores de risco metabólicos e controle da inflamação subclinica, o que pode contribuir na redução da morbi-mortalidade a eles associada. / The control of subclinical inflammatory process is associated with the prevention nutritional RF (risk factor), such as dislipidemia and the increase of visceral fat deposition. Nutritional, inflammatory and metabolic indicators seem also to related to life style. The linseed has been recognized as rich in fibers and -3. However, a new component in its nutritional composition has deserved the attention for its anti- inflammatory and antioxidant roles. This component is called lignans, a complex polymer and the main non-carbohydrate constituent of vascular plants. It is binded to cellulose fibers and is responsible for reinforcing cell walls structure, preventing them from collapsing. Plant lignans, in contact with the human intestinal flora, become enterolignans, specially enterodiol and enterolactone. This present work hypothetically that the amount of dietetic plant lignans interfere in the metabolic profile, altering the risk factors involved in the nutritional health state and consequently, the welfare state. Therefore, the objective of this study is to know if different diet nutritional composition characteristics can change the inflammatory profile, independently of the presence of enterolignans from the linseed. For 42 days, 52 male volunteers, average 37±9 years old, from a industrial city of Itu-SP, were evaluated. The volunteers were divided into 4 research groups; one control group and 3 groups on isocaloric diets with different proportion of carbohydrate (CH) and the addition of powdered linseed or ground raw rice (a double blind protocol). Personal data, RF (hypertension, dislipidemia and diabetes), habits (smoking and sedentary) and family antecedents were collected. A nutritional-laboratorial evaluation was performed in order to get anthropometric data; blood pressure checked and blood samples (after 12 hours fast) for total cholesterol and fractions (LDL-c and HDL-c ), triglycerides, glycemia, insulin, Homa-beta and Homa-IR, uric acid, inflammatory indicators (Reactive-C Protein (PCR) , Tumoral Necrosis Factor (TNF-a) and Seric Isoprostane ), hormonal (Leptin and Adiponectin), enterodiol and enterolactone seric and urinary enterolignins. It was observed a reduction of the studied anthropometric measures and for the oxidative stress indicators. A significant change occurred in the anthropometric measurements and the oxidative stress marker evaluated for all groups, but no difference among them was noted. On the other hand, biochemical, inflammatory, hormonal and nutritional profile significant differences among groups was observed. The groups that received diets with the reduction of the total CH (32% and 35% ) showed improvements in the biochemical profile, specially in the total cholesterol, LDL-c and uric acid, as well as the hormonal profile, in the levels of adiponectin (p< 0,05) . The levels of PCR and TNF-a, only the groups that had the linseed, showed a reduction (p< 0,05). For the triglycerides levels, only the group with the addition of linseed and 32% of total CH showed a decrease. It was observed with 32% of CH and the addition of food lignans constitute a nutritional relevant strategy for the primary prevention of metabolic risk factors and control of subclinical inflammation, contributing to the reduction of the associated morbi-mortality.

Orientadores: Silmara Marques Allegretti, Vera Lúcia Garcia Rehder / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T02:12:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_ClaudineideNascimentoFernandesde_D.pdf: 6645819 bytes, checksum: c09a778f460110b77585bd22b8da5344 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A propagação da esquistossomose e a ameaça de tolerância e resistência ao fármaco de escolha, o praziquantel, têm intensificado as pesquisas utilizando plantas medicinais com o intuito de promover o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos esquistossomicidas. A planta Phyllanthus amarus (quebra-pedra) possui atividades antiinflamatória e hepatoprotetora já comprovadas cientificamente, o que fez com que a mesma fosse selecionada para este estudo, uma vez que a principal patologia da esquistossomose é a formação de granulomas (processo inflamatório) no fígado. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um fracionamento biomonitorado do extrato etanólico de P. amarus por meio de ensaios in vitro e in vivo com o intuito de verificar a ação esquistossomicida dessa planta contra o S. mansoni linhagem BH. Para a realização dos testes in vitro, os vermes adultos coletados foram incubados em placas contendo meio de cultura RPMI 1640, um casal de verme e amostras de extrato etanólico bruto, frações de diferentes polaridades ou lignanas isoladas nas concentrações 200, 100, 50 e 25 ?g/mL. Os vermes foram observados por um período de 72 horas, sendo avaliados a taxa de mortalidade, a oviposição, o acasalamento e as alterações tegumentares. A melhor atividade in vitro foi observada com a fração 2 butanólica, pois foi letal para 100% dos vermes em 48 h de observação, sendo assim selecionada para os testes in vivo. A fração 2 butanólica é composta majoritariamente por lignanas, por isso algumas delas (nirantina, filantina + nirantina e filantina + filtetralina + nirtetralina), mesmo não sendo efetivas nos testes in vitro, foram selecionadas para avaliação in vivo. Nos testes in vivo camundongos Balb/c foram tratados oralmente, 45 ou 60 dias após a infecção. No 45° dia de infecção os animais foram tratados com 100 e 200 mg/kg da fração 2 butanólica, 100 mg/kg das lignanas nirantina, filantina + nirantina e filantina + filtetralina + nirtetralina em dose única e 100 mg/kg da fração 2 butanólica distribuídos em 3 dias consecutivos. Já no 60° dia de infecção o tratamento foi feito em dose única com a fração 2 butanólica, nirantina, filantina + nirantina e filantina + filtetralina + nirtetralina (100mg/kg). A atividade in vivo foi avaliada com base nos seguintes parâmetros: ação sobre os vermes adultos, ovos eliminados nas fezes, oograma, formação das reações granulomatosas, e ação sobre o tegumento (feita por microscopia eletrônica de varredura - MEV). Os tratamentos mais efetivos no 45° dia de infecção foram apresentados pelos grupos tratados com filantina + nirantina e nirantina (100mg/kg). A lignana nirantina apresentou taxa de redução do número de ovos de 90,3% e a associação da filantina + nirantina, 63,8%. Os resultados referentes aos demais parâmetros (redução do total de vermes, de vermes fêmeas e do número de granulomas) foram semelhantes, apresentando taxas de redução em torno de 58%. Além dessas alterações, as imagens obtidas por MEV mostraram extensas lesões no tegumento dos vermes machos. No 60° dia de infecção, a associação de lignanas filantina + nirantina e a fração 2 butanólica (100mg/kg) apresentaram as taxas de redução mais significativas: 50,8% e 46,7% para o número total de vermes, 47,2% e 42,7% para o número de vermes fêmeas, 87,5% e 98,3% para o número de ovos e 44% e 18% para o número de granulomas, respectivamente. Assim sendo, de acordo com os parâmetros biológicos avaliados neste trabalho, a associação das lignanas filantina: nirantina na concentração de 100 mg/kg revelou um efeito esquistossomicida promissor, uma vez que foi efetiva nos dois períodos estudados / Abstract: The dissemination of schistosomiasis and the threat of its causing agents becoming resistant to the drug of choice, i.e., praziquantel, have intensified the research with medicinal plants to promote the development of new schistosomicidal drugs. Phyllanthus amarus (stone-breaker) is a plant whose anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities have already been attested, which is the reason why it was chosen for this study, as the main pathology of schistosomiasis is the formation of granulomas (inflammatory process) in the liver. The aim of this work was to carry out a bioguided fractionation of the ethanol extract of P. amarus by means of in vitro and in vivo assays in order to verify the schistosomicidal potential of that plant against S. mansoni, BH strain. To carry out the in vitro assays, the collected adult worms were incubated in plates containing RPMI 1640 medium, a pair of mating worms, and samples of crude ethanol extract, fractions of different polarities or isolated lignans at the concentrations of 200, 100, 50 and 25 ?g/mL. The worms were observed over a period of 72 hours, in which mortality rate, egg laying, mating, and tegumentary changes were evaluated. The best in vitro activity was provided by butanol fraction 2, as it proved lethal for 100% of the worms over 48 hours of observation, and so it was used in the in vivo assays. Butanol fraction 2 is mainly composed of lignans, and some of them (nirantin, filantin: nirantin, and filantin + filtetralin + nirtetralin), albeit not effective in the in vitro assays, were selected for in vivo evaluation. In the in vivo assays, Balb/c