MSc., Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011 / Little is known about the longevity of grassland suffrutex plants and the relationship between longevity and plant morphological structures and seedling growth strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the longevity of four grassland suffrutex plant species, namely Berkheya insignis, Callilepis laureola, Protea insignis and Tephrosia kraussiana. Seed viability, seedling growth, morphology, habitat and population structure and demography were also assessed and related to plant age. The rhizomes, seeds (if available) and canopies of B. insignis, C. laureola, P. simplex and T. kraussiana were removed from a site near Port Edward in the Pondoland region, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa in April 2008. Seeds were available for P. simplex and T. kraussiana only. Seed germination and viability were tested in the field and laboratory using germination trials and tetrazolium tests. Greenhouse and field grown seedlings were used to monitor seedling growth and to record seedling morphology. The aerial and rhizome morphologies of adult plants excavated from the field were also recorded. The largest of these rhizomes were aged using radiocarbon dating. Attempts were made to develop morphological surrogates for plant age as no method currently exists. Plant density, demographies, number of inflorescences and various environmental variables of wild populations of B. insignis, C. laureola, P. simplex and T. kraussiana were sampled from the Red Desert Nature Reserve and the Umtamvuna Nature Reserve. Species morphologies varied, however important similarities suggest convergent evolution. These included a single vertical main stem rhizome with multiple side branches, early rhizome development in seedlings, and high root: shoot ratios. Seed viability was high in the laboratory but low seedling emergence was observed in the field. Seedling growth was rapid for T. kraussiana and slow for P. simplex. The population stage structure for all four species comprised primarily adults with few or no juveniles. Wild population plant height and main stem diameter followed normal distributions. Number of stems, basal area, canopy area and the number of floral structures had distributions favouring the smaller size classes. Soil P, N, K and organic carbon were important soil nutrients in a PCA analysis of the habitats of the four species. Radiocarbon dating yielded the following ages: B. insignis: 49-51 years, C. laureola: 49-50 years, P. simplex: 49-51 years and T. kraussiana: 51 years. There was a significant relationship between rhizome mass and canopy area, basal area, height, number of stems and main stem diameter. Since rhizome mass had a positive relationship with age- a relationship between age and aerial structures is likely. Therefore, creating surrogates for age may be possible. Overall, these species have moderate longevity, are poor seed producers with possibly slow population growth and are closely associated with soil nutrients. Therefore, these and other suffrutex species are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction and climate change. The results of this study indicate that there needs to be a greater focus on below ground growth during ecological assessments in order to better understand the ecology of our diverse grassland biome plants.

Orientador: Humberto Tonhati / Coorientador: Lenira El Faro Zadra / Coorientador: Mário Luiz Santana Júnior / Banca: Fernando Sebastian Baldi Rey / Banca: Claudia Cristina Paro de Paz / Resumo: A realização do presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar as associações genéticas entre produção de leite acumulada até os 305 dias (P305), escore de células somáticas (ECS), habilidade de permanência aos 60 meses de idade (Stay60) e características lineares de úbere e pernas e pés. Foram utilizadas 14.864 avaliações de Stay60, 17.200 classificações lineares, 24.147 registros de P305 e 14.307 de ECS da primeira lactação de fêmeas que pariram entre 19 e 36 meses de idade. Foram realizadas três análises multicaracterísticas contendo as características P305, ECS, Stay60, além das características de classificação linear. Os componentes de (co)variância foram estimados por meio de abordagem Bayesiana, empregando o programa THRGIBBS2F90. Para todas as características foram considerados como efeitos aleatórios no modelo, o genético aditivo e o residual. Como efeitos fixos, o grupo de contemporâneas foi incluído para todas as características, a idade da vaca ao parto como covariável (efeito linear) para P305 e ECS, e idade da vaca na classificação (efeito linear) para as de tipo. Para a Stay60 não foi incluída a covariável idade. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas nas análises foram de 0,24±0,02, 0,08±0,02 e 0,09±0,03 para P305, ECS e Stay60, respectivamente. As herdabilidades para as características lineares de úbere variaram de 0,16 a 0,39, e as de pernas e pés, de 0,13 a 0,21. As correlações genéticas estimadas foram de 0,08±0,09 entre P305 e ECS, -0,25±0,12 entre P305 e St... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate genetic associations between milk production truncated to 305 days (P305), somatic cell score (ECS), stayability at 60 months of age (Stay60) and type traits of udder and feet and legs.Were used 14,864 evaluations for Stay60, 17,200 type classifications, 24,147 records of P305 and 14,307 of ECS of first lactation belonging to Holstein females that calved between 19 and 36 months old. Three standard multi-trait analyses were carried out, containing P305, ECS, Stay60 and the type traits. The (co)variance components were estimated using Bayesian approach, using the THRGIBBS2F90 program. For all traits were considered as random effects the genetic additive and residual. As fixed effects, the contemporary group was included for all traits, the covariate age of cow at calving (linear effect) for P305 and ECS, and age of cow at classification (linear effect) for type traits. For Stay60 the covariate age of cow was not included in the model. Posterior means of heritability estimates were 0.24±0.02, 0.08±0.02 and 0.09±0.03 for P305, ECS and Stay60, respectively. The udder traits heritabilities ranged from 0.16 to 0.39, and feet and legs, from 0.13 to 0.21 The genetic correlations estimates were 0.08±0.09 between P305 and ECS, 0.25±0.12 between P305 and Stay60, and -0.11±0.20 between ECS and Stay60. The higher correlations magnitudes with the type traits were between P305 and rear udder width, and udder depth (0.34 and -0.40), and between ECS and udder depth and rear legs-rear view (- 0.39 and 0.39), and between Stay60 and fore teat placement and rear legs-side view (-0.33 and 0.47). The negative correlation between P305 and Stay60 suggests that cows with very high milk production tend to remain less time in the herd. The trait rear legs-side view presented a high correlated response in Stay60 ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Objetivos: Avaliar numa coorte de idosos se há diferenças entre as situações do curso de vida que contribuem para uma maior chance de sobrevida em homens e mulheres com 60 anos e mais. Métodos: 2.143 idosos entrevistados em 2000 foram acompanhados durante quase 15 anos. Utilizou-se na análise estatística o teste de associação para amostras complexas (Rao-Scott), o estimador produto limite de Kaplan-Meier, o teste de log-rank, análise univariada e multivariada do modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox, sendo construídos, através deste último, dois modelos finais por gênero, ao nível de significância de 5 por cento . Resultados e discussão: Dos 836.204 idosos paulistanos representados pelo estudo 51,6 por cento continuavam vivos (43,0 por cento dos homens e 57,7 por cento das mulheres). Em ambos os gêneros, os/as que tinham boas condições materiais e que realizavam sem dificuldade e sem ajuda mais da metade das atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária (ABVD/AIVD) apresentaram maior chance de sobrevivência. O mesmo foi verificado naquelas mulheres com menos de duas limitações de determinadas doenças, nas casadas, nas que ofereciam algum tipo de ajuda e nas que realizaram ações preventivas em relação a sua condição de saúde. Entre os homens o mesmo ocorreu naqueles que se referiram ser chefe de família, nos que tinham participação comunitária, nos que residiam com algum outro morador que foi ou ia à escola, que trabalharam predominantemente como proprietário ou por conta própria e nos que relataram ter tido alguma doença em seus primeiros quinzes anos de vida. Conclusão: As chances de sobrevida são diferentes entre gêneros, e entre si, mesmo em situações aparentemente semelhantes do curso de vida vivenciados e presentes em homens e mulheres idosas. / Objectives Evaluate a cohort of elderly if there are differences between the life course situations that contribute to a greater chance of survival in men and women aged 60 and over. Methods: 2,143 elderly interviewees in 2000 were followed over almost 15 years. Was used in the statistical analysis the association for complex sample test (Rao-Scott), the estimator and the Kaplan-Meier limit, the log-rank test, univariate and multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazards model, through this latter, two final models were prepared by gender, at a significance level of 5 per cent Results and discussion: Of the 836,204 elderly people São Paulo represented by the study are still alive 51.6 per cent (43.0 per cent men and 57.7 per cent women). In both genders, those who had good material conditions and performed without difficulty and without help more than half of basic and instrumental activities of daily life (ADL/IADL) has identified a greater chance of survival. The same occurred in those women with less than two limitations of certain diseases, been married, those that offer some kind of help and who performed preventive actions regarding your health condition. Among men the same happened those who reported being head of the family, having community participation, who lived with another dweller was or was going to school, working predominantly as owner or on their own and who have had some disease in its first fifteen years of life. Conclusion: The chances of survival are different between genders, and even among themselves even in seemingly similar situations in the course of experienced life and present among elderly men and elderly women.

