Cette thèse, sur la traite des esclaves noirs en Libye, dans les temps modernes, en particulier aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, a nécessité une recherche à partir de questions telles que : quelles sont les origines et les catégories des esclaves noirs qui arrivèrent en Libye ? Les divers prix pratiqués ? Les stations commerçantes les plus importantes du Sahara ? Les routes caravanières empruntées pour le transport des esclaves vers l’Afrique du Nord et plus particulièrement la Libye ? La thèse porte sur les principaux marchés libyens, les méthodes d’achat et de vente, les prix des esclaves, les impôts, les douanes. La Libye a servi, en premier lieu, de plaque tournante pour l’exportation des esclaves vers d’autres destinations et notre étude s’est attachée à ses ports d’où partaient les esclaves en direction de l’Egypte, de l’Empire ottoman, du Levant et des pays du Maghreb. La thèse met aussi l’accent sur la vie sociale des esclaves, leurs rituels religieux, leurs traditions et coutumes, leur habitat, leurs relations avec leurs maîtres, leur intégration dans la communauté libyenne et musulmane jusqu’à en faire partie, le point de vue de la société libyenne sur ce phénomène de l’esclavage. La dernière partie de la thèse aborde la diminution du phénomène de l’esclavage en Libye, puis l’interdiction et l’abolition du commerce à partir de la pression internationale exercée sur l’Empire ottoman. Une évaluation est faite sur la qualité des mesures gouvernementales à cet égard, à travers un récit historique des évènements jusqu’à la fin du commerce à partir de l’occupation italienne, en 1911. / This thesis is about the black slaves’ trade in Libya in the modern era especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It illustrates a range of research issues such as, the sources of black slaves which came to Libya, its types and prices, the important commercial stations in the desert, the routes of the caravans which carried the slaves to North Africa and to Libya in particular. The research study comes across the most important markets on the Libyan soil, the methods of purchasing and buying, the slaves’ prices, the taxes and the customs. Hence, Libya was the area of re-exporting the slaves in the first place, the theses will mention the important exporting harbours and the important destinations such as Egypt, the Ottoman State (Turkey), and the Levant and the Maghreb countries. The thesis extends its scope to cover the social life of the slaves, their religious rituals, their customs and traditions, their houses, their relationships with their masters, the perception of the Libyan society to the slave phenomenon until they become an important component of the Libyan society and the Islamic societies in general. The last part of the thesis deals with the history of abolition of the slave trade and the disappearance of the slave phenomenon totally in Libya. This will be done by following the sequence of events starting with the international pressure on the Ottoman Empire for the abolition of slavery, the assessment of the seriousness of the governmental measures (procedures) and recalling the historical events until the end of the slave trade by the Italian occupation to Libya in 1911.

Much work exploring alterity and hybridity in the Maghreb ignores representations of education which confront seminal formative experiences, specifically education. French colonial education was problematic because it granted access to the colonizer’s culture, yet it also created a rupture in self-identity for Maghrebi students. In this thesis, I interrogate the literary representations of sites and sources of education by analyzing how these representations discuss the tension between formal French education and informal Maghrebi education. My thesis begins with a historical overview of colonial education in the Maghreb. I then discuss literary methods of negotiating identity, contrasting Arab and Western autobiography especially. Furthermore, I compare writing practices informed by a French education and a North African upbringing. Next, I compare formal and informal sites of education—the school, home and community—which articulate sources of alterity experienced during colonial childhood. Writers interrogate formal settings, including the school, classrooms, teachers, and examinations, and gaze upon the normative space and dominant culture which contradict that of the home. Conversely, informal settings provide subversive sources of education that resist the power structures of colonial France. These sites, including parents, the home, and community, provide an oppositional education and a means of resistance to rejected systems of power. Both settings represent spaces of cultural confrontation that serve as both a means of betrayal as well as benefit to students. The texts I consider discuss the dynamic end of the French colonial period yet were written over a period of time that allowed for personal reflection by the authors as well as for contributions by literary critics and historians that affected the perception and comprehension of the volatile period at the end of French colonialism and the fall of the Fourth Republic.

Football violence was a rare phenomenon in France until the nineteen eighties. Harsh economic times coupled with the challenges of unemployment brought a different type of fanatic to football stadia. To vent their frustration about the economic difficulties of their time, some fans found an easy scapegoat: the increasing number of African immigrants in France. These fans, known as hooligans, have become organized and can be found supporting most major French football clubs, disrupting what once was a relatively tranquil national pastime. This thesis traces their development in France, looks at what they borrowed from Italian and English fan groups, and suggests how their organization is now uniquely French.

This article put the focus in a very new field of research, that of the Hispanic-Moroccan Literature and Culture, which is interpreted as a special, complex and highly interesting case for Nomadic Places of Cultures and Literatures in the frame of ‘Performative-Hybrid Diaspora’. In the first part offers the article an extensive bibliography of novels, essay and literary and cultural criticism; the second part is exposing the theory of ‘performative-hybrid Diaspora’; and in the last part focuses on some the works of El Hachmi. The article provides “foundational concepts” and introduces new concept of integration, identity and co-habitation, understood as new, ‘performative-hybrid diaspora’ and ‘performative-hybrid identities,’ based on ‘situational disposi-tive’ such as ‘situational imperatives.’ It describes and explains a practice of hospitality and belonging in which the concept ‘emotion’ is at the center of his socio-political endeavors, exemplified by a novel and an essay by the Catalan author, El Hachmi, who originates from Morocco. The analysis leads to the concept of ‘Hispano-Maghreb/Moroccan’ literature and culture, and following an introduction to the current primary research body and studies in this area, he introduces a set of criteria for the scholarly treatment of this new field of research. / Dieser Artikel legt den Fokus auf ein sehr neues Forschungsgebiet, nämlich auf die der spanisch-marokkanischen-Literatur und Kultur, die als einen speziellen, komplexen und hochinteressanten Fall für nomadische Orte von Kulturen und Literaturen im Rahmen der ‚performativ-hybriden Diaspora‘ interpretiert wird. Im ersten Teil bietet der Artikel eine umfangreiche Bibliographie von Romanen, Essays und Literatur- und Kulturkritiken; im zweiten Teil wird die Theorie der ‚performativ-hybriden Diaspora‘ dargelegt; und im letzten Teil konzentriert sich der Artikel auf einige Werke von El Hachmi. Der Beitrag liefert ‚prinzipielle Konzepte‘ und führt ein neues Konzept von Integration, Identität und Zusammenleben ein, das als neue ‚performativ-hybride Diaspora‘ und ‚performativ-hybride Identitäten‘ verstanden wird und auf ‚situativen Dispositiven‘ wie ‚situativen Imperativen‘ basiert. Es wird eine Praxis der Gastfreundschaft und Zugehörigkeit beschrieben und erläutert, in denen das Konzept ‚Emotion‘ im Mittelpunkt soziopolitischer Bemühungen steht, exemplifiziert durch einen Roman und ein Essay der aus Marokko stammenden katalanischen Autorin, El Hachmi. Die Analyse führt zum Begriff der ‚hispano-maghrebinischen/marokkanischen‘ Literatur und Kultur, und nach einer Einführung in die aktuelle Primärforschung und die Studien in diesem Bereich wird eine Reihe von Kriterien für die wissenschaftliche Behandlung dieses neuen Forschungsgebiets vorgestellt. / Este artículo pone el foco en un campo de investigación muy nuevo, aquél de la literatura y la cultura hispano-marroquí, que se interpreta como un caso especial, complejo y de gran interés para los lugares nómadas de las culturas y las literaturas en el marco de las ‘diásporas-performativas-híbridas’. En la primera parte, el artículo ofrece una amplia bibliografía de novelas, ensayos y crítica literaria y cultural; en la segunda parte se expone la teoría de las ‘diásporas-performativas-híbridas’; y en la última parte se centra en algunas de las obras de El Hachmi. El artículo proporciona ‘conceptos fundacionales’ e introduce un nuevo concepto de integración, identidad y convivencia, entendidos como una nueva ‘diáspora performativa-híbrida’ e ‘identidades performativas-híbridas’, basadas en ‘dispositivos situacionales’ como ‘imperativos situacionales’. Describe y explica una práctica de hospitalidad y pertenencia en la que el concepto ‘emoción’ está en el centro de sus esfuerzos socio-políticos, exemplificados por una novela y un ensayo de la autora catalana, El Hachmi, originaria de Marruecos. El análisis desemboca en el concepto de literatura y cultura ‘hispano-magrebí/marroquí’ y, tras una introducción al conjunto de investi-gaciones y estudios primarios actuales en este ámbito, se introduce un conjunto de criterios para el tratamiento académico de este nuevo campo de investigación.