mice were treated orally 45 or 60 days following infection. On the 45th day following infection, the animals were treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg of butanol fraction 2, 100 mg/kg of filantina:nirantin and filantin + filtetralin + nirtetralin in a single dose, and 100 mg/kg of butanol fraction 2 distributed over 3 consecutive days. On the 60th day following infection, the treatment was carried out in a single dose with 100 mg/kg of butanol fraction 2, nirantin, filantina:nirantin, and filantin + filtetralin + nirtetralin. The in vivo activity was evaluated based on the following parameters: action on adult worms, eggs eliminated in the stool, egg counting, granulomatous reactions, and action on the tegument of the worms (using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The most effective treatments on the 45th day were those carried out with 100 mg/kg of filantina:nirantin, and nirantin. The association of filantina:nirantin provided a reduction of 63.8% in the number of eggs, whereas nirantin achieved a reduction rate of 90.3%. The results for the other parameters (reduction in the total number of worms, number of females, and number of granulomas) were similar with reduction rates around 58%. In addition to such changes, images obtained by SEM showed extensive lesions on the tegument of male worms. On the 60th day following infection, the filantin + nirantin association and butanol fraction 2 at 100 mg/kg achieved the most significant xxiii reduction rates: 50.8% and 46.7% in the total number of worms, respectively; 47.2% and 42.7% in the number of females, respectively; 87.5% and 98.3% in the number of eggs, respectively; and 44% and 18% in the number of granulomas, respectively. Therefore, according to the biological parameters evaluated in this work, the association of the lignans filantina:nirantin at 100 mg/kg has a promising schistosomicidal activity, as it was effective over two periods of treatment / Doutorado / Parasitologia / Doutora em Parasitologia

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Human Nutrition / Weiqun Wang / Wheat lignans are phenylpropane dimers linked by β-β bonds with a 1, 4-diarylbutane structure. They are biosynthesized in the cell cytoplasm through action of enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase (PLR) catalyzes the final steps of biosynthesis of wheat lignans. In epidemiological and clinical investigations, studies show that high plasma lignan amounts correlate with reduced risks of breast, colon, and prostate cancers. However, in some of the studies, the results are not consistent. More consistent results are observed when animal and cell culture models are used. Our previous studies in the Wang lab demonstrated that treatment of human colon cancer cells, SW480 with lignans results in a dose and time dependent inhibition of cancer cell growth. In the first paper, we investigated direct experimental cancer preventative characteristics of a wheat lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) vs. its metabolite enterolactone in human colon cancer SW480 cells. Treatment of cancer cells with 0-40 µM SDG or enterolactone resulted into inhibition of cancer cell growth as observed by reduction of cell numbers. The reduction appeared related to induction of S-phase cell cycle arrest rather than cytotoxic effect. Further analysis revealed that SDG was more stable in cell culture medium than enterolactone. HPLC-MS/ESI showed that enterolactone is the principle metabolite in cancer cells but undetectable SDG or its metabolites were in the cells treated with SDG. In the second paper, we investigated over expression of the PLR gene and enhancement of lignan levels in transgenic wheat. We transformed wheat cultivars (‘Bobwhite’, ‘Madison’, and ‘Fielder’ respectively) with the Forsythia intermedia PLR gene under the regulatory control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. Of the total 217 transgenic wheat lines, we successfully obtained 7 transformants with the inserted ubiquitin PLR gene as screened by PCR. Real-time PCR further indicated 109-117% PLR over expression over the transgenic control in 3 transformants of the 7 at T0 generation. In addition, the levels of SDG, as determined by HPLC was found to be significantly elevated in one of the 3 positive transgenic plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reported that genetically engineered wheat with over expressed PLR enzyme enhancing phytochemical lignan has been successfully achieved.

