Thesis The economic and sociological view of the current family deals with the issue of the current situation of Czech families and comparing the differences between living conditions of childless couples and families. The main goal of this work is to determine whether these living conditions are improving and what is institutional support families in the Czech Republic. The first section explains the basic concepts associated with the topic. Furthermore, the observed evolution of the traditional family from prehistory to the 20th century. and the emergence of the modern family and its present form. The following chapter dealing with the economic view of the family , which is mainly based on the ideas of Gary S. Becker. The next part describes and evaluates the institutional support of the family in the Czech Republic. The last part deals with the comparative analysis of the living conditions of Czech families with children and couples without children, which monitors several years development based on data obtained from the CSO and the research on living conditions in the country.

La diversité reflète le fait que les membres d’une communauté diffèrent selon certaines caractéristiques, liées à l'origine ethnique, au statut socio-économique ou à la culture. L’essor du commerce et l'intégration économique placent les sociétés modernes face à des niveaux de diversité croissants. Cette thèse évalue l’impact social et économique de la diversité locale. elle montre comment la diversité d’un quartier influe sur les conditions de vie et les perspectives d'emploi de ses habitants. Ce travail contribue à la littérature de trois façons: il examine des questions inexplorées à un niveau très local, révèle les mécanismes sous-jacents et fournit de nouvelles méthodes pour aborder la question de l'endogénéité. Le chapitre 1 montre que la diversité des origines a un effet négatif sur la qualité des biens publics locaux, du fait d’actes de vandalisme liés à un manque de pression des pairs, et du fait de l'échec de l'action collective qui permettrait une gestion efficace de la propriété. Aucun effet robuste sur la sécurité publique n’est à noter. Le chapitre 2 révèle que l'effet du chômage sur la criminalité a une dimension spatiale. Pour les crimes économiques, le taux de chômage des quartiers environnants a un effet plus fort que celui du voisinage immédiat, l'inverse étant vrai pour vandalisme. Le chapitre 3 montre que les personnes vivant dans un quartier plus diversifié ont des perspectives d'emploi inférieures, cet effet étant plus lié à la dimension culturelle qu’ethnique de la diversité. Le chapitre 4 développe un modèle rationalisant le recours des minorités ethniques à l'économie informelle en réponse à des conditions défavorables sur le marché du travail. / Diversity reflects the extent to which members of a given community share different characteristics, usually pertaining to ethnicity, socio-economic status or even culture. As a result of trade development and economic integration, modern societies have to cope with increasing levels of diversity, both in terms of origins and social statuses. The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the social and economic impacts of local diversity. More precisely, this thesis shows how neighborhood level diversity affects individuals’ living conditions and employment prospects. This work contributes to the existing literature in three ways: it examines unexplored issues at a very local level, gives new insights about the underlying mechanisms and provides new methods to address the endogeneity issue. Chapter 1 shows that diversity in terms of origins has a negative effect on the quality of local public goods, due to vandalism, not deterred by social policing, and due to collective action failure to ensure effective property management. However, it has no robust effect on public safety. Chapter 2 reveals that the effect of unemployment on crime has a spatial dimension: for economic crimes the effect of unemployment rate in surrounding neighborhoods is stronger than that of the immediate neighborhood, while the reverse holds for vandalism. Chapter 3 shows that people living in a diverse neighborhood face lower employment prospects, but that this effect is more related to cultural (e.g. language) diversity than to ethnic diversity. Chapter 4 develops a model rationalizing the fact that ethnic minorities turn to the informal economy in response to adverse labor market conditions.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to enlighten the knowledge and expand the understanding of the rapidly growing staffing agencies, which contributes to a great workflow and flexibility to the expense of secure employments. Through our own experience working in the staffing industry, we have asked the question “How does a group of low qualified staffing industry workers experience the working conditions in the staffing industry?” At the same time, we also chose to include the experiences of two recruiters to strengthen the experiences of ambulatory employees. (halftime workers) This study is based on a hermeneutic science method, we also used semi structured qualitative interviews to gather essential information and empirical data. To interpret the empirical material, we use tree theories as a tool to explain the phenomenon we intended to investigate. The theories are following Sasika Sassen – Expolsions, Guy Standing – The precarious and Norbert Elias & John L Scotson`s theory of the established and outsiders.     Our interpretation of the empirical material indicates that factors such as safety, solidarity and work conditions are affected in a negative way when you have a part-time employment. Where some people belonging to an abnormal social category often gets excluded and marginalized and excluded by others in the workplace. Part- time employment is characterized by flexibility, insecurity, exclusion, subordination, and lack of community.