A evolução do aumento da expectativa de vida registrada nas últimas décadas foi uma conquista significativa para a sociedade e trouxe novos desafios em diversas áreas do conhecimento humano. Dentre os impactos do aumento da longevidade, destaca-se sua influência no equilíbrio técnico dos planos previdenciários. Nas entidades de previdência complementar, a identificação oportuna de possíveis desvios da premissa da mortalidade à realidade subjacente visa garantir a solvência e a manutenção dos benefícios de longo prazo. Assim, o presente estudo tem por objetivo estimar os fatores de improvement (fator redutor de mortalidade) para a população coberta por planos privados de aposentadoria, com base no método Lee-Carter e na abordagem CMI (Continuous Mortality Investigation), bem como analisar o impacto da incorporação da estimativa do aumento da expectativa de vida no fluxo de caixa atuarial em uma carteira de benefício definido. Em virtude da carência de informações históricas de tábuas de mortalidade para o Brasil, fez-se uso da técnica de pareamento (propensity score), o qual consiste na identificação do país que mais se assemelha ao Brasil no que se refere às variáveis socioeconômicas relevantes para prever a evolução da expectativa de vida. Essa técnica foi aplicada para uma amostra de 21 países da OCDE. As variáveis socioeconômicas consideradas no estudo foram: Fertilidade, PIB per capita, Crescimento anual do PIB, Saúde, Desemprego, Gini, Analfabetismo e Escolaridade. Diante dos testes efetuados, Portugal foi escolhido para servir de base para as projeções da mortalidade e obtenção dos fatores de improvement, em decorrência da técnica de pareamento e do teste de aderência realizado. Comparando-se as médias dos fluxos de caixa da AT-2000 com e sem improvement e levando-se em consideração os cenários de taxas de juros de 3%, 4%, 5% e 6% ao ano, observou-se que, não considerar o improvement, gera uma elevação do fluxo atuarial entre 7,15% a 10,51% para a carteira simulada. A projeção pelo método CMI forneceu resultado semelhante, sendo que o impacto variou entre 7,05% a 10,32%. Embora os métodos de improvement sejam bem diferentes, é importante destacar que os resultados foram bem semelhantes. Um ponto que merece preocupação é a questão da taxa de juros, pois com a tendência de queda, no longo prazo, maior será a sensibilidade do impacto da projeção do risco de longevidade. Adicionalmente, compararam-se os resultados obtidos com a Tábua Geracional RP-2000 e a Tábua SUSEP BR-EMS. Assim, os resultados anteriores mostram que não considerar a tendência de aumento da expectativa de vida na constituição das provisões técnicas pode expor as entidades de previdência a riscos pouco suportáveis no longo prazo. / The evolution of increased life expectancy recorded in recent decades has been a significant achievement for the society and brought new challenges in various areas of human knowledge. Among those, living longer has impacted the technical balance of the pension plans. In the private pension entities, the timely identification of possible deviations from the assumption of mortality to the underlying reality is to ensure the solvency and the maintenance of long-term benefits. Thus, based on Lee-Carter method and approach CMI (Continuous Mortality Investigation Bureau), this study aims to estimate the factors of improvement (reduction factor of mortality) for the population covered by pension plans as well as analyze the impact of incorporating an estimated longer life expectancy on actuarial cash flow into a portfolio of defined benefits. Due to a lack of historical information about mortality tables of Brazil, the matching technique (propensity score) was used to identify the country which is the most similar to Brazil concerning relevant socioeconomic variables, in order to predict the evolution of life expectancy. This technique was applied on 21 OECD sample countries. Socioeconomic variables considered were: Fertility, GDP per capita, annual growth of GDP, Health, Unemployment, Gini, Illiteracy and Schooling. According to test results, Portugal was chosen as the basis for projections of mortality and acquisition of factors of improvement, due to the matching technique and the adherence test performed. Comparing the averages of the cash flows of the AT-2000 with and without improvement and taking into account the scenarios of interest rates of 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% a year, it was observed that not considering the improvement generates an increased actuarial flow between 7.15% and 10.51% for the simulated portfolio. The CMI method provided similar projection, and the impact varied from 7.05% to 10.32%. Even though the methods of improvement are quite different, it is important to emphasize that the results were much the same. One point that deserves concern is the issue of interest rate since, due to the declining trend in the long run more sensitive will be the impact of the projection of longevity risk. Additionally, those results were compared with the table Generational RP-2000 and BRTable SUSEP EMS. Thus, previous results show that not considering the trend of increasing life expectancy in the establishment of technical provisions can expose the private pension entities to a little bearable risk in the long term.