L’équilibre gustatif des vins secs repose notamment sur les saveurs amère et sucrée, dont les déterminants moléculaires n’ont été que partiellement élucidés. Un premier axe a consisté en l’étude de la contribution gustative des lignanes du chêne et neuf composés ont été observés pour la première fois dans le vin. Le (±)-lyonirésinol a été établi comme le plus amer et le plus abondant des lignanes isolés. Ses deux énantiomères ont été séparés, caractérisés par VCD et leur dégustation a révélé que seul le (+)-lyonirésinol possède une amertume modifiant le goût du vin. Dans un second axe, la saveur sucrée conférée par les raisins aux vins secs a été étudiée. Des expérimentations de vinification combinées à des outils sensoriels ont montré un gain de saveur sucrée au cours de la macération post-fermentaire à chaud et un effet des pépins de raisin sur le moelleux des vins secs. La mise en place d’un protocole de fractionnement d’extrait de pépins et de vin, par des techniques séparatives couplées à la gustatométrie, a permis la purification de six composés sapides. Plusieurs marqueurs de la sucrosité des vins secs ont ainsi été identifiés par FTMS et RMN : le mélange de deux nouvelles molécules, les acides 2-hydroxy-3-méthylpentanoïque-2-O-β-glucopyranoside et 2-hydroxy-4-méthylpentanoïque-2-O-β-glucopyranoside ; l’acide gallique-4-O-β-glucopyranoside et l’acide epi-DPA-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside, identifiés pour la première fois dans les vins, ainsi que l’ILA-Glc et l’astilbine. Ces nouveaux marqueurs ont été quantifiés dans les vins ainsi que dans les différentes parties de la baie pour préciser leur localisation et établir leur contribution gustative. / Dry wines taste balance is mainly based on bitter and sweet tastes, whose molecular determinants have been only partially explained. The first key objective was the study of the gustatory contribution of oak lignans. Nine compounds were identified in wines for the first time. (±)-lyoniresinol has been established as the bitterest and the most abundant of the isolated lignans. Its two enantiomers have been resolved, characterized by VCD and their tasting revealed that only (+)-lyoniresinol is bitter and modifies wine taste. In the second part of this work, the contribution of grapes to wine sweet taste has been studied. The combination between vinification experimentations and sensorial tools showed a gain of sweetness during a warm post-fermentative maceration as well as an influence of grape seeds on dry wine sweetness. A fractionation protocol of grape seeds macerates and wines has been established. Separation techniques coupled with gustatometry allowed the isolation of six taste active compounds. Several markers of dry wines sweetness have been identified by FTMS and NMR: the mix of two new compounds, 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside and 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic-2-O-β-glucopyranoside acids; gallic-4-O-β-glucopyranoside acid and epi-DPA-3′-O-β-glucopyranoside acid, identified for the first time in wines, ILA-Glc and astilbin. These new markers have been quantified in wines and in different parts of grape berry in order to refine their localization and to establish their gustatory contribution.

Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques généralistes réalisées de 2009 à 2014, dans 4 départements de la région de l’Ouest Cameroun, ont permis de collecter 561 plantes utilisées en médecine traditionnelle. L'évolution sur le terrain a été la méthode utilisée. 4 plantes ont été sélectionnées : Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa et Afzelia africana. La préparation des extraits à partir des écorces du tronc a été réalisée en présence de solvants de polarité croissante (CH2Cl2, MeOH et MeOH/H2O). Une activité anti-inflammatoire in vitro a été observée pour les extraits MeOH/H2O et les décoctions de C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides et V. paradoxa avec une inhibition de la production de NO de plus de 60 % à 10µg/ml. Tous les extraits d’A. africana, ont montré une inhibition de la production de NO > 8O% mettant en évidence une activité anti-inflammatoire élevée. A partir de ces résultats et compte tenu du manque de données phytochimiques, A. africana est choisie pour la suite du travail. A partir de l’extrait méthanol d’A. africana, 13 composés ont été isolés et identifiés : 9 flavonoïdes et dérivés (dihydrokaempférol, kaempférol3-O-néohespéridoside-7-O-rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrine-7-O-β-D glucopyranose-6″-(4 hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifoline-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, lutéoline, catéchine, dunnianoside D, glucoside phénolique) et 4 lignanes (lyoniside, nudiposide, ssioriside et alcool trans dihydrodéhydroconiférylique). Ces composés sont isolés pour la 1ère fois dans l’écorce du tronc d’A. africana. Du fait de l’activité anti-inflammatoire élevée de la décoction, un gel a été envisagé pour application par voie locale. / Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out from 2009 to 2014, in four divisions located in the western region of Cameroon. One method was used to collect the data. The evolution on the ground. Finally 561 plants were collected. Among the plants listed, four were selected: Terminalia avicennioides, Crossopterix febrifuga, Vitellaria paradoxa and Afzelia africana. The extracts were prepared from the stem bark of selected plants in the presence of solvents of increasing polarity (CH2Cl2, MeOH and MeOH/H2O). Anti-inflammatory activity was observed for MeOH/H2O extracts and decoctions of C. febrifuga, T. avicennioides and V. paradoxa with inhibition of NO production more than 60% at 10 μg/ml. All extracts of A. africana showed significant inhibition of NO production > 80%, indicating a high anti-inflammatory activity. On the basis of these results and given the fact that few studies had been carried out, Afzelia africana was chosen for the further work. From the methanol extract of A. africana, 13 compounds have been isolated and identified: 9 flavonoids and derivatives ( dihydrokaempferol, kaempferol-neohesperidoside-7-O rhamnoside, 2R,3R-trans-aromadendrin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranose-6″-(4‴-hydroxy-2‴-méthylènebutanoate), taxifolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, sinensine, isosinensine, luteolin, catechin and dunnianoside D). 