Bakgrund: Sverige genomgår en pandemi och restriktioner kring bland annat socialt umgänge har uppstått. Detta har väckt intresset att undersöka konsekvenser för individens mående. Syfte: Denna studie ser till den psykiska ohälsan i Skaraborg och skillnader mellan boendesituationer och kön. Depression och generaliserad ångestsyndrom definierade den psykiska ohälsa som undersöktes i denna studie. Antaganden gjordes i relation till tidigare forskning att ensamboende och kvinnor upplever mer psykisk ohälsa än samboende och män. Metod: Urvalet bestod av invånare över 18 år bosatta i Skaraborg, totalt 611 respondenter besvarade enkäten som publicerades på den digitala plattformen Facebook. Dataanalysmetoder somg enomfördes var t-test, regressionsanalys och Cronbach´s Alpha. Resultat: Resultatet visade på ett samband mellan ensamboende och depression i jämförelse med samboende. Även att ensamboende kvinnor upplevde mer ångestsymtom än ensamboende män. Alkoholvanor och att tillhöra en riskgrupp undersöktes dessutom för att se om de påverkade resultaten. Ett samband upptäcktes mellan att dricka mer alkoho och mer depressiva symtom samt ångestsymtom. Cronbach´s Alpha visade på god reliabilitet för studiens huvudsakliga mätinstrument. Konklusion: Slutsatser för studien var att den psykiska ohälsan bör uppmärksammas i relation till pandemin, även skillnader i hälsa beroende på boendesituation och kön. / Background: Sweden is undergoing a pandemic and restrictions on social interaction have arisen. This has aroused an interest in examining the consequences for the individual's mental health. Aim: This study examines mental illness in Skaraborg and differences between housing situations and gender. Depression and generalized anxiety disorder defined the mental illness examined in this study. Assumptions were made inrelation to previous research that people living alone and women experience more mental illness than people living together with others and men. Method: The samplec onsisted of residents over the age of 18 living in Skaraborg, a total of 611 respondentsanswered the survey which was published on the digital platform Facebook. Dataanalysis methods performed were t-test, regression analysis and Cronbach's Alpha. Results: The results showed a connection between living alone and depression in comparison with living together. Also that women living alone experienced moregeneralized anxiety symptoms than men that were living alone. Alcohol habits a ndbelonging to a risk group were also examined to see if they affected the results. A link was found between drinking more alcohol and more depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms. Cronbach's Alpha showed good reliability for the study's main measuring instruments. Conclusion: Conclusions for the study were that mental illness should be taken into account in relation to the pandemic, also differences in health depending ont he housing situation and gender.

Våldsbrott i det svenska samhället är ett socialt problem som har ökat markant. Denna uppsats undersöker vad som gör att unga män är mer benägna till att begå våldsbrott än unga kvinnor. Studien grundar sig i åtta olika individers erfarenhet och upplevelser inom områden som innefattar polis, socialtjänst, skola, skyddsjour och tidigare kriminella. I uppsatsen tillämpas hermeneutiken för att förstå deltagarnas levda livsvärld. Uppsatsen utgår från en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer agerar underlag. I analysen används teorierna om maskulinitet av Raewyn Connell, sociala band av Thomas Scheff, Thomas Scheff & Suzanne Retzingers teori om emotioner och våld, samt Travis Hirschis sociala bandteori i social kontrollteori. Motivation och drivkrafter till våld som kommer fram i resultatet är bland annat manskonstruktioner, socialiseringsprocesser, diverse känslor och eftersträvan av materiell rikedom. Uppsatsen har stor betydelse för att främja social hållbarhet i samhället. Detta genom att upprätthålla social ordning, trygghet och trivsel. Genom att analysera och förstå de sociala, kulturella och strukturella faktorer som bidrar till unga mäns våldsbrott bidrar uppsatsen till ökad kunskap inom området. / Violent crime in Swedish society is a social problem that has increased significantly. This essay examines what makes young men more likely to commit violent crimes than young women. The study is based on the experience and experiences of eight different individuals in areas that include the police, social services, schools, shelters and former criminals. In the essay, hermeneutics is applied to understand the lived life world of the participants. The essay is based on a qualitative approach where semi-structured qualitative interviews act as a basis. The analysis uses the theories of masculinity by Raewyn Connell, social bonds by Thomas Scheff, Thomas Scheff & Suzanne Retzinger's theory of emotions and violence, and Travis Hirschi's social bond theory in social control theory. Motivation and driving forces for violence that emerge in the result are, among other things, male constructions, socialization processes, various emotions and the pursuit of material wealth. The essay is of great importance for promoting social sustainability in society. This is by maintaining social order, safety and well-being. By analyzing and understanding the social, cultural and structural factors that contribute to young men's violent crime, the essay contributes to increased knowledge in the field.

It is a difficult task to interpret historical silences, to investigate subjects that are largely missing in the archives. However, the writing of history must not stop because of that, but with the help of the small amount of material that exists, research must move forward and create more knowledge. One purpose of the essay is precisely this, to contribute with inspiration and knowledge about working with limited materials from marginalized groups. This particular essay is about lesbian living conditions during the 1940s in Stockholm and this is examined using documents from a police investigation during the time, that convicted five women by the swedish law against homosexuality, "fornication that is against nature". This court case is unique as it is the first case in swedish legal history where women have been convicted of homosexual acts. The source material is examined using text analysis, queer theory, queer phenomenology and gender theory. Through this method and theory formation, lesbian living conditions are studied based on factors such as identity, community, norms and attitudes. The main results show that the prevailing heteronormativity and gender order were both limiting and liberating for gay women in different situations and that there were different attitudes towards female homosexuality. The various investigated categories are also woven together in the final discussion and their connections and influence on each other are made visible. With this essay, the goal is to contribute to the research of historical lesbian living conditions as well as to contribute with historical role models for lesbians today.

Für den internationalen Vergleich von Gesellschaften wird ein System gesellschaftlicher Dauerbeobachtung vorgeschlagen, indem aufgrund einer Auseinandersetzung mit der sozialphilosophischen Diskussion acht Performanzkriterien für den internationalen Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen bzw. der „Wohlfahrt der Nationen“ entwickelt werden: Wohlstand und Wachstum; ökologische Nachhaltigkeit; Innovation; soziale Sicherung durch Unterstützungsleistungen im Risikofall sowie vorsorgend durch Bildungsinvestitionen; Anerkennung der Besonderheiten (Frauenfreundlichkeit und Migrantenfreundlichkeit); Gleichheit der Teilhabe; soziale Integration; Autonomie („freedom of choice and capabilities”). All dies betrachten wir als gesellschaftlich wünschenswerte Ziele. In unserem Ansatz gehen wir nicht von einem einheitlichen Pfad der Modernisierung in Richtung Wachstum, Partizipation und Inklusion aus, sondern unterscheiden in Erweiterung der „drei Welten des Wohlfahrtskapitalismus“ von Esping-Andersen (mindestens) fünf verschiedene institutionelle Entwicklungspfade der Modernisierung: Der sozialdemokratisch-universalistische Pfad, der wirtschaftsliberale Pfad, der Status-konservierende Pfad, der „familistische“ Pfad und die Entwicklung der Gruppe der ex-sozialistischen Länder, die sich in einem Prozess der Ausdifferenzierung befinden. Ab der 3. Auflage werden nun 36 Länder verglichen (incl. aller EU-Mitglieder) statt wie zuvor 28 Länder, in der 7. Auflage auf dem Stand von Januar 2012. Zur Analyse der Sozialstrukturen werden als Modelle sozialer Lagen berücksichtigt: Marx, Weber, Roemer/Wright; soziale Schichten, berufliche Lagen, Goldthorpe-Modell; Bourdieu, Vester, Hradil. Als Anwendungsbereiche werden behandelt: Dienstleistungsgesellschaften und Erwerbstätigkeit, Bildung; Wohlfahrtsregime und soziale Sicherung; Wohlstand, Einkommen, Vermögen und Armut; soziale Mobilität; soziale Ungleichheiten zwischen Frauen und Männern; Bevölkerungsstruktur und Lebensformen; Lebensstile; Individualisierung und ihre Gegenbewegungen; zusammenfassender Vergleich von Lebensbedingungen in verschiedenen Ländern und Wohlfahrtsregimen. / For the international comparison of societies a system for continuous observation is proposed, based on a discussion of moral values in social philosophy, which results in eight criteria of performance of societies in the following living conditions: Wealth and growth; ecological sustainability; innovation; social security by supporting benefits in the case of risk and preventive by investments in education; appreciation of peculiarities (women friendliness and migrants friendliness); equality of are sources and rights; social integration; autonomy ("freedom of choice and capabilities"). In our approach we do not assume a uniform pathway of modernization in the direction of growth, participation and inclusion, but differentiate in extension of the "three worlds of welfare capitalism" of Esping-Andersen (1990) (at least) five different institutional pathways of modernization: The social democratic (universalistic) path, the economically liberal path, the status-conserving path, the familistic path and the development of the group of post-socialist countries, which are in a process of differentiating. We compare 36 countries including all members of the EU and the anglo-saxon countries as well as Japan. For the analysis of social structures the following models of social positioning are considered: Marx, Weber, Roemer/Wright; social strata; occupational positions, Goldthorpes model; Bourdieu, Vester, Hradil. As fields of application are discussed: Service societies and employment, education; wealth, income, property and poverty; social mobility; social inequalities between women and men; demographic structure and forms of living; life styles; welfare regimes and social security; individualization and its counter-movements; summarizing comparison of the living conditions in different countries and welfare regimes.

