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Civilisation et désert : deux termes qui donnent l’impression en apparence d’être antithétiques, mais ils sont cependant et ont souvent été liés étroitement ensemble dans l'imaginaire aussi bien que dans la pratique. Depuis L'Épopée de Gilgamesh, en passant parles textes antiques et les traditions religieuses ou bien par les variations successives menant aux «découvertes géographiques», à la «modernité» et à la «mondialisation», l’idée de la civilisation a maintes fois trouvé son inverse, son révélateur et son complément dans la référence qu’elle donne au désert : quand la civilisation échoue à conquérir et à urbaniser le désert, c’est à ce même désert qu’elle retourne. Cette interaction des représentations autour des variantes contemporaines du rapport civilisation/désert n’a cessé de donner une inspiration importante depuis deux siècles à une littérature abondante sur le désert,dans laquelle la relation de ce dernier à l’espace civilisé constitue non seulement une sorte de confrontation entre deux espaces, mais aussi entre deux mondes, Occident et Orient,entre deux temps mythiques, deux visions du destin humain. Cet imaginaire se projette aussi dans les représentations des utopies– anciennes et nouvelles – pour mettre en valeur le désert.La présente thèse se donne pour objet de mettre l’accent sur l’opposition civilisation/désert à l’époque moderne. Notre lecture structuro-idéologique et socio-historique s’efforce d’identifier, pour chacun de nos quatre textes, les procédés sémiotiques et poétiques mobilisés en vue de mettre en lumière cette opposition, à savoir les mécanismes de sa représentation, de son fonctionnement et de sa mutation.Partant d’une analyse du contraste entre le discours colonial et le discours postcolonial,notre approche comparatiste repose sur la lecture de quatre oeuvres romanesques postcoloniales appartenant à quatre littératures mondiales traitant de l'opposition civilisation / désert tout en révélant la misère de l'Homme primitif face à tant de tentatives de l’Homme civilisé de l’arracher de son milieu. Les quatre oeuvres qui superposent l’Histoire à la fiction s’articulent sur une vision dénonciatrice de la civilisation moderne et sur une vision idéaliste et utopique du désert et du nomadisme. / Civilization and desert: two words which in appearance appear to be antithetical, and yet they are and have often been tightly linked in the imaginary as well as in practical experience. From The Epic of Gilgamesh, to ancient texts and religious traditions or even to the successive variations leading to "geographic discoveries", "modernity" and to "globalization", the idea of civilization has many times met its opposite, its enlightener, and its point of reference that it gives to the desert. For two centuries, this interaction in the representations about the contemporary variations of the connection civilization/desert has been continuously providing an important inspiration to an extensive literature on the desert. The latter's relationship with the civilized space not only sets up some confrontation between two spaces but also between two worlds, the Western and Eastern ones, between two mythical times, two different visions of human destiny. This imaginary experience is also shown through the representations of the utopias ancient or recent to highlight the desert. The opposition civilization/desert in modern times forms the subject matter of this thesis. Our structural-ideologicaland socio-historical reading endeavors to identify, through all four texts, the semiotic and poetic processes. These processes are featured in order to bring this opposition to the fore, which are the mechanism of its representation, functioning and mutation. On the basis of an analysis of the contrast between the colonial discourse and the postcolonial one, our comparative approach hinges on the reading of the four postcolonial novelistic works belonging to four world pieces of literature which deal with the opposition civilization/desert while featuring the misery of the primitive Man facing so many attempts of the civilized Man to force him out of his background. The four works superposing History on fiction are structured on a denunciatory vision of modern civilization and on a utopian and idealistic vision of the desert and of nomadism.

Este trabalho analisa os contos e textos autobiográficos de João Antônio (1937- 1996) nos quais as figuras paternas exercem papel decisivo para os protagonistas. A análise literária parte da identificação de elementos fundamentais do texto de ficção (tais como narrador, personagens e ação) e de como eles se articulam e interagem. As interpretações combinam elementos da crítica literária, da historiografia, de pesquisas bibliográfica e biográfica, apontando ainda para questões da sociologia e da psicanálise. O estudo parte das reflexões de Antonio Candido, crítico que formulou conceitos importantes para o autor em foco, para a crítica literária e para a linha de pesquisa que relaciona literatura e sociedade. As análises conduzem a questões sobre a trajetória dos personagens ficcionais, sobre o conceito de malandragem, sobre o conto na obra de João Antônio e sobre as relações entre biografia e literatura na vida do autor. / This thesis analyses João Antonios short stories and autobiographical narratives where father figures are crucial and intimately related to main characters. The critical work identifies essential elements of fiction (such as narrator, characters and plot) and the way they interact. Our research is based upon Antonio Candidos essays on João Antônio and on literature and society. The effort of interpretation combines literary criticism, history of literature, biographical approach and bibliographic research, also including psychoanalysis and sociological theoretical references. The interpretations lead to conclusions about the journey of the main characters, the concept of trickery (malandragem), the short story form in João Antonio and the relationship between life and work of this Brazilian writer.

Le cinéma de l'Argentine, le Chili et la Colombie entre 1990 et 2005 a dû faire face à divers changements liés aux modèles politique, économique et culturel. En particulier, les lois relatives à la production du cinéma ont changées dans les années ci-dessous, ce qui a permet de configurer un cinéma hétérogène par rapport aux thèmes et moyens de raconter. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d’étudier un phénomène particulier situé temporellement dans un moment de transition et envisagé à travers un corpus clairement sélectionné. Le dit phénomène se présente à travers la relation que le cinéma entretient avec la réalité, relation qui, à cette époque, se caractérise par une grande ambigüité. Il s’agit principalement d’un élargissement des frontières de classifications des productions en vertu de sa relation avec la réalité qui, traditionnellement fut séparée en deux grands groupes définis comme fiction et non fiction. Pour cette raison, nous avons développés un cadre théorique autour du réalisme comme une catégorie d'analyse du corpus. Aussi, nous avons fait une analyse basée sur les approches des Études Culturelles d'Amérique Latine, l’Analyse Critique du Discours et l'Analyse de Cinéma. Notre travail a été de systématiser et de mettre en relation les processus qui ont permis la consolidation du cinéma contemporain d'Amérique Latine. Également, nous avons confirmés le besoin de contextualiser et de nourrir l'analyse de film avec la connaissance de l'histoire sociale, politique et économique comme une condition pour 'interpréter et analyser le récit de l'Amérique Latine. / Argentine, Chilean and Colombian Cinema of the period between1990-2005 had to face several changes related to political, economic and cultural models. In particular, laws related to film production changed over the years, allowing the configuration of a heterogeneous cinematography regarding its topics and ways of narrating. The main problem of this research is studying the relationship between cinema and reality and how the strategies of construction of fiction and nonfiction narratives are put into tension during the period above mentioned. For this reason, we developed a theoretical framework around the realism as a category to get an approach to the corpus. Additionally, we carried out an analysis of our corpus based on the Latin American Cultural Studies, Critical Discourse Analysis and Film Analysis approaches. We systematized and correlated the processes that have allowed contemporary Latin American films to consolidate as a reference. In this project, we have been able to confirm the need to contextualize and nourish film analysis using knowledge of the social, political and economic history as a condition to interpret and study Latin American Narratives.

Les années 1970 sont une période de changement pour le monde de l’art américain qui se tourne vers une vision pluraliste de l’art où triomphent l’installation, la performance, l’art vidéo, les écrits d’artistes et la photographie. Dans plusieurs grandes villes, des lieux d’exposition d’un nouveau genre apparaissent simultanément sous le nom d’espaces alternatifs. À New York et Buffalo, le 112 Greene Street, Artists Space (à NY) et Hallwalls (à Buffalo) sont trois espaces où règne un esprit d’expérimentation et de contestation, opposé aux normes esthétiques et aux logiques institutionnelles et marchandes qui dominent le monde de l’art. Comment se construit dès lors l’identité alternative de ces trois espaces et quelle place occupent-ils sur la scène artistique des années 1970 ?Lieux d’exposition marginaux situés dans des quartiers industriels en déclin, le 112 Greene Street, Artists Space et Hallwalls sont des structures avant-gardistes qui produisent des œuvres expérimentales (installations, performance, vidéo) et développent des systèmes de fonctionnement renforçant le pouvoir des artistes. Mais ce modèle alternatif se trouve immédiatement menacé par la précarité artistique qui caractérise ces structures. Le 112, Artists Space et Hallwalls s’institutionnalisent alors peu à peu pour survivre et acquièrent un nouveau statut au sein du monde de l’art : reconnus à la fin de la décennie comme des lieux indispensables à la valorisation de l’art contemporain, l’alternative qu’ils proposent est désormais moins fonctionnelle qu’esthétique. / The 1970s was a decade when important changes took place in the American art world, with a pluralistic approach to art, in which installations, performances, video art, artists books and photography represented new and innovative art forms. Amidst this diversity of practices, new exhibition venues were created in former industrial loft buildings, under the generic name of alternative spaces. In New York City and Buffalo, 112 Greene Street (NYC), Artists Space (NYC) and Hallwalls (Buffalo) were three spaces in which a spirit of protest and a desire for artistic experimentation prevailed, questioning the aesthetic norms of a mainstream art world dominated by institutional and commercial paradigms. Facing a powerful normative art world, how do these three spaces defined their alternative identities and their roles regarding the development of new art forms?From the moment of their births in the early 1970s, 112 Greene Street, Artists Space and Hallwalls represented marginal artistic venues. As avant-gardist exhibition spaces, they were geared towards experimental art and the development of new organizational systems in which artists had more power. However, their alternative status was rapidly threatened by the problem of their economic survival. During the decade, 112 Greene Street, Artists Space and Hallwalls thus progressively became more institutionalized, gaining in artistic maturity and developing a new recognition within the art world. By the late 1970s, as they grew more legitimate in their exhibition of experimental art, the alternative they offered, however, had become less functional and more aesthetic.