O envelhecimento populacional está em constante crescimento, sendo acompanhado por uma maior incidência de doenças crônicas e neurodegenerativas como Alzheimer, Parkinson e Huntington. Sabe-se que parte destas doenças são causadas pelo acúmulo de proteínas mal-enoveladas, e estudos têm apontado que os componentes do sistema ubiquitina-proteassomo possuem um potencial alvo terapêutico para doenças relacionadas ao processo senil do envelhecimento. A chaperona molecular HSP27 é capaz de aumentar a atividade catalítica do proteassomo e a degradação de proteínas ubiquitinadas, além de atuar em situações nocivas para célula, como choque térmico e estresse oxidativo. Em vista disso, o presente projeto visou analisar o efeito da superexpressão de HSP27 humana, sob o controle de nove promotores mutantes TEF na longevidade de S. cerevisiae. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Os ensaios realizados envolveram a determinação da longevidade cronológica e replicativa, ensaio de termotolerância, resistência ao estresse oxidativo e determinação da atividade proteassomal de S. cerevisiae. RESULTADOS: Os resultados obtidos indicam que a superexpressão de HSP27 prolonga a longevidade replicativa e melhora a resistência celular contra choque térmico e estresse oxidativo, além de aumentar a atividade proteasomal. Contudo, essas melhorias só ocorreram em certos níveis de expressão de HSP27, sendo TEF8 o promotor mutante que conferiu os melhores resultados. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados sugerem que a função de HSP27 implica no conceito de hormese, em que níveis ideais puderam ser determinados em S. cerevisiae, e este fato poderá ser importante para interferir na longevidade, e corroborar para o futuro desenvolvimento de fármacos que poderiam controlar a expressão gênica da proteína e modular os fenótipos observados na senescência em humanos. / INTRODUCTION: Population ageing is constantly increasing, accompanied by a higher incidence of chronic and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer\'s, Parkinson\'s and Huntington\'s. It is known that some of these diseases are caused by accumulation of unfolded proteins, and studies have pointed out that the components of the ubiquitinproteasome system have a potentially therapeutic target for diseases related to the senile aging process. The molecular chaperone HSP27 is able to increase the catalytic activity of the proteasome and degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, besides acting in situations harmful to the cell, such as heat shock and oxidative stress. In view of this, the present study aimed to analyze the effect of overexpression of human HSP27, under the control of nine TEF mutant promoters on longevity of S. cerevisiae. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The assays involved the determination of chronological and replicative longevity, thermotolerance, resistance to oxidative stress and determination of proteasomal activity of S. cerevisiae. RESULTS: The results indicated that the overexpression of HSP27 prolongs a replicative longevity and improves the cellular resistance to heat shock and oxidative stress, besides increasing the proteasomal activity. However, these improvements only occurred at optimal levels of HSP27, wherein mutant promoter TEF8\' obtained the best performance. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the function of HSP27 implies in the concept of hormesis, in which ideal levels could be determined in S. cerevisiae, and this fact may be important to interfere in the longevity, and corroborate for the future development of drugs that could control the expression of the protein and modulate the observed phenotypes in senescence in humans.

O laser de Er,Cr:YSGG se apresenta como um aliado aos procedimentos minimamente invasivos. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre a longevidade da resistência de união à dentina irradiada por este equipamento. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união à dentina irradiada após 90 dias de armazenamento. Para tanto, foram utilizados 64 molares humanos hígidos, que tiveram as superfícies oclusais desgastadas até a exposição de uma superfície de dentina. Esta superfície foi tratada com: abrasão com lixa SiC 600# (controle) e irradiação com o laser de Er,Cr:YSGG em 2W (90,9 J/cm2) ou 4W (181,8 J/cm2). Foram utilizados os seguintes sistemas adesivos: Adper Single Bond (3MESPE), Clearfil SE (Kuraray) ou Clearfil S3 (Kuraray), e a confecção de um bloco de resina composta Z250-3MESPE. Os dentes foram seccionados para a obtenção de palitos para o teste de microtração. Metade dos palitos foi ensaiada imediatamente, e a outra metade após 90 dias de armazenamento em água destilada. Os resultados mostraram que em todos os grupos em que foi utilizado o laser Er,Cr:YSGG apresentaram os menores valores de resistência adesiva. Com exceção do grupo controle/Clearfil S3, todos os grupos apresentaram decréscimo nos valores de resistência adesiva após os 90 dias de armazenamento. Entre os sistemas adesivos utilizados, o Single Bond apresentou os melhores valores de resistência adesiva, demonstrando maior estabilidade frente aos 90 dias de desafio/armazenamento. / In the minimally invasive dentistry, the Er,Cr:YSGG laser has been considered as an efficient equipment. However, little is known about the longevity of the bond strength to irradiated dentin. So, the objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength values to laser irradiated dentin after 90 days storage. Sixty-four sound human molars were used. A flat coronal dentin surface was obtained by removing the oclusal enamel with a slow speed diamond saw. Dentin surfaces were treated with: abrasion with SiC 600# (control group) and laser irradiation with Er,Cr:YSGG in 2W or 4W. Subsequently, adhesive systems were used: Adper Single Bond (3MESPE), Clearfil SE (Kuraray) or ClearfilS3 (Kuraray). After adhesive procedures, a block of Z250-3MESPE composite resin was build up on each tooth. The teeth were sectioned in order to obtain samples for the microtensile bond strength test. Half of the samples was tested immediately, and the other half were stored for 90 days in distilled water. The results showed that all the groups in which laser was used presenter lower bond strength values. With the exception of Clearfil S3/control group, all groups showed weaker bond strength after 90 days of storage. Among all the adhesives systems used, Single Bond presented the best results, showing more stability after 90 days of storage.

L’objectif central de cette recherche est d’explorer la question de la longévité d’une alliance coopétitive. Cette question est largement analysée dans les approches portant sur les alliances tandis qu’elle n’est pas véritablement abordée dans les approches portant sur la coopétition. Or, la dimension temporelle pose une question spécifique lorsque l’on aborde une situation de coopétition. Par définition, la stratégie de coopétition suppose la simultanéité de la compétition et de la coopération. Souvent, ces deux forces se trouvent découplées - par un partage des lieux sur lesquels elles se situent, sur les activités qu’elles réalisent, sur les niveaux qu’elles concernent - sans que le concept de coopétition soit dénaturé. Toutefois, la question de la simultanéité demeure un principe fondamental du concept, lui-même, de coopétition. Cette simultanéité nous semble difficile à instaurer sur la durée. Est-elle soutenable ? Nous considérons les apports des chercheurs portant sur la longévité des alliances et des alliances entre concurrents puis sur les situations de coopétition pour tenter de mettre en évidence les facteurs qui peuvent avoir un effet sur la durabilité des alliances coopétitives. À tel propos, nous soutenons que les similarités de taille, pouvoir, management et culture entre les partenaires, permettent à l’alliance de se prolonger dans le temps. Nous réalisons l’analyse de cas approfondie de l’alliance SEVEL, joint-venture entre PSA et FIAT (50%-50%) qui dure depuis quarante ans. Dans ce cas, les partenaires sont placés en situation de coopération pour la production et en situation de concurrence pour la commercialisation des modèles sous leurs marques propres. Au-delà de la longévité exceptionnelle de cette alliance, nous tentons d’analyser la durabilité de la coopétition en situant précisément les moments au cours desquels les partenaires se trouvent en concurrence et en coopération.Nos résultats dérivent d’une riche analyse documentaire, de l’analyse de contenu de 22 entretiens semi-directifs et des statistiques descriptives d’une base de données de 457 alliances du secteur automobile mondial. Les personnes interrogées soutiennent que dans l’automobile les entreprises ne s’engagent pas pour des projets sur le long terme et que la longévité est expliquée principalement par la performance des résultats de l’alliance. L’analyse quantitative met en évidence que, dans ce secteur, beaucoup d’alliances s’arrêtent de manière précoce. Toutefois, un nombre important d’alliances