The aim of my study is to investigate how representatives of wine-farm workers' unions and wine-farm workers' support groups formulate their ideas about procedures aiming at achieving improved conditions. As sustainability work and ethical follow-up are terms which most often are used within companies, and not reflect methods, procedures instruments etc. for change, I have chosen to name them approaches. The study's data is collected between April and June 2016, through interviews with representatives for the farm workers' unions and farm workers' support groups in the Western Cape province (where most of the wine districts are located) in South Africa. The results are structured by using the theory around 'mapmaking', originally created by Smith (2005), and which Newman (2012) further developed in her theory known as 'working the spaces of power'. The various approaches on how to improve working and living conditions that the study will show, are structured in clusters according to where the spaces of power are created. This forms the first part of the analysis and its purpose is partly descriptive. The map that is formed, containing the various approaches to improve the farm workers' positions, shows the plurality of aspects in which improvement can be made. The second part of the analysis is based on the presented result's clusters, on which theories of governmentality then are used to place the study in a broader context. / <p>2017-01-31</p>

DETERMINANTS OF POVERTY IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC Abstract In this thesis we present the determinants and the current state of poverty in the Czech Republic in 2014. We clearly set out the definition of poverty and delimit various concepts of poverty, that is the old and the new concept of poverty, the subjective versus the objective one, the absolute versus the relative concept, as well as the direct and the indirect plus the prescriptive and the consensual poverty. We also introduce various ways to measure poverty. A substantial part of the theoretical section focuses on the introduced methods and definitions of particular indicators (the at risk of poverty rate, the relative median at risk of poverty gap, the Gini coefficient, the income quintile share ratio, the material deprivation rate). We have used the method of logistic regression and the processed data which were gained from the project Životní podmínky 2014 (The Living Conditions 2014) and EU-SILC 2014. At the same time, still in the theoretical part of the thesis, we also dealt with the causes of poverty and the attitudes towards the poor as sociology, psychology and ethics view them. The analysis has proved that, based on equivalised household income, persons living in households in villages with 2 000-4 999 inhabitants are susceptible to poverty...

Poverty of Czech seniors Abstract Poverty is a relevant topic even in developed countries, which it needs to be deal with. In the following diploma thesis I will introduce some definitions and concepts of poverty and material deprivation. I will also deal with process of demographic ageing and a development of senior's population in the Czech Republic. The intention of the analytical part of this diploma thesis is to capture a level of poverty and material deprivation of Czech seniors in year 2014, using at-risk- of-poverty rate and material deprivation rate. I will focus on the following question: "Which group of seniors based on gender, marital status, age and education is threatened the most by poverty or material deprivation". I will describe the level of poverty and material deprivation in different regions of the Czech Republic. I also will compare differences between seniors and the whole population in the sense of the level of poverty and material deprivation. This thesis uses data from the Czech Statistical Office, particularly the data from the Population Cenzus in years 2001 and 2011 and also the data from the household survey called Living condition in year 2014. Selected data are used in binary logistic regression for describing the determinants of poverty and material deprivation of seniors in...