L’abstinence de viande doit-elle être appréhendée comme un rejet de la norme, laquelle est définie par la participation des citoyens au sacrifice sanglant animal et à la consommation des chairs qui s’ensuit, actes civico-religieux fondamentaux ? L’historiographie actuelle considère que si la vie civique se structure et se reconnaît autour de la mise à mort de l’animal et de sa consommation, alors la place des citoyens refusant la consommation de viande ne peut être que marginale. En s’appuyant sur l’ensemble des sources littéraires de la période antique (VIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ve ap. J.-C.), cette thèse, loin de confirmer cette analyse, révèle une situation plus complexe. L’abstinence de viande s’affirme en effet comme un marqueur identitaire qui laisse apparaître clairement la pluralité normative de la pratique, modulable en fonction des acteurs impliqués et/ou exclus. Ainsi, comme toute pratique alimentaire, les normes ne sont pas excluantes, et une même personne peut s’y conformer suivant le contexte dans lequel elles prennent forme. Le végétarisme ne vient donc pas entraver les devoirs du citoyen et n’entraîne pas la marginalité dans la cité / Must the abstinence of meat be conceived as a rejection of the norm, which is defined by the participation of the citizens to the blood sacrifice and to the following consumption of the flesh, two fundamental civico-religious acts ? The current historiography considers that if civic life structures and recognizes itself through the killing of the animal and its consumption, then the place of the citizens refusing meat consumption can only be marginal. Using all of the literary sources from antiquity (VIth cent. B.C.-Vth cent. A.D.), this dissertation, far from confirming this analysis, reveals a much more complex situation. The abstinence of meat affirms itself as a marker of identity, clearly showing the normative plurality of the practice, flexible depending on the parties involved and/or excluded. In fact, as all dietary practices, norms are not excluding, and one can conform oneself to it depending on the context in which they are shaped. Thus, vegetarianism does not hinder the duties of the citizens, and does not entail marginality within the city

The purpose of this study was to investigate and document parental involvement in a San community in Namibia over a period of two months. The emphasis was to investigate whether San parents in the Omusati region were involved in the learning of mathematics of their children. The learner participants were selected according to those who were open to sharing their ideas. An interpretive approach was used to collect and analyse data. The collected data was gathered from 9 participants (4 learners in grade 5 together with their parents, plus their mathematics teacher). Semi-structured interviews, parental contributions and home visit observations were the three tools that I used to collect data. The selected school is located in a rural area in the Omusati region of northern Namibia. The interviews were conducted in Oshiwambo (the participants‟ mother tongue) and translated into English and then analyzed. I discovered that the selected San parents were involved in some but limited school activities. The findings of this study emphasizes that illiteracy may be one of the contributing factors of low or non-involvement of parents among the San community. Other factors which I found caused parents not to assist their children with homework was parents spending much of their time at the local cuca shops during the day until late in the evenings. The study also highlights possible strategies that can be carried out by teachers to encourage parental involvement in school activities.

Orientador: Carlos Alonso Barbosa de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_PedroHenriqueEvangelista_D.pdf: 2694625 bytes, checksum: c2fec82d1ec3ba90658273c14f8e4824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Entendendo o excedente de mão de obra como um dos elementos estruturais que caracterizam a economia brasileira, o presente estudo pretende investigar os elementos históricos que fundamentam a origem do excedente de mão de obra no Brasil, a partir das categorias desenvolvidas em dois aportes teóricos: de um lado, a teoria do valor desenvolvida por Karl Marx, especificamente as categorias superpopulação relativa e exército industrial de reserva; de outro lado, a teoria da marginalidade, que procurou entender, a partir das especificidades do capitalismo periférico e dependente, como se formava o excedente de mão de obra, ou a chamada massa marginal. O objetivo central da tese se desdobra em três aspectos a serem analisados. Em primeiro lugar, quais são os fatores históricos que determinaram a formação do mercado de trabalho no Brasil no momento de consolidação do setor industrial, e como se forma, junto a este mercado, um excedente de mão de obra. Em segundo lugar, quais são as características e dinâmica desse excedente num momento de expansão de um conjunto de atividades econômicas urbanas e decadência de uma série de outras atividades, em especial aquelas ligadas aos setores agrícolas. Em terceiro lugar, em que medida as categorias assumidas para tal análise são capazes ou não de explicar o comportamento do excedente de mão de obra no Brasil. A hipótese central que norteia o trabalho é de que o excedente de mão de obra no Brasil tem origem nos problemas decorrentes da transição do trabalho escravo ao trabalho livre, que acabou por determinar não apenas a dificuldade de integração do negro, mas também resultou na entrada maciça de imigrantes, compondo uma força de trabalho com excesso de oferta em relação à demanda dos setores produtivos. Quando da crise de 1929, que determinariam a expansão dos investimentos industriais, parte substancial da população migraria em direção à região economicamente dinâmica, compondo o mercado de trabalho urbano - que, nesses termos, já surgiria com excedente de mão de obra / Abstract: Considering the surplus labor as one of the structural aspects which characterize Brazilian economy, the aim of this thesis is investigate the structural aspects which explain the surplus labor in Brazil, from the theoretical framework proposed by two theories: in one hand, Karl Marx¿s value theory, and the categories relative surplus population and industrial reserve army; in another hand, marginality theory, which tried to explain, considering the specificities of the peripheral and dependent capitalism, the economics and social processes which results in the emergence of the surplus population, also so called "marginal mass" in that kind of economies. To develop this main aim, we propose analyze of three aspects. Firstly, point out the historical aspects which determine the formation of labor market, at the moment of the consolidation of industrial sector; and also what explain the origin of surplus labor in that market. Secondly, explain the dynamic and characteristics of that surplus labor, at the moment in which grows a set of urban economics sectors, while some regions are in economic decay, especially those specialized in agricultural sectors. Thirdly, how the categories taken from the theoretical framework could explain the dynamic of the surplus labor in Brazil. The hypotheses is that the surplus labor in Brazil is a result of problems arising from the transition from slavery to free labor, which determined the difficulties of black workers¿ integration in the labor market and the huge influx of immigrant workers, resulting in a surplus workforce when compared with the possibilities of job offers in the economy. When the 1929 crisis, which determine the expansion of industrial investments, a substantial part of the population migrate towards the economically dynamic region, forming the urban labor market - which, in these terms, as would arise with labor surplus / Doutorado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico

PhD Thesis Summary: Imagining the West: Marginality and Possible Lives at the Outskirts of a Mexican City Mgr. Marie Heřmanová The thesis aims to develop various results of a long-term fieldwork in the city of San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México, where rural-urban migration was pervasive since the 1960s. The research concentrated on the second generation of Tzotzil and Tzeltal migrants living at the suburbs of the city. Young indigenous people, whose parents came to the city to seek jobs, are now completely bilingual (they speak their maternal language - mostly Tzotzil as well as spanish they have learned in the school in the city). They mostly work in the same areas as the first generation migrants - as shop-keepers, souvenirs sellers or street-food vendors. They are thus in everyday interaction with both tourist and expats in the city centre. These interactions and meetings are in the context of the thesis seen as a consitutive element to imageries of mobility, modernity and Western lifestyles developed by the the young indigenous people from the suburbs. The concept if "Imaginary West" (Yurchak 2005) is central in the thesis, an unseen and yet ever-present homeland of the tourists and most importantly a place where "better lives" happen. The text explores how the search for...

The aim of my thesis is to discuss the possible uses of the concept of autonomy in the study of conversions of Roma to Charismatic/Pentecostal Christianity. Focus on empowerment and social inclusion has been prevailing in the field, and critical reflection of questions of governance and oppression is lacking. I use the thesis by Patrick Williams (1987; 1991; 1993a), according to whom the French Gypsies who converted to Pentecostalism achieved autonomy or at least a sense of autonomy, which allowed them to downplay the role of structural factors and other people behind their actions. Through a case study from ethnographic fieldwork in a Romani Charismatic congregation in Western Bohemia I extend and refine the concept. The main theoretical innovations come from the contemporary moral philosophy, especially the theory of autonomy (of the oppressed) by Christman (2014) who defines autonomy as a reflexive affirmation of an assumed practical identity, a "life worth living". The story which missionaries in Márov, the place of my fieldwork, put forward, was that Roma converted from being pimps and drug dealers. The empirical realities and narratives about the change cast doubt on the easy account of radical change through the religion. Based on a detailed focus on conversion of one former drug addict I...