arrive à dépasser la dixième année de vie, notre mesure de longévité. En ce qui concerne la symétrie des partenaires, notre deuxième objectif, les entretiens font émerger l’idée que cette variable aide les partenaires à continuer leurs projets de coopétition mais elle n’est pas le seul facteur explicatif de la longévité. Les statistiques descriptives soulignent, finalement, que les alliances les plus durables sont celles dans lesquelles les partenaires participent de manière égalitaire au projet coopétitif. / In this research, we focus our attention on the coopetitive alliance longevity. This question has been analyzed in the alliances approaches, while it is not really addressed in approaches of coopetition. In this research, we argue that the temporal dimension poses a specific question when we focus on a coopetition situation. Coopetition strategy supposes the simultaneity of competition and cooperation. Often, these two forces are decoupled by a sharing of places where they are located, on activities or on the levels they concern (individual, organizational, inter-organizational) without the concept of coopetition being denatured. However, the question of simultaneity remains a fundamental principle of the concept itself of coopetition. However, this simultaneity seems difficult to implement over time. Is it sustainable?We consider the contributions of researchers on the longevity of alliances and on the alliances between competitors then, on the coopetition situations and we try to highlight the factors that can have an effect on the sustainability of coopetitive alliances. In this regard, we argue that the similarities in size, power, management and culture between the partners allow the alliance to extend over time. To answer to our research question, we carry out the in-depth case analysis of the SEVEL alliance, a 50%-50% joint venture between PSA and FIAT that has lasted forty years. In this case, the partners are placed in a situation of cooperation for production and in a situation of competition for the commerce of the models under their own brands. Beyond the exceptional longevity of this alliance, we try to analyze the sustainability of coopetition by precisely locating the moments in which the partners are exactly in competition and cooperation.Our results derived from a rich archive analysis, a content analysis of 22 semi-structured interviews and descriptive statistics from a database of 457 alliances in the global automotive industry. Our interviewees argue that in the automotive industry, companies do not commit to long-term projects and that longevity is explained by the performance of the alliance results. Quantitative analysis shows that, in this sector, many alliances stop early. However, a significant number of alliances happen to exceed the tenth year of life, our longevity measure. Concerning the “symmetry of the partners”, our second objective, the interviews defend the idea that this variable helps the partners to continue their coopetition projects but it is not the only explanatory factor of longevity. Finally, descriptive statistics highlight that the most durable alliances are those in which the partners participate equally in the coopetitive project.

Submitted by CARLA MARIA GOULART DE MORAES (carlagm) on 2015-04-06T13:57:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adalberto Escalona GoncalvesGarcia.pdf: 2504568 bytes, checksum: c524d945e9fea8837616ed21e028b2c8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-06T13:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adalberto Escalona GoncalvesGarcia.pdf: 2504568 bytes, checksum: c524d945e9fea8837616ed21e028b2c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-19 / Nenhuma / O tema principal da presente tese é a longevidade organizacional. Pesquisas realizadas com empresas dos Estados Unidos e da Europa indicam que o tempo médio de vida das organizações está diminuindo, a tal ponto de as empresas apresentarem um ciclo de duração menor do que a vida média das pessoas. Especificamente no âmbito brasileiro, as turbulências econômicas, vividas nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, contribuíram para o encerramento de atividades de muitas empresas. Estudos realizados no Brasil indicam que, em determinados setores, mais de 80% das empresas listadas dentre as 500 maiores do país, em 1973, deixaram de sê-lo ao final de 2005. Dentre os setores mais afetados pela mortalidade empresarial está o varejo brasileiro. Tradicionais empresas deste segmento não enfrentaram adequadamente as mudanças macroambientais e setoriais e acabaram encerrando as atividades. A tese se constitui num estudo de caso, de natureza longitudinal, tendo como objetivo geral identificar como a Lojas Renner, empresa que completará 90 anos em 2012, enfrentou dificuldades e prosperou num setor onde outras grandes varejistas desapareceram nos últimos 30 anos. Para a sua realização foram entrevistados, dentre outras pessoas, seis altos executivos responsáveis pelas decisões da Empresa nos últimos 45 anos. Adicionalmente, houve o exame dos seus relatórios anuais dos exercícios de 1979 a 2009 e, para a melhor compreensão dos movimentos competitivos do setor, foi realizada pesquisa em revistas especializadas em negócios em idêntico período. Os resultados indicaram que a Empresa superou adversidades e prosperou em função de um conjunto de ações que se mostraram eficazes. A Lojas Renner ajustou seu posicionamento diante das forças setoriais, reconfigurou suas atividades de maneira coerente, recompôs sua base de recursos, capacidades e competências e desenvolveu rotinas que lhe permitiram acompanhar as mudanças do ambiente de negócios e, em determinados momentos, liderar esse processo. As análises realizadas indicaram que as lentes teóricas empregadas, apoiadas no posicionamento e na visão baseada em recursos, tidas como alternativas, quando adotadas em conjunto, são capazes de explicar, de forma mais ampla, a trajetória e a persistência de uma empresa ao longo do tempo. / The main theme of this thesis is organizational longevity. Studies about companies located in the united states and in europe indicate that the average organizational life span is decreasing and that the life cycle of organizations is becoming smaller that the average for human beings. Within the brazilian context, specifically, economical turbulences occurred during the 1980s and the 1990s contributed to the closure of many firms. Researches about the brazilian business atmosphere indicate that, in certain sectors, more than 80% of the firms that existed in 1973 and that were in the list of the biggest 500 were no longer present in the 2005 list . One of the most affected sectors was retail. Traditional companies of this segment were not able to face environmental and sectorial changes, and discontinued their activities. Others, however, overcame difficulties and thrive. In order to identify how a firm prospered in an environment in which others failed, the present thesis was designed to perform a longitudinal case study. The main objective was to identify how lojas renner a retail firm that completes 90 years in 2012 faced difficulties and prospered in a sector in which other companies disappeared during the last 30 years. Data collection came mainly from interviews with six top executives that were responsible for the strategic decisions taken during the last 45 years of the history of the firm. Additionally, all annual reports in the period of 1979-2009 were analyzed and a search in newspapers and magazines was performed. The results indicate that the company overcame adversities and prospered not just because it identified a favorable position with respect to competitive forces of the sector, but, also, because it made coherent strategic choices. The firm reorganize activities, developed new capacities and competences and innovated in its base of resources. Furthermore, the firm was able to develop analytic, detailed and properly organized processes based not only in its own knowledge, but, also, in the attraction and acquisition of. The results also showed that the theoretical guideposts, initially considered as alternatives, when adopted together could explain in a more appropriate manner how the firm was able to recover and prosper in a turbulent environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAMELA MALAQUIAS.pdf: 1459467 bytes, checksum: dad45846f48d6409e23619b883575953 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of adding chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), in two different simplified adhesive systems on the chlorhexidine release (CHXR), bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). The CHX was added to adhesive systems XP Bond [XP] (Dentsply, York, PA, USA) and Ambar [AM] (Prod Odont Ltda FGM, Joinville, Brazil) at concentrations of 0 (control); 0.01; 0.05; 0.1 to 0.2% wt. To assess the cumulative CHXR, adhesives disks (n = 10 for each group) were prepared in a metallic matrix (5.8 mm x 1.0 mm) and stored in distilled water. Spectrophotometric measurements of the storage solution were performed to examine the kinetics of release of CHX. For μTBS and NL 50 extracted third molars were used and they had a flat surface of dentin exposed, and were randomly divided according to the different experimental groups mentioned above. This was followed by clinical sequence specified by the manufacturer of each adhesive system. After applying the adhesive, resin composite restorations was built in layers. Then, the specimens were prepared and subjected to microtensile and nanoleakage testing at 24 and 24 months of storage in water at 37°C. For CHXR (% and mg/g), the data of each adhesive were subjected to a two-way ANOVA. The μTBS data (MPa) and NL (%) of each adhesive were submitted to analysis of variance of two factors (ANOVA). The Tukey test was used for pairwise comparisons (α = 0.05). Regarding CHXR, Ambar showed a slower and gradual release of CHX while XP Bond released CHX more quickly. In μTBS, Ambar showed better values in percentage of bond strength reduction after 2 years of storage in water. Both adhesives showed better bond strength values in groups containing CHX compared to the control group (without CHX). In NL, the control group had a higher nanoleakage in 2 years. XP had a higher nanoleakage that Ambar in all groups. We concluded that the addition of CHX diacetate until 0.2% is a viable method of providing a long-term increase in the stability of resin-dentin interfaces without compromising the properties of the adhesives systems. / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de diacetato de clorexidina (CHX), em dois diferentes sistemas adesivos simplificados na resistência de união (RU), nanoinfiltração (NI) e liberação de clorexidina (LCHX). A CHX foi adicionada aos sistemas adesivos XP Bond [XP] (Dentsply) e Ambar [AM] (FGM) nas concentrações: 0% (controle); 0,01%; 0,05%; 0,1% e 0,2% em peso. Para RU e NI, foram utilizados 50 terceiros molares extraídos que tiveram uma superfície plana de dentina exposta, e foram divididos aleatoriamente de acordo com os diferentes grupos experimentais anteriormente citados. Seguiu-se a sequência clínica indicada pelo fabricante de cada sistema adesivo. Após a aplicação do adesivo, foram confeccionadas restaurações de resina composta pela técnica incremental. Em seguida, os espécimes foram preparados e submetidos a testes de microtração e nanoinfiltração em 24 horas e 2 anos de armazenamento em água a 37ºC. Para avaliação da liberação cumulativa de CHX, discos de adesivos (n = 10 para cada grupo) foram preparados em uma matriz metálica (5,8 mm x 1,0 mm) e armazenados em água destilada. Mensurações espectrofotométricas da solução de armazenamento foram realizadas para examinar a cinética da liberação de CHX. Para liberação de CHX (% e mg/g), os dados de cada adesivo foram submetidos a um ANOVA de duas vias. Os dados de RU (MPa) e NI (%) de cada adesivo foram submetidos à análise de variância de dois fatores (ANOVA). O teste de Tukey foi utilizado para comparações de pares (α = 0,05). Na RU, Ambar apresentou valores melhores na porcentagem de redução da resistência de união após 2 anos de armazenamento em água. Ambos os adesivos apresentaram melhores valores de resistência de união nos grupos contendo CHX, quando comparados ao grupo controle (sem CHX). Na NI, os grupos controle apresentaram uma maior nanoinfiltração no período 2 anos. XP apresentou maior nanoinfiltração que Ambar em todos os grupos. Quanto à LCHX, Ambar apresentou uma liberação mais lenta e gradativa enquanto que XP Bond liberou CHX mais rapidamente. Concluiu-se que a adição de diacetato de CHX até 0,2% é um método viável para proporcionar um aumento em longo prazo da estabilidade das interfaces resina-dentina, sem comprometer as propriedades dos sistemas adesivos.

Orientador: Rogerio Caetano da Costa / Resumo: Estudos sobre a biodiversidade são fundamentais para o conhecimento biológico. Assim sendo, o presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a assembleia e a microdistribuição dos camarões Alpheidae presentes na região intermareal estuarina de Cananéia, São Paulo, Brasil. Além de caracterizar a história de vida de Alpheus brasileiro, espécie mais abundante nas áreas estudadas, a estrutura populacional, os parâmetros de crescimento, a longevidade e o desenvolvimento dos primeiros estágios larvais da espécie. As hipóteses de que as espécies apresentam microdistribuição diferenciada na região intermareal e de que a monogamia social influencia na estrutura populacional e nos parâmetros de crescimento de A. brasileiro foram testadas. A região estuarina de Cananéia é considerada uma das mais conservadas da costa brasileira, portanto, todo o conhecimento sobre esse importante ecossistema é fundamental, principalmente para comparações com áreas diferentes graus de conservação. A assembleia de Alpheidae se caracterizou por sete espécies: A. brasileiro, Alpheus buckupi, Alpheus carlae, Alpheus estuariensis, Alpheus petronioi, Athanas nitescens e Salmoneus carvachoi. A microdistribuição evidenciou a influência de A. brasileiro sobre as demais espécies, principalmente devido à maior abundância e constância que a espécie apresentou. Os resultados sobre a estrutura populacional da espécie estão diretamente relacionados ao seu comportamento monogâmico social, no qual se caracteriza pela formaç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Studies about biodiversity are fundamental for biological knowledge. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to know the assemblage and the microdistribution of the Alpheidae shrimps present in the intertidal estuarine region of Cananéia, São Paulo State, Brazil. In addition to characterizing the life history of Alpheus brasileiro, the most abundant species in the studied areas. Population structure, growth parameters, longevity and development of the first larval stages of the species was also investigated. The hypotheses that the species show differentiated microdistribution in the intertidal region and that social monogamy influences the population structure and growth patterns of A. brasileiro were tested. The estuarine region of Cananéia is considered one of the most conserved of the Brazilian coast, therefore, all the knowledge about this important ecosystem is fundamental mainly for comparisons with areas in different degrees of conservation. The Alpheidae assemblage was characterized by seven species: A. brasileiro, Alpheus buckupi, Alpheus carlae, Alpheus estuariensis, Alpheus petronioi, Athanas nitescens e Salmoneus carvachoi. The microdistribution evidenced the influence of A. brasileiro on the other species, mainly due to the abundance and constancy that this species presented. The results on the population structure of the species are directly related to its monogamous social behavior, in which it is characterized by the formation of heterosexual pairs that s... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor