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Foucault, le souci des margesSzanyi, Adam 07 1900 (has links)
L’œuvre de Michel Foucault est communément divisée en trois périodes : la période archéologique traitant d’épistémologie, la période généalogique consacrée à l’analyse des relations de pouvoir, et la période esthétique portant sur les « cultures de soi » gréco-romaines. Chacune d’entre elles se définit par une méthodologie particulière et une constellation de thèmes que nous récapitulons en partie dans cet ouvrage. Ce survol sert de travail préparatoire afin de relever une préoccupation qui semble parcourir l’ensemble de son œuvre. Elle concerne les « marges »; question qui se pose tantôt à l’aune d’un rapprochement entre littérature et folie, tantôt en lien aux concepts de « résistance » et de « bataille », et enfin, à travers l’étude des manières atypiques de se gouverner/subjectiver. Ainsi, notre enquête s’articule essentiellement autour des interrogations suivantes : « peut-on attribuer une fonction bien définie aux marges au sein de la (ou des) théorie(s) foucaldienne(s)? »; « quelles sont les figures de la marginalité et comment interagissent-elles avec les thèmes foucaldiens majeurs? »; « à quelles difficultés se heurte le lexique des marges, lequel inclut des notions telles que le dehors, la désubjectivation et les hétérotopies? ». / Michel Foucault’s work is generally divided into three periods: the archaeological period dealing with epistemology, the genealogical one devoted to the analysis of power relations, and the aesthetic period centered on the « cultures of the self » as understood by the Greeks and Romans. Each of these periods is defined by a particular methodology and a constellation of themes that we’ll partly recapitulate in this paper. This overview serves as a preparatory work in order to underline a preoccupation which seems to be constant all throughout his philosophical journey. It’s concerning the « margins »; a question raised at times with regards to the topic of madness and literature, or in relation to the concept of « resistance » and « battle », and finally, through the study of the atypical manners in which one’s self can/should be governed. Thus, our inquiry is essentially articulated around the following questions: « can we attribute a well defined function to the margins in the theoretical framework(s) of Foucault? »; « what are the figures of marginality and how do they interact with the main Foucauldian themes? »; « what are the difficulties proper to the lexicon of marginality which includes notions such as the outside, desubjectivation and heterotopy? ».
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[en] ANIMATION TO SERVE THE GOVERNMENT: IMAGINARY IN HEALTH AND HYGIENE CARTOONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT CAMPAIGNS DURING THE MILITARY REGIME IN BRAZIL (1972-1979) / [pt] ANIMAÇÃO A SERVIÇO DO ESTADO: O IMAGINÁRIO PRESENTE NOS DESENHOS ANIMADOS PARA CAMPANHA DE SAÚDE E HIGIENE DURANTE O REGIME MILITAR NO BRASIL (1972-1979)MARCELO GONCALVES RIBEIRO 22 September 2004 (has links)
[pt] A pesquisa tem por escopo um estudo do imaginário
presente
nos desenhos animados que fizeram parte da campanha de
saúde, higiene e vacinação promovida pelo Governo
Federal,
veiculada na mídia e nas escolas do país. Esta Campanha,
realizada pela Assessoria de Relações Públicas do
Governo,
criou as personagens Sujismundo, Sujismundinho e Doutor
Prevenildo e foi exibida em dois momentos distintos, na
gestão dos Presidentes Médici (1969-1974) e Geisel (1974-
1979), durante a vigência do Regime Militar no Brasil.
Embora estes filmes vinculem-se a um período específico
da
vida nacional, em alguns aspectos, suas características
se assemelham a outras criações que fizeram parte da
literatura brasileira. Mais especificamente, as imagens
dos
desenhos animados evocam um imaginário que permaneceu ao
longo de décadas representando uma marca, uma impressão
na memória da sociedade brasileira. Esta dissertação visa
contribuir, portanto, para uma reflexão acerca do
imaginário social brasileiro, considerando as contradições
existentes na sociedade, principalmente no que se refere
à
política e ao poder do país, e a repercussão destes fatos
na criação das animações no período do Regime Militar. / [en] This research is about an influence of Brazilian social
imaginary which reflects on a cartoon created for health
and hygiene children`s campaign promoted by the Brazilian
Government Propaganda. In this animation there were three
characters: Sujismundo, Sujismundinho and Doctor
Prevenildo. These characters had been exhibited in several
medias and in Brazilian schools in two different moments in
Military Regime period. The films were made by a federal
government propaganda agency in the seventies but, in some
aspects, they were similar to others characters in
Brazilian literature. These characters have been
representing an imaginary icon in Brazilian society memory,
at least, since the beginning of the Twentieth Century.
Therefore, this dissertation proposes discuss some aspects
of Brazilian social imaginary present in this cartoon
created by the Brazilian Government in the Military Regime.
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[en] THE INTERLACING OF CULTURAL CODES: YOUNG BRAZILIANS FACING CONFLICTING CODES PERMEATED BY THE LOGIC OF FASHION / [pt] O ENTRECRUZAMENTO DE CÓDIGOS CULTURAIS: JOVENS BRASILEIROS FACE A CÓDIGOS CONFLITANTES PERMEADOS PELA LÓGICA DA MODAFERNANDA RIBEIRO COUTINHO 14 October 2004 (has links)
[pt] A aparência física masculina socialmente legitimada no
mundo ocidental tornou-
se no final do século XVIII, segundo Flugel (1930) em A
psicologia das roupas,
austera e hermética em relação a qualquer tipo de ornamento
artístico, posto que o
homem renuncia ao direito de ser considerado belo.
Acreditamos, entretanto, tratarse
de um fenômeno que só atinge certos segmentos do sexo
masculino pertencentes
ao universo dos white collars. Portanto, não se estende a
todos os homens. Observemos,
por exemplo, a vaidade presente na estética regional dos
latifundiários do
Agreste Nordestino e dos grupos socialmente marginalizados
como os cangaceiros,
malandros da Lapa, sambistas, bicheiros ad infinutum.
Neste trabalho, elegemos alguns elementos da cultura de
massa para saber como
os discursos sobre os cuidados com a aparência estética no
sexo masculino passam
a ser enaltecidos pela cultura dominante através de
enunciados que apontam para o
surgimento de um novo homem. Além disso, examinamos como
estas mensagens
vêm sendo recebidas pelos sujeitos, tendo em vista o modo
através do qual elas
entram em conformidade com antigos valores da nossa
sociedade. Para tanto, foram
analisados diversos estilos de moda masculina, tais como
são caracterizados no
discurso dos entrevistados, já que acreditamos ser esta uma
das maneiras através das
quais os indivíduos se posicionam na sociedade, expressando
opiniões e emitindo
mensagens ao seu respeito.
Concluímos, portanto, que estes sujeitos utilizam-se de uma
boa parte dos
modelos projetados pela indústria para criar a sua própria
identidade visual. Além
disso, percebemos que eles se colocam contrários à tão
alardeada androgenia que
vem sendo propagada pela mídia, posto que estão sempre
buscando preservar as
diferenças entre os sexos através de um mapeamento
imaginário do corpo masculino
(Portinari, 2003, s.p.). Ainda é importante explicitar que
o material colhido é
extremamente amplo e abrangente, cujo teor não foi
trabalhado e esmiuçado em
toda a sua potencialidade, ficando portanto para ser
retomado no doutorado. / [en] Because the Western man abandoned his claim to beauty, his
socially legitimated
physical appearance had turned at the end XVIII century,
like Flugel (1930) states in
The Psychology of Clothes, into an austere and ascetic form
of art. We believe, though,
this is a limited phenomenon restricted to a certain
segment of the masculine universe:
i. e., the white collars1 group. It is, therefore,
inexistent in other areas, as demonstrated
, for example, the vanity present in the aesthetics of such
social outcast groups as
the cangaceiros (outlaws from the North East of Brazil),
thugs from Lapa, samba
dancers, bicheiros ( the Brazilian Mafia), ad infinutum.
In this work, we choose different elements of the mass
media and analyze their
discourse to discover how the importance of the aesthetic
pleasure in the physical
appearance of the male started to be reintroduced in the
main stream culture. We
used as material a large number of statements announcing
the birth of the new
man. Furthermore, we also wanted to find out how these
messages are received by
men and how the conflict with older values are resolved.
Thus, we analyzed different
styles of masculine fashion because we believe clotthing is
one of paths through
which individuals find their place in society, express
their opinions and emit messages
about their inner selves.
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Losing, using, refusing, cruising : first-generation South African women academics narrate the complexity of marginalityIdahosa, Grace Ese-Osa January 2014 (has links)
While existing literature shows a considerable increase in the numbers of women in academia research on the experiences of women in universities has noted their continued occupation of lower status academic positions in relation to their male counterparts. As the ladder gets higher, the number of women seems to drop. These studies indicate the marginalization of women in academic settings, highlighting the various forms of subtle and overt discrimination and exclusion women face in academic work environments. In this study I ask how academic women in South Africa narrate their experience of being ‘outside in’ the teaching machine. It has been argued that intertwined sexist, patriarchal and phallocentric knowledges and practices in academic institutions produce various forms of discrimination, inequality, oppression and marginalization. Academic women report feeling invisible and retreating to the margins so as to avoid victimization and discrimination. Others have pointed to the tension between the ‘tenure clock’ and the ‘biological clock’ as a source of anxiety among academic women. Where a masculinised presentation of the self is adopted as a solution to this dilemma, the devaluation of the feminine in the academic space is confirmed. However, experiences of academic women are not identical. In the context of studies showing the importance of existing personal and social resources, prior experience and having mentors and role models in the negotiation of inequality and discrimination, I document the narratives of women academics who are the first in their families to graduate with a university degree. These first-generation academic women are therefore least likely to have access to social and cultural resources and prior experiences that can render the academic space more hospitable for the marginalised. Employing Spivak’s deconstruction of the concept of marginalisation as my primary interpretive lens, I explore the way in which, in their narratives, first-generation academic women negotiate marginality. These narratives depict a marginality that might be described, following Spivak, as ‘outside/in’, that is, as complex and involving moments of accommodation and resistance, losses and gains, pain and pride.
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L'habitat insalubre dans le Grand Agadir (Maroc)Atik, Mohamed 07 December 2009 (has links)
L'habitat précaire dans le Grand Agadir a un caractère original, car il s'agit d'une ville entièrement neuve reconstruite sur une stratégie moderniste et volontariste après le séisme de 1960. L'évolution particulière de l'aire urbaine durant ces dernières décennies s'est traduite par un développement rapide de l'ensemble de ses centres enregistrant les taux d'accroissement les plus élevés du Maroc. Cette croissance exceptionnelle a engendré de nombreux problèmes dont le plus préoccupant est la prolifération des bidonvilles et des quartiers d'habitat clandestin. Actuellement, près d'un ménage sur cinq du Grand Agadir vit encore dans ces deux formes d'habitat. Le RGPH (2004) recense 10 331 baraques, abritant près de 18,3% de la population urbaine et 27 quartiers clandestins d'une superficie totale de 2539 hectares sur lesquels résident 36 966 ménages, soit environ 184 000 habitants. L'évolution de ces quartiers montre que les habitants s'y sont investis à la fois financièrement et affectivement. Loin d'être des lieux provisoires en marge des villes, ces quartiers constituent au contraire des parties non intégrées de l'urbain, comme en témoigne leur organisation spatiale et sociale et leur exclusion de tous les éléments de confort et d'intégration urbains (infrastructures, équipements socio-économiques). La particularité de ce phénomène réside dans le fait qu'il reprend les mêmes matériaux et les mêmes techniques de construction, mais se caractérise par la variété des couches sociales qui y résident et des typologies architecturales et urbanistiques. Les quartiers insalubres ont au moins deux points communs qui suffisent à les définir : d'une part, ce sont des "quartiers" de ville, des morceaux d'un espace dans lequel ils s'insèrent et, d'autre part, ils sont en bas de la hiérarchie urbaine : moins équipés, moins riches, moins attractifs. Ils cumulent les risques, l'exclusion, la marginalité et la pauvreté extrême. Ils représentent aussi un lei de tension et de résistance à toute tentative d'intégration et de régularisation par les pouvoirs publics. Ils se caractérisent aussi par leur dynamique ; ils s'imposent en effet, comme une composante active de la société urbaine. La population des quartiers insalubres produit un certain nombre de biens et de services consommés par la population de la ville formelle. Ces quartiers précaires produisent leurs propres équipements et participent dans la mesure de leurs possibilités à alimenter les caisses de l'État et des collectivités. Sans logis, sans emploi, sans sociabilité, les habitants sont aussi "sans voix", sans participation à la décision ou absents des politiques sociales de relogement. La "résorption" de l'habitat insalubre a toujours constitué une préoccupation pour l'État qui met tous ses moyens pour que cette forme d'habitation disparaisse de la ville. Ces gens souhaitent également un logement digne et une stratégie de RHI qui prend en considération leur mode de vie et leur situation sociale et économique. Ce travail de recherche analyse la problématique de l'habitat insalubre, dans ses aspects social, urbain et politique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons essayé de savoir comment les bidonvilles et l'habitat clandestin se sont développés en parallèle à la reconstruction. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié la structure interne des quartiers insalubres et illégaux en terme urbanistiques, sociaux et économiques, ainsi que les relations avec le reste de la ville, pour mesurer leur urbanité et leur intégration à celle-ci. A la fin de ce travail, nous avons analysé la politique de RHI dans ses stratégies et ses défauts, mais aussi les relations des habitants avec les pouvoirs publics / This research analyzes the problems of slums in its social aspect, and Urban Policy. Initially, we tried to find out how slums and illegal housing were developed in parallel with the reconstruction of the recent urban space. In a second step, we studied the internal structure of slums and illegal in terms of urban, social and economic, as well as relations with the rest of the city to measure their urbanity and integration thereof. At the end of this work, we analyzed the policy of RHI in its strategies and its defects, but also relations between the inhabitants and public authorities. The value of squatter settlements in Grater Agadir is original because it is an entirely new city was rebuilt on a modern strategy ansd proactive after the earthquake of 1960. The particular evolution of the urban area of this town in recent decades has resulted in rapid development of all its centers registering growth rates the highest in Morocco. This exceptional growth has created many problems in urban development with more concern are the proliferation of slums and illegal housing. Currently, nearly one in five households Greater Agadir still lives in these two types of habitat. According to the GPHC, 10,331 huts have been counted, which represents approximately 18,3% of urban population and 27 illegal neighborhoods with a total area of 2539 hectares on which 36 966 residents households, or appoximately 184 000 inhabitants. The evolution of these districts shows that there are people invested both financially and emotionally. Far from being places of temporary edge of town, these neighborhoods are rather non-integral parts of the city, as evidenced by their spatial organization and social exclusion of all basic amenities and urban integration (infrastructure, socio-economic facilities). The particularity of this phenomenom lies in the fact that it uses the same mateirals and same construction techniques, but it is characterized by the variety of social strata that live there and architectural typologies and urban planning. These slums have