No / Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the ¿13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet.

No / Spermatogenesis is characterized by the succession in time and space of specific germ cell associations (stages). There can be a single stage (e.g., rodents and some macaques) or more than one stage (e.g., chimpanzee and human) per tubular cross section. We analyzed the organization of the seminiferous epithelium and quantified testicular germ cell production and apoptosis in a New World primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Tubule cross sections contained more than one stage, and the human six-stage system could be applied to marmoset spermatogenesis. Stereological (optical disector) analysis (n = 5) revealed high spermatogenic efficiency during meiosis and no loss of spermatids during spermiogenesis. The conversion of type A to type B spermatogonia was several-fold higher than that reported for other primates. Highest apoptotic rates were found for S-phase cells (20%) and 4C cells (15%) by flow cytometric analysis (n = 6 animals); histological analysis confirmed spermatogonial apoptosis. Haploid germ cell apoptosis was <2%. Marmoset spermatogenesis is very efficient and involves substantial spermatogonial proliferation. The prime determinants of germ cell production in primates appear to be proliferation and survival of spermatogonia rather than the efficiency of meiotic divisions. Based on the organizational similarities, common marmosets could provide a new animal model for experimental studies of human spermatogenesis.

No description available.

Microsatellites are repetitive DNA characterized by tandem repeats of short motifs (2 – 5 bp). High mutation rates make them ideal for population level studies. Microsatellite allele genesis is generally attributed to strand slippage, and it is assumed that alleles are caused only by changes in repeat number. Most analyses are limited to alleles (electromorphs) scored by mobility only, and models of evolution rarely account for homoplasy in allele length. Additionally, insertion/deletion events (indels) in the flanking region or interruptions in the repeat can obfuscate the accuracy of genotyping. Many investigators use microsatellites, designed for a focal species, to screen for genetic variation in non-focal species. Comparative studies have shown different mutation rates of microsatellites in different species, and even individuals. Recent studies have used reciprocal comparisons to assess the level of polymorphism of microsatellites between pairs of taxa. In this study, I investigated the evolution of microsatellites within a phylogenetic context, using comparisons within the rodent family Bathyergidae. Bathyergidae represents a monophyletic group endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and relationships are well supported by morphological and molecular data. Using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, a robust phylogeny was generated for the Bathyergidae. From my results, I proposed the new genus, Coetomys. I designed species-specific genotyping and microsatellite flanking sequence (MFS) primers for each genus. Sequencing of the MFS provided direct evidence of the evolutionary dynamics of the repeat motifs and their flanking sequence, including rampant electromorphic homoplasy, null alleles, and indels. This adds to the growing body of evidence regarding problems with genotype scores from fragment analysis. A number of the loci isolated were linked with repetitive elements (LTRs and SINEs), characterized as robust phylogenetic characters. Results suggest that cryptic variation in microsatellite loci are not trivial and should be assessed in all studies. The phylogenetic utility of the nucleotide variation of the MFS was compared to the well-resolved relationships of this family based on the 12S/TTR phylogeny. Variation observed in MFS generated robust phylogenies, congruent with results from 12S/TTR. Finally, a number of the indels within the MFS provided a suite of suitable phylogenetic characters.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Die unkontrollierte menschliche Entwicklung beeinflusst alle Aspekte der Interaktionen und Prozesse von Ökosystemen (Ökosystemfunktionen), einschließlich derjenigen, die für Menschen von Nutzen sind und sein werden (Ökosystemdienstleistungen). In dieser Arbeit habe ich einen neuen analytischen Ansatz entwickelt, der auf der Netzwerkanalyse basiert, um die Strukturdynamik von Ökosystemen in der Tiefe zu untersuchen. Ich habe diesen Ansatz validiert, indem ich den gut untersuchten Fossilienbestand großer Säugetiere der Iberischen Halbinsel während der letzten 21 Ma verwendet habe. Das funktionelle System durchlief lange Perioden der Stabilität, unterbrochen von einer schnellen Reorganisation, die einen neuen stabilen Zustand fand. Hohe funktionelle Diversität und Reichhaltigkeit befeuert mit der Zeit zunehmende Belastbarkeit der Funktionsstruktur (Versicherungseffekt). Dann verwende ich eine Kombination aus funktionaler Diversität (fdiv) und Netzwerkanalyse über einen beispiellosen Datensatz von großen Pflanzenfressern weltweit, der sich über die letzten 65 Millionen Jahre erstreckt. Es gab einen anfänglichen Trend zur Zunahme der funktionellen Diversität, vermittelt durch einen Nettogewinn an funktionellem Reichtum, der 20 Ma erreichte, wahrscheinlich angeheizt durch die Bildung der sogenannten Gomphotherium-Landbrücke. Danach blieb der fdiv des Systems hoch und erreichte das maximale Niveau von 10 Ma, als das System viele Arten mit ähnlichen ökologischen Rollen (funktionelle Sättigung) angesammelt hatte, was letztendlich ihren funktionellen Zusammenbruch provozierte. Danach zeigte das System eine schnellere ökologische Verarmung, die während des Beginns der pleistozänen Vergletscherung um etwa 2,5 Ma zunahm. In Bezug auf die funktionelle Struktur stellen wir fest, dass känozoische große Pflanzenfressergemeinschaften lange Perioden der Stabilität durchlebten, gefolgt von der Reorganisation ihrer funktionellen Struktur in neue stabile Zustände (um 20 und 10 Ma). / Uncontrolled human development is affecting all aspects of ecosystems' interactions and processes (ecosystem functioning), including those that are, and will be, beneficial to people (ecosystem services). In this thesis I developed a new analytical approach based on network analysis to study deep time ecosystem structure dynamics. I validated this approach using the well studied large mammal fossil record of the Iberian Peninsula during the last 21 Ma. The functional system underwent long periods of stability punctuated by a rapid reorganization finding a new stable state. High functional diversity and richness fueled the time increasing resilience of the functional structure (insurance effect). Then, I use a combination of functional diversity (fdiv) and network analysis over an unprecedented dataset of worldwide large herbivores spanning the last 65 Myrs. There was an initial trend towards the increment of functional diversity, mediated by a net gain in functional richness that peaked 20 Ma, likely fueled by the formation of the so-called Gomphotherium land bridge. Thereafter, the system’s fdiv remained high reaching the maximum level 10 Ma, when the system had accumulated many species with similar ecological roles (functional saturation), which ultimately provoked their functional collapse. After that, the system showed a faster ecological impoverishment increasing around 2.5 Ma during the beginning of Pleistocene glaciations. Regarding the functional structure, we find that Cenozoic large herbivore communities experienced long periods of stability followed by the reorganization of their functional structure in new stable states (around 20 and 10 Ma).

Die embryonale Gonade ist bei Säugetieren das einzige bipotente Organ, das sich während der Geschlechtsbestimmung in Hoden oder Eierstock differenziert. Nach der Spezifikation produziert sie geschlechtsspezifische Hormone, die wichtige morphologische, physiologische und Verhaltensänderungen auslösen und schließlich zu reifen Fortpflanzungsorganen führen, die für die Fortpflanzung der Art unerlässlich sind. Trotz der evolutionären Bedeutung der Gonadenfunktion gibt es erhebliche Entwicklungsunterschiede zwischen den Arten, deren molekulare Mechanismen weitgehend unerforscht sind. Zur Untersuchung dieser Mechanismen wurden Einzelzell-Omics-Techniken (scRNA- und scATAC-seq) an sich entwickelnden Gonaden eingesetzt, um molekulare Faktoren für interspezifische Unterschiede während der Geschlechtsdifferenzierung zu analysieren. Bekannte Zelltypen wurden in Hoden und Eierstöcken von Schweinen (mit medullären Strängen), Mäusen (ohne medulläre Stränge), Kaninchen (mit verzögerter Meiose der Keimzellen) und Maulwürfen (mit Ovotestes) zu geschlechtsdimorphen Zeitpunkten charakterisiert. Interartspezifische Vergleiche zeigten sowohl konservierte als auch artspezifische Ereignisse auf den Ebenen der dynamischen Genexpression, Co-Expressionsnetzwerke und zellulären Kommunikation. Expressionsdaten wurden mit epigenomischen Daten integriert, um genregulatorische Netzwerke (GRNs) abzuleiten und die regulatorischen Mechanismen zu klären. Analysen zeigten die Einbeziehung artenspezifischer Transkriptionsfaktoren in konservierte GRNs und identifizierten mutmaßliche cis-regulatorische Elemente, die mit artspezifisch exprimierten Genen verknüpft sind. Die Studie legt nahe, dass unterschiedliche Kontrollmechanismen die Meiose in ovariellen Keimzellen über Arten hinweg initiieren und dass der Metabolismus steroidogener Enzyme zu einzigartigen Entwicklungsmerkmalen bei Kaninchen beitragen könnte. / In mammals, the embryonic gonad is the only bipotential organ, differentiating into either testis or ovary during sex determination. Once specified, it produces sex-specific hormones that induce key morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes, leading to mature reproductive organs essential for species perpetuation. Despite the evolutionary importance of gonadal function, significant developmental plasticity exists across species, with underlying molecular mechanisms largely unexplored. To address this, single-cell omics techniques (scRNA- and scATAC-seq) were employed on developing gonads to investigate molecular contributors to interspecies differences during sex differentiation. Known cell types were characterized in testes and ovaries of pigs (exhibiting medullary cords), mice (lacking medullary cords), rabbits (displaying delayed meiosis of germ cells), and moles (forming ovotestes) at sexually dimorphic time points. Interspecies comparative analyses revealed both conserved and species-specific events at the levels of dynamic gene expression, co-expression networks, and cellular communication. Expression data were integrated with epigenomic data to infer gene regulatory networks (GRNs), clarifying regulatory mechanisms governing these events. Analyses revealed species-specific transcription factors in conserved GRNs and identified putative cis-regulatory elements linked with species-specific expressed genes. The study suggests diverse controls initiate meiosis in ovarian germ cells across species and that steroidogenic enzyme metabolism may contribute to unique developmental features in rabbits. Overall, this study advances the understanding of mammalian gonad differentiation and highlights how gene expression program evolution has contributed to mammalian phenotype diversity.

Two taxa of amphibians, five taxa of reptiles, and eighteen taxa of mammals were collected by screen-washing sediments from the upper Bidahochi Formation at White Cone peak, northeastern Arizona. Five new species of mammals were recovered. They include Perognathoides bidahochiensis (Heteromyidae), Bensonomys yazhi (Cricetidae), Bensonomys bradyi (Cricetidae), Paronychomys alticuspis (Cricetidae), and Martes (Plionictis) repenningi (Mustelidae). Bensonomys yazhi and Bensonomys bradyi are close to the stem of Central and South Americal hesperomyine radiation. The radiation began in the southwest United States and Mexico during the Hemphillian. The middle member of the Bidahochi Formation is dated at 6.7 m. y. by a basalt from Roberts Mesa. The paleomagnetic data and the White Cone local fauna support this middle Hemphillian date.