This study was a qualitative examination of social, economic, political, and cultural dilemmas that face Peruvian survivors of the Communist Shining Path Revolution, an internal armed conflict that cut a swath of terror and destruction during the years 1980-2000, with a reported loss of 69,000 residents either killed or considered “disappeared.” The conflict affected primarily poor, uneducated Andean campesinos and townspeople in the highland areas of the Ayacucho District. In this study, I looked closely at the responsibilities of both government and NGOs in the facilitation of readjustment during and after times of instability. In addition, specific challenges the elderly, women and campesinos face in a post-conflict world are analyzed and possible social policies are discerned that might be developed to better implement the transition to a new form of community. Ideas that emerged from this research may assist policy shapers in other less developed countries involved in similar conflicts by examining how Peru dealt with its own issues. Methodology included participant observation and interviews with long-term Ayacuchan residents who stayed-in-place during war time, along with migrants who went to live in shantytowns in more urban areas. The government-mandated Truth and Reconciliation Commission report serves as a framework as it outlined those ultimately deemed responsible and detailed what those affected may expect in the way of appropriate reparations and compensation in the future. Much emphasis is given to the emerging role of women and how ensuing shifts of gender specific cultural roles may affect familial and communal bonds in small-scale societies.

本論文旨在討論內戰持續性的差異是否可以以其政治轉型解釋？也就是說，作者欲探討為何有些內戰較短、有些內戰較長？是否有關鍵因素導致內戰持續性之差別。目前學術研究多著重於以非政治因素（經濟因素）解釋內戰延續性問題，但筆者認為政治制度相對於其他因素（經濟、社會制度）是最能解釋內戰持續性差異之自變數，並提出本文核心假設－「內戰隨著政體的民主深化而縮短。」，其主因有三：（一）生活於民主政權下的人民，政治壓迫感較小（二）民主促進社會的重新分配（Redistributive）消弭國內之不平等狀況；（三）民主政府能透過稅收進行公共財的施放或公共服務滿足人民。 本文之研究方法以質性分析法的個案研究法為主，以南美洲作為研究對象而不以內戰發生最頻繁的非洲為研究對象，乃因2016年11月13日哥倫比亞政府正式與左翼武裝「哥倫比亞革命軍」（FARC）簽署修正版和平協議，結束長達半世紀的敵對狀態，引發作者對南美洲內戰延續性之研究興趣。經過最大相似法篩選後，作者以哥倫比亞與哥倫比亞革命軍和秘魯與光明之路的內戰作為個案案例，透過個案研究法，本文研究發現符合筆者之核心假設。筆者認為本文之內戰研究發現提供受內戰影響之國際社會、國家有關政治制度面之政策方向－即民主深化對於一國內戰延續性之影響力。

Neste trabalho é realizada a avaliação do desempenho solar e luminoso de chapas metálicas com diferentes padrões de perfurações empregados para proteção solar na envoltória das edificações. Foram ensaiadas experimentalmente as transmitâncias solar e luminosa em diversos ângulos de incidência de chapas metálicas, chapas expandidas e telhas metálicas, com ou sem pintura, planas ou com conformação espacial. Avaliou-se a relação entre a transmitância e % de perfuração da amostra para incidência da radiação em variadas alturas e azimutes solares, comparou-se o comportamento solar e luminoso de cada amostra e entre amostras com características semelhantes. As normas ASTM E972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight e ASTM E1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight foram adotadas para medições de campo das amostras. Os resultados mostram que, para todas as amostras, as transmitâncias solar (TS) e luminosa (TL) na perpendicular se assemelham a % de perfuração da amostra; para ângulos diferentes da normal há uma redução conforme a altura solar diminui e que quanto maior for o furo em relação à espessura, menor será a redução. TS/TL decresce conforme a altura solar diminui, exceto para as telhas. Em relação à variação de azimute, para chapas perfuradas sem acabamento ou pintadas, os valores de TS e TL se mantêm praticamente iguais, enquanto que para chapas expandidas e telhas os valores variam. Para as amostras pintadas, TS e TL das amostras com cores claras são maiores do que das amostras com cores médias que por sua vez são maiores do que as amostras com cores escuras. A partir destes resultados e da elaboração da ficha de aplicação dos resultados para variados ângulos, no âmbito do projeto de arquitetura, contribui-se para o emprego apropriado deste tipo de material, além de complementar informações técnicas pouco disponíveis no mercado. Além disso, os dados medidos em campo podem servir de validação para modelagem computacional para uma variação maior de ângulos, e na avaliação de ambientes projetados ou construídos, os dados coletados, em especial os ângulos diferentes da incidência normal, podem ser usados em simulação energética ao longo do ano. / This research focuses on the evaluation of solar and optical performance of metal sheets with different patterns of perforations used as shading devices in the building\'s envelope. Solar and light transmittance were experimentally tested at normal and off-normal incident angles of samples of perforated metal sheet, expanded metal sheets and perforated tile, with or without painting, flat or volumetric shape. The relationship between % perforation of sample and transmittance for off normal angle incidence (height and azimuth) was evaluated. Solar and optical results were correlated for each sample. Samples with similar characteristics such as perforation, painting, hole dimension were compared. ASTM E 972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight and ASTM E 1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight were adopted for field measurements of the samples. The results show that for all samples, the solar transmittance (TS) and light (TL) perpendicular to the sample is similar to % perforation; for off normal angles there is a reduction as the solar altitude decreases and that the higher the hole relative to thickness, the smaller the reduction. TS / TL decreases as solar height decreases, except for the tiles. Regarding the change in azimuth for perforated sheets with or without painting, the values of TL and TS remains practically the same, whereas for expanded metal and tiles values vary. For the painted samples, TS and TL bright color of the samples are higher than the intermediate color samples which are in turn higher than the samples of dark colors. From the results achieved and with the development of the application table to diferente incident angles, within the architecture field, these results provide information for the appropriate use of such material, plus some additional technical information available in the market. Furthermore, the data measured in the field can serve as validation for computational modeling to a wider range of angles, and also it could be used in buildings\' energy simulations.

Neste trabalho é realizada a avaliação do desempenho solar e luminoso de chapas metálicas com diferentes padrões de perfurações empregados para proteção solar na envoltória das edificações. Foram ensaiadas experimentalmente as transmitâncias solar e luminosa em diversos ângulos de incidência de chapas metálicas, chapas expandidas e telhas metálicas, com ou sem pintura, planas ou com conformação espacial. Avaliou-se a relação entre a transmitância e % de perfuração da amostra para incidência da radiação em variadas alturas e azimutes solares, comparou-se o comportamento solar e luminoso de cada amostra e entre amostras com características semelhantes. As normas ASTM E972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight e ASTM E1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight foram adotadas para medições de campo das amostras. Os resultados mostram que, para todas as amostras, as transmitâncias solar (TS) e luminosa (TL) na perpendicular se assemelham a % de perfuração da amostra; para ângulos diferentes da normal há uma redução conforme a altura solar diminui e que quanto maior for o furo em relação à espessura, menor será a redução. TS/TL decresce conforme a altura solar diminui, exceto para as telhas. Em relação à variação de azimute, para chapas perfuradas sem acabamento ou pintadas, os valores de TS e TL se mantêm praticamente iguais, enquanto que para chapas expandidas e telhas os valores variam. Para as amostras pintadas, TS e TL das amostras com cores claras são maiores do que das amostras com cores médias que por sua vez são maiores do que as amostras com cores escuras. A partir destes resultados e da elaboração da ficha de aplicação dos resultados para variados ângulos, no âmbito do projeto de arquitetura, contribui-se para o emprego apropriado deste tipo de material, além de complementar informações técnicas pouco disponíveis no mercado. Além disso, os dados medidos em campo podem servir de validação para modelagem computacional para uma variação maior de ângulos, e na avaliação de ambientes projetados ou construídos, os dados coletados, em especial os ângulos diferentes da incidência normal, podem ser usados em simulação energética ao longo do ano. / This research focuses on the evaluation of solar and optical performance of metal sheets with different patterns of perforations used as shading devices in the building\'s envelope. Solar and light transmittance were experimentally tested at normal and off-normal incident angles of samples of perforated metal sheet, expanded metal sheets and perforated tile, with or without painting, flat or volumetric shape. The relationship between % perforation of sample and transmittance for off normal angle incidence (height and azimuth) was evaluated. Solar and optical results were correlated for each sample. Samples with similar characteristics such as perforation, painting, hole dimension were compared. ASTM E 972 Standard Test Method for Solar Photometric Transmittance of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight and ASTM E 1084 Standard Test Method for Solar Transmittance (Terrestrial) of Sheet Materials Using Sunlight were adopted for field measurements of the samples. The results show that for all samples, the solar transmittance (TS) and light (TL) perpendicular to the sample is similar to % perforation; for off normal angles there is a reduction as the solar altitude decreases and that the higher the hole relative to thickness, the smaller the reduction. TS / TL decreases as solar height decreases, except for the tiles. Regarding the change in azimuth for perforated sheets with or without painting, the values of TL and TS remains practically the same, whereas for expanded metal and tiles values vary. For the painted samples, TS and TL bright color of the samples are higher than the intermediate color samples which are in turn higher than the samples of dark colors. From the results achieved and with the development of the application table to diferente incident angles, within the architecture field, these results provide information for the appropriate use of such material, plus some additional technical information available in the market. Furthermore, the data measured in the field can serve as validation for computational modeling to a wider range of angles, and also it could be used in buildings\' energy simulations.

Este trabajo de investigación se centra en un análisis descriptivo de la narrativa audiovisual cinematográfica de una película a partir de hechos reales relacionados con el Conflicto Armado Interno que vivió el Perú entre los años 80 y 90, que dejó cerca de 69 mil muertos. El nombre del largometraje es el siguiente: “La hora final” (2017), el cual aborda el proceso de investigación policial y captura del líder de Sendero Luminoso, Abimael Guzmán. El eje central de investigación del trabajo es la identificación y análisis de los elementos de la película en cuestión en términos narrativos para determinar la forma en que se construye a partir de la ficción la memoria de hechos históricos relevantes para la historia del Perú. El presente trabajo propone un estudio cualitativo desde el paradigma interpretativo, se aplicará una guía de análisis de contenido a 9 escenas que han sido seleccionadas por su aporte a la narrativa del largometraje. / This research work focuses on a descriptive analysis of the cinematographic audiovisual narrative of a film based on real events related to the Internal Armed Conflict that Peru experienced between the 80s and 90s, which left about 69 thousand dead. The substitute for the feature film is the following: “La hora final” (2017), which deals with the processes of police investigation and capture of the Shining Path leader, Abimael Guzmán. The central research axis of the work is the identification and analysis of the elements of the film in question in narrative terms to determine the way in which the memory of historical events relevant to the history of Peru is constructed from fiction. The qualitative approach study proposes a qualitative study from the interpretive paradigm, a content analysis guide will be applied to 9 scenes that have been selected for their contribution to the narrative of the feature film. / Trabajo de investigación

En los últimos años, el grado de popularidad de la organización política MOVADEF se ha incrementado considerablemente. Según las investigaciones por parte de la DIRCOTE PNP el grupo MOVADEF funciona como el brazo político de la organización terrorista Sendero Luminoso. Siendo el grupo Sendero Luminoso probablemente la más grande amenaza para el Estado peruano y la época de paz que se ha vivido en las últimas décadas, resulta imperativo una rápida intervención por parte de las autoridades involucradas para desarticular este grupo. Debido a diversos factores que, el MOVADEF ha comenzado a amasar seguidores particularmente en las zonas más pobres del país, a través de sus organismos generados y bases partidarias, argumentando que traerán al Perú la justicia social que el Estado peruano les ha negado. Con este fin, la organización se ha dedicado a la captación y adoctrinamiento de nuevos miembros, particularmente personas jóvenes en edad escolar. La falta de conocimientos acerca de temas relacionados a la época del terrorismo los convierte en el público objetivo de estos elementos subversivos. El negocio consiste en dos proyectos de un relativo bajo costo que servirán para informar a los alumnos de educación secundaria en diversos colegios de Comas acerca de en qué consistió la época del terrorismo en el Perú y advertirles de los grupos subversivos que buscan captarlos, adoctrinarlos y reclutarlos. Estos proyectos consisten en la creación de una red social efectiva y la producción de charlas realizadas por especialistas en los temas en cuestión. Sendero Luminoso fue la organización terrorista más violenta en la historia del Perú republicano e, incluso décadas después de su derrota a manos del GEIN, las cicatrices que esta organización ha dejado en la nación se pueden sentir. El alza al poder del grupo terrorista implicó la pérdida de miles de vidas humanas y millones de dólares que dejaron al Perú en una crisis social y financiera. / In the last couple of years, the popularity of the political organization called MOVADEF has been increasing at an alarming rate. As seen in the investigations done by DIRCOTE PNP the group MOVADEF works as the political ally of the terrorist organization Sendero Luminoso. As of the current times, Sendero Luminoso is probably the largest threat for the peruvian government and the peace that has been enjoying for the last couple of decades. Because of this, it’s extremely important a fast and effective intervention from the responsible authorities in order to extinguish the terrorist group and all his remnants. Because of manye factors, MOVADEF has begun to get an important number of followers across the country, with the narrative of social justice and the benefits that the peruvian government has denied to the poor. To enhance their numbers, MOVADEF is currently in the process of recruiting new members, particularly young ones of middle school age. The lack of knowledge about the terrorism age makes this group of teenage boys and girls an easy target for terrorist organization. The current thesis consists in two low costing projects that will serve to educate the middle schoolers on several schools all across the district of Comas about the terrorist groups that are trying to recruit and use them. These projects consist on the creation of a social media presence that can educate the students as well as specialized expositions led by academic experts. Sendero Luminoso was the most violent organization on the history of Peru and, even decades later, the scars that this organization left in the country can be felt. The rise of another similar terrorist group implies the lost of thousands of lives and millions of dollars.

El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la manera en que las novelas Adiós, Ayacucho y Rosa Cuchillo, a través de sus protagonistas, establecen la búsqueda de una sociedad decolonizada por medio de la interculturalidad. Sostengo que los textos escenifican un encuentro crítico entre el subalterno y el dominante que pone en evidencia los límites de los discursos hegemónicos sobre el otro andino, tanto desde la oficialidad del Estado peruano como desde Sendero Luminoso. En primer lugar, analizaré los tres discursos definitorios del otro andino provenientes del Estado o de la agrupación terrorista: el letrado, figurado en el encuentro fundacional en Cajamarca entre el cura Vicente de Valverde y el inca Atahualpa; el moderno, cristalizado en el informe de la comisión investigadora de los sucesos de Uchuraccay; y el proveniente de la ideología senderista. En segundo lugar, expondré los mecanismos mediante los que las novelas proponen una confrontación con la hegemonía occidental desde una racionalidad míticoreligiosa y la inversión de posiciones entre sujeto subalterno y sujeto dominante. Finalmente, estudiaré la forma en que la intención de abrir un diálogo en ambos textos puede ser entendido desde una propuesta intercultural, para lo que la figura de Inkarrí y el mito del advenimiento del pachacuti resultan centrales. El aporte de esta investigación radica en entender la apelación a los lectores por parte de las obras como un mecanismo de transformación social.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T19:12:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURO MASSANORI MIYASHIRO.pdf: 2380997 bytes, checksum: fc2d550825d50d0a996842532845e496 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T19:12:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MAURO MASSANORI MIYASHIRO.pdf: 2380997 bytes, checksum: fc2d550825d50d0a996842532845e496 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-09 / Light Emmiting Diode ? LED. Efici?ncia energ?tica. Portaria n? 144/2015. INMETRO. Fator de pot?ncia. Fluxo luminoso. Efici?ncia energ?tica. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy efficiency of LED light bulbs (Light Emitting Diode) commercialized in the Brazilian market in the period of 2015/2016 and the development of a low cost test system to measure the mains voltage, current, consumption and power factor of LED lamp. For the evaluation of the LED lamps, the equipment available in the laboratories of the Eldorado Research Institute was used, and as a reference, the requirements established by Ordinance No. 144/2015 of the Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, published on March 13, 2015. This Ordinance made it mandatory for manufacturers and importers to certify LED bulbs as of February 26, 2016. In order to carry out this work, a set of LED lamps from different manufacturers was acquired in the retail market to be subjected to functional tests of consumption of energy (watts), power factor (PF), luminous flux (lumens) and luminous efficiency (lumens/watt). The data obtained were compared with the nominal values declared by the manufacturers, as specified in the INMETRO ordinance. The results show that 11% of the samples failed in the energy consumption test and 83% failed in the power factor test. The developed test system was validated comparing its measurements with the results obtained in the tests carried out in INMETRO certified laboratory. Through this work it was possible to have an overview of the energy efficiency of LED bulbs currently commercialized in the country. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia energ?tica de l?mpadas com tecnologia LED (Light Emitting Diode) comercializadas no mercado brasileiro no per?odo de 2015/2016 e o desenvolvimento de um sistema de teste de baixo custo para medir a tens?o da rede el?trica, a corrente, o consumo e o fator de pot?ncia de l?mpada LED. Para a avalia??o das l?mpadas LED foram utilizados os equipamentos dispon?veis nos laborat?rios do Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado e como refer?ncia os requisitos estabelecidos pela Portaria n? 144/2015 do Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, publicada em 13 de mar?o de 2015. Esta Portaria tornou obrigat?ria para fabricantes e importadores a certifica??o das l?mpadas LED a partir de 26 de fevereiro de 2016. Para a realiza??o deste trabalho foi adquirido no mercado de varejo um conjunto de l?mpadas LED de diferentes fabricantes para serem submetidos a testes funcionais de consumo de energia (watts), fator de pot?ncia (FP), fluxo luminoso (lumens) e efici?ncia luminosa (lumens/watt). Os dados obtidos foram comparados com os valores nominais declarados pelos fabricantes conforme especificado na portaria do INMETRO. Os resultados demonstram que 11% das amostras falharam no teste de consumo de energia e 83% falharam no teste de fator de pot?ncia. O sistema de teste desenvolvido foi validado comparando suas medi??es com os resultados obtidos nos testes realizados em laborat?rio certificado pelo INMETRO. Atrav?s deste trabalho foi poss?vel ter um panorama amostral da efici?ncia energ?tica das l?mpadas LED comercializadas atualmente no pa?s.

This dissertation is a study of the role of Gustavo Gutiérrez as a public pastor in the 1980s and 1990s in Peru. His collaboration with the Lima newspaper La República from the early 1980s gave him a figurative pulpit from which he addressed the Peruvian public on specific occasions. The fundamental question in the dissertation is: How did Gutiérrez respond as pastor to the Peruvian public and how did he express his pastoral concern? The study analyses materials that has not been object for previous studies, such as theological essays and articles in newspapers and periodicals. With inspiration from discourse analysis four discourses have been identified in Gutiérrez’ texts.  These discourses interact and through this interaction Gutiérrez formulates his pastoral message. For the socio-political analysis two political discourses are used, the radical and the liberal. The radical political discourse deals with justice for the poor and liberation from oppression as a condition for peace and harmony in society, which are in focus for the liberal political discourse. With the Catholic theological discourse Gutiérrez sets the socio-political analysis in relation to Catholic doctrine and through the pastoral theological discourse he gives reason for hope and inspiration to action. As an advocate for a theology of life, Gutiérrez urges those who read and listen to him to break the pattern of death and opt for this theology of life. In his role as pastor, Gutiérrez speaks words of comfort and encouragement but also words of admonition and warning to those in power who have the capacity to transform society.

Submitted by Marta Toyoda (1144061@mackenzie.br) on 2017-05-12T20:54:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Sanches Manfredini.pdf: 9326728 bytes, checksum: 108652952a4df8329869e0e3ab68dd07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-05-16T14:32:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Sanches Manfredini.pdf: 9326728 bytes, checksum: 108652952a4df8329869e0e3ab68dd07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T14:32:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Raquel Sanches Manfredini.pdf: 9326728 bytes, checksum: 108652952a4df8329869e0e3ab68dd07 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Since the first shopping had been built in Brasil, it has been modificating over the last 50 years because of cultural, urban and environmental changes that had expand its functions beyong to a comercial centre to a lazer and living places. Because of social, environmental and economical changes those were accentuated by energy crisis at 2001, when “Apagão” happens, and in 2015 by insufficient energy production by hydro power because drought. It was therefore sought to design shopping malls with better quality of internal space and with reduced energy consumption during the operation of the building This research aims to achiving lighting design performance, spatial quality and energy efficiency throught daylight design strategies, when improving the porcentage of areas those are permeated by natural light and its integration to artificial lighting system. There were made some proposals with parametric variations and diferente translucent materials were applied in vertical and horizontal windows of two diferentes typologies, 2 and 4 floors at São Paulo metropolitan region. The assessment of buildings undertook in loco measurements, simulation based-model through ReluxPro and the analysis of the comsumption index of the envelope, defined by RTQ-C Procel of proposals made, in order to indicate the better strategies for design performance and to determine the relation between shape and amount of indoor light. The results showed the possibility of increasing daylight harvesting in both cases beyong to RTQ-C requires, however they are protected using innovative diffused daylight systems. In addition, the vertical openings are essencial to better distribution of light and to create points of interest in tall buildings. / Os shopping centers se modificaram ao longo de 50 anos desde sua implantação no Brasil em função das mudanças culturais, urbanas e ambientais expandindo suas funções além de centro de compras para espaços de convivência e lazer. Em decorrências das necessidades de adequações sociais, ambientais e econômicas agravadas pelas crises energéticas em 2001, quando ocorreu o “Apagão” e novamente em 2015, com a redução de produção energética por hidroelétricas devido à estiagem. Buscou-se assim, projetar shopping centers com melhor qualidade do espaço interno e com redução de consumo de energia durante a operação do edifício. A presente dissertação abordará a iluminação natural como diretriz projetual de melhoria de desempenho luminoso, buscando a qualidade espacial e eficiência energética a partir da ampliação de porcentagem de áreas permeadas pela luz natural e da compatibilização do sistema de iluminação artificial. Foram realizadas propostas projetuais por meio de aplicação de variações paramétricas e de diferentes materiais translúcidos de fechamento nas aberturas verticais e horizontais, em dois edifícios de diferentes tipologias, 2 e 4 pavimentos, na região metropolitana de São Paulo. A avaliação dos edifícios incorporou medições in loco, simulações computacionais com o software ReluxPro e análise do índice de consumo da envoltória definida pelo RTQ-C do selo Procel, das propostas realizadas, a fim de se verificar as relações da forma na permeabilidade de luz e indicar as intervenções de melhor desempenho. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de ampliação das porcentagens de aberturas zenitais e verticais em ambos os estudos de caso, além da máxima referida no RTQ-C, no entanto que elas sejam protegidas utilizando-se de elementos de difusão. Observou-se também que aberturas verticais são imprescindíveis na distribuição da luz e na aquisição de pontos de interesse em edifícios altos.