4 lignans ( lyoniside, nudiposide, ssiorisid and : trans -dihydrodehydroconiferyl alcohol).All these compounds are isolated for the first time in the stem bark of Afzelia africana.Due to the high anti-inflammatory activity of the decoction an initial development of the decoction was considered with the development of an anti-inflammatory gel for local application.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), is a naturally-occurring lignan isolated from the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata). The aqueous extract of this shrub, commonly referred to as Chaparral tea, was listed in the American pharmacopeia as an ethnobotanical used to treat tuberculosis, arthritis and cancer. Other documented traditional applications of creosote bush extract include treatment for infertility, rheumatism, arthritis, diabetes, gallbladder and kidney stones, pain and inflammation among many others. In spite of the numerous pharmacological properties, NDGA use has been associated with toxicities including hepatotoxicity in humans. Previous studies in our group showed that oxidative cyclization of NDGA (a di-catechol) at physiological pH forms a dibenzocyclooctadiene that may have therapeutic benefits whilst oxidation to ortho-quinone likely mediates toxicological properties. In order to investigate the structural features responsible for pharmacological and toxicological properties, a series of NDGA analogues were designed, synthesized and characterized for the purpose of studying their oxidative metabolism. Literature procedures were modified to successfully prepare seven lignan analogues via multi-step synthesis. In our effort to understand the mechanisms of NDGA intramolecular cyclization, the prepared analogues were incubated under previously established conditions where NDGA autoxidized to yield the dibenzocyclooctadiene derivative. We also evaluated the stability of the analogues under the conditions of this study. Furthermore, we evaluated bioactivation potential of the prepared analogues with a goal of eliminating reactive metabolite liability through rational structural modification. We incubated NDGA and its analogues in rat liver microsomes (RLM) in the presence of glutathione as a nucleophilic trapping agent. Standards for comparison were generated by performing glutathione trapping experiments with chemical and enzyme oxidation systems. The potential of the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignan 2 derived from NDGA under physiological conditions to contribute to toxicological properties via reactive metabolite formation was also evaluated. Glutathione conjugates were detected by electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) scanning for neutral loss (NL) 129 Da or 307 Da in positive ion mode or precursor ion (PI) scanning for 272 Da in negative ion mode and further characterized by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) or in a single LC-MS run using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) as a survey scan to trigger acquisition of enhanced product ion (EPI) data. We determined that NDGA autoxidation at pH 7.4 is dependent on substituents and/or substitution pattern on the two aromatic rings. In particular, spontaneous intramolecular cyclization to a dibenzocyclooctadiene required a di-catechol lignan, raising the possibility that o-Q formation may not be necessary for cyclization to occur. Cyclization was significantly inhibited in the presence of excess GSH which supports the involvement of free radicals as opposed to o-Q in the intramolecular cyclization process. The mono-catechol analogues A1 and A4 underwent oxidation to o-Q but no evidence of cyclization was found implying that electrophilic substitution cannot account for NDGA cyclization. The phenol-type analogues were oxidatively more stable in comparison with the catechol-type analogues at pH 7.4. The results demonstrate that electrophilic substitution makes no contribution to the intramolecular cyclization process and that a radical mediated process accurately describes the situation for NDGA. Oxidative metabolism and bioactivation studies on NDGA and its analogues revealed that reactive metabolites formation is dependent on substitution and/or substitution pattern of the aromatic rings. Cytochrome P450-mediated oxidation of NDGA and its catechol-type analogues yielded electrophilic intermediates which reacted with GSH. The GSH mono-conjugates were identified as ring adducts derived from o-Q although the position at which the GSH binds to the aromatic rings could not be determined. We also found that NL 129 or 307 scanning in positive ionization mode has potential diagnostic utility in distinguishing between aromatic and benzylic GSH conjugates although further studies may be required for validation. We found no evidence of p-QM either directly or via isomerization of o-Q intermediates suggesting that o-Q is the major reactive toxicophore responsible for reactive metabolite mediated toxicities associated with NDGA use. In addition, we demonstrated that the NDGA-derived dibenzycyclooctadiene lignan (cNDGA 2) undergoes P450-mediated oxidation to a reactive metabolite which might have toxicological implications. There was no evidence of P450-mediated oxidation to reactive metabolites for the phenol-type NDGA analogues. It is concluded that structural modification efforts should focus on phenol-type analogues to potentially enhance the safety profile of NDGA.

Les sous-produits qui proviennent de l’industrie du bois, particulièrement les nœuds, contiennent différents types de molécules qui peuvent être valorisées comme source de composants bioactifs pouvant répondre à des besoins thérapeutiques. C’est sur cette idée que le projet "Le Bois Santé" a été conçu. Grâce à la collaboration de plusieurs partenaires, le présent travail vise dans un premier temps à développer des procédés d’extraction "verts" (solide-liquide et supercritique) pour obtenir un extrait riche en lignanes à partir d’un mélange de nœuds d’épicéa commun et de sapin pectiné. Les effets des conditions opératoires sur le rendement d’extraction de chaque composé cible et sur l’activité anti-oxydante des extraits ont été déterminés. Afin d’étudier le procédé complet, le projet vise à étudier l’impact des procédés de concentration et de séchage de l’extrait à partir de l’évaporation sous vide et de la lyophilisation. De plus, la séparation et la purification des composés ont été développées et optimisées par simulation grâce à la technique de chromatographie frontale / By-products from wood industry, particularly knots, contain different types of molecules that can be valued as a source of bioactive components meeting therapeutic needs. It is on this idea that the project "Le Bois Santé" was designed. Through the collaboration of several partnerships, the present work aims initially to develop a "green" extraction processes (solid-liquid and supercritical) to obtain an extract rich in lignans from a mixture of norway spruce and silver fir knots. The effects of operating conditions on the extraction yield of each target compound and the antioxidant activity of the extracts were determined. To understand the entire process, the project aims to investigate the impact of concentration and drying processes using vacuum evaporation and lyophilisation. Moreover, the separation and purification of the compounds have been developed and optimized using frontal chromatography technique

Ce mémoire de thèse est composé de deux parties distinctes ayant comme thématique commune, les réactions multicomposants (MCR). Nous nous sommes intéressés dans un premier temps au développement d’une nouvelle MCR conduisant à des dérivés de l’indole, hétérocycle rencontré dans de nombreuses substances naturelles et composés biologiquement actifs. Nous avons ainsi mis au point un nouvelle méthodologie MCR séquentielle, rapide et efficace permettant d’accéder sélectivement, à partir des trois mêmes substrats (un précurseur indolique, un alcyne vrai et un accepteur de Michael) à deux familles de composés : les cyclopent[b]indoles ou les pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles par une simple inversion de l’ordre des réactions. Puis dans un deuxième temps, nous avons élaboré une nouvelle synthèse totale diastéréosélective de lignanes tétrahydrofuraniques trisubstitués, connus pour leur abondance dans la nature et leurs propriétés biologiques très variées. Cette synthèse courte est composée de trois étapes clés : une réaction de cyclofonctionnalisation multicomposants palladocatalysée, une déméthoxycarboxylation -élimination utilisant des conditions de Krapcho modifiées et une réaction de type Hayashi-Miyaura permettant d’introduire le deuxième groupement aryle. Cette dernière réaction d’addition conjuguée a représenté le défi de cette synthèse et a donc fait l’objet d’une étude particulière sur un substrat modèle. / This thesis was split in two parts with the same thematic: multicomponent reactions (MCR). In the first one, we were focused on the development of two novel MCR leading to indole derivatives, an important heterocycle with numerous biological properties. We elaborated two new sequential, rapid and efficient methodologies involving three same partners, an indolic precursor, a terminal alkyne and a Michael acceptor added in predetermined order. This sequence allowed us to obtain two type of heterocycles, cyclopent[b]indoles or pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles. In the second one, we developed a new diastereoselective total synthesis of trisubstitued tetrahydrofurans-type lignans, known for their abundance in nature and diverse biological activities. This short and efficient synthesis was composed of three key steps: a palladium-catalyzed threecomponents cyclization step, a Krapcho demethoxycarboxylation-elimination procedure and a stereoselective rhodium-catalyzed conjugate addition of an aryl group. This Hayashi-Miyaura reaction has represented the synthetic challenge that we have firstly studied on a model substrate.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / The effects of the acute administration of yangambin (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg intraperitoneal and oral), were studied in some animals behavioral models (open field, rotarod, forced swimming test, barbiturate-induced sleeping time, hole board, elevated plus maze, pentilenotetrazole-induced convulsion). Binding in vitro with differents concentrations of yangambin (0.5-200 microlitre), had been carried out to evaluate its interaction with the dopaminergic receptors (D1- and D2-like), muscarinic receptors (M1+M2)-like and serotonergic receptors (5-HT2)-like, as well as, HPLC studies to determine the effects of yangambin (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg, i.p.) after 24 h of its acute administration on the monoamines levels and its metabolites in mice motor cortex and striatum. The results showed that yangambin induced a significant reduction in the locomotor activity and the frequencies of rearing and grooming in the open field test, indicative of possible ansiolytic-like effect. These results can have related with the dopaminergic system, since that it had interaction of the yangambin with D1- e D2-sÃmile receptors, in striatum and D2-sÃmile in motor cortex, followed by a dopamine reduction, indicating a probable dopaminergic antagonistic action. The yangambin did not cause alteration in the motor coordination of the animals in the rotarod test, suggesting that the reduction of the locomotor activity can involve central action. It had a significant increase in the immobility of the mice in the forced swimming test induced by the yangambin. This effect, taken together with the reduction of the dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin induced by yangambin in striatum, can explain its depressant effect in this model. Moreover, corroborating these results, the yangambin increased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time in treated mice, suggestive of central depressant effect. Yangambin in the doses used in this work, did not protect the animals from pentilenotetrazole-induced convulsions, suggesting that this effect depends on the used dose. In the hole board test, the yangambin increased the number of the head dips, in all the doses studied, intraperitoneal or oral, demonstrating ansiolytic activity. The ansiolytic effect of yangambin (75 mg/kg, i.p. and 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, p.o.) was also confirmed in the elevated plus maze, where it presented significant increase in the percentage of the entries number in the open arms and the percentage of the time of permanence in the open arms. Yangambin 50 and 75 mg/kg, p.o., also increased the number of entries and the time of permanence in the open arms, respectively. However, yangambin 25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p., presented ansiogenic effect evidenced by the reduction of the time of permanence in the open arms which probably due to the absence of the formation of some active metabolite generated in the first-pass metabolism. The ansiolytic effect induced for yangambin 75 mg/kg, p.o., in the plus maze, was reverted with flumazenil (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.), indicating the possible participation of the GABAergic receptors in its mechanism of action. The ansiolytic effect of the yangambin, observed in the hole board and the plus maze test, was followed by a reduction of noradrenaline and serotonin in striatum, however, in the motor cortex, yangambin (75 mg/kg, i.p.), induced an increase of the noradrenaline levels, as well as yangambin (25, 50 and 75 mg/kg, i.p.) induced serotonin increase, demonstrating that the ansiolytic effect associated to the reduction of noradrenaline and serotonin depends on the cerebral area. The blockade of the dopaminergic receptors induced by yangambin was synergic to its agonist action on the cholinergic receptors, since that it did not modify the reduction of the locomotive activity of the animals in the open field test. The present work shows an interaction between the systems dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic and GABAergic, that suggest the importance of yangambin in illnesses that modify these systems of neurotransmission. The yangambin presented compatible behavioural and neurochemical alterations with ansiolytic-like effect. / Os efeitos da administraÃÃo aguda da iangambina (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg, por via intraperitoneal e oral), foram estudados em vÃrios modelos animais de comportamento (campo aberto, rota rod, nado forÃado, tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital, placa perfurada, labirinto em cruz elevado, convulsÃo induzida por pentilenotetrazol). Binding in vitro com diferentes concentraÃÃes de iangambina (0,5-200 microlitros), foram realizados para avaliar sua interaÃÃo com os receptores dopaminÃrgicos (D1- e D2-sÃmile), receptores muscarÃnicos (M1+M2)-sÃmile e receptores serotonÃrgicos (5-HT2)-sÃmile, bem como, estudo em HPLC para determinar os efeitos da iangambina (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg,i.p.) apÃs 24 horas de sua administraÃÃo aguda sobre os nÃveis de monoaminas e seus metabÃlitos em cÃrtex motor e corpo estriado de camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que a iangambina induziu uma diminuiÃÃo significativa na atividade locomotora e nas freqÃÃncias de rearing e grooming no teste de campo aberto, indicativo de possÃvel efeito ansiolÃtico. Estes resultados podem estar relacionados com o sistema dopaminÃrgico, desde que houve interaÃÃo da iangambina com os receptores D1- e D2-sÃmile, em corpo estriado e D2-sÃmile em cÃrtex motor, acompanhado de uma reduÃÃo de dopamina, indicando uma provÃvel aÃÃo antagonista dopaminÃrgica. A iangambina nÃo causou alteraÃÃo na coordenaÃÃo motora dos animais no teste de rota rod, sugerindo que a reduÃÃo da atividade locomotora possa envolver aÃÃo central. Houve um aumento significativo na imobilidade dos camundongos no teste do nado forÃado induzido pela iangambina. Este efeito, juntamente com a reduÃÃo da dopamina, noradrenalina e serotonina induzida pela iangambina em corpo estriado, pode explicar seu efeito depressor neste modelo. AlÃm disso, corroborando estes resultados, a iangambina potenciou o tempo de sono induzido pelo pentobarbital em camundongos, sugestivo de efeito depressor central. Iangambina nas doses empregadas neste trabalho, nÃo protegeu os animais das convulsÃes induzidas por pentilenotetrazol, sugerindo que este efeito depende da dose usada. No teste da placa perfurada, a iangambina aumentou o nÃmero de head dips, em todas as doses estudadas, por via intraperitoneal ou oral, demonstrando atividade ansiolÃtica. O efeito ansiolÃtco da iangambina (75 mg/kg, i.p e 25, 50 e 75 mg/kg, v.o.) tambÃm foi confirmado no teste do labirinto em cruz elevado, onde apresentou aumento significativo na percentagem do nÃmero de entradas nos braÃos abertos e na percentagem do tempo de permanÃncia nos braÃos abertos. Iangambina (50 e 75 mg/kg, v.o.) tambÃm aumentou o nÃmero de entradas e o tempo de permanÃncia nos braÃos abertos, respectivamente. No entanto, iangambina 25 e 50 mg/kg, i.p., apresentou efeito ansiogÃnico evidenciado pela reduÃÃo do tempo de permanÃncia nos braÃos abertos o que provavelmente pode dever-se a ausÃncia da formaÃÃo de algum metabÃlito ativo gerado no metabolismo de primeira passagem. O efeito ansiolÃtico induzido pela iangambina 75 mg/kg, v.o., no modelo do labirinto, foi revertido com o flumazenil (2,5 mg/kg,i.p), indicando a possÃvel participaÃÃo dos receptores GABAÃrgicos no seu mecanismo de aÃÃo. O efeito ansiolÃtico da iangambina, observado no teste da placa perfurada e no labirinto em cruz elevado, foi acompanhado por uma reduÃÃo de noradrenalina e serotonina em corpo estriado, no entanto, em cÃrtex motor, iangambina (75 mg/kg, i.p.), induziu um aumento dos nÃveis de noradrenalina, assim como iangambina (25, 50 e 75 mg/kg, i.p.) induziu aumento de serotonina, demonstrando que o efeito ansiolitico associado a reduÃÃo de noradrenalina e serotonina depende da Ãrea cerebral. A iangambina interagiu com receptores muscarÃnicos em cÃrtex motor e corpo estriado. O bloqueio dos receptores dopaminÃrgicos induzido pela iangambina foi sinÃrgico à sua aÃÃo agonista sobre os receptores colinÃrgicos, desde que nÃo alterou a reduÃÃo da atividade locomotora dos animais no modelo de campo aberto. O presente trabalho mostra uma interaÃÃo entre os sistemas dopaminÃrgico, colinÃrgico, serotonÃrgico e GABAÃrgico, revelando a importÃncia da iangambina em doenÃas que alteram estes sistemas de neurotransmissÃo. A iangambina apresentou alteraÃÃes comportamentais e neuroquÃmicas compatÃveis com efeito ansiolÃtico-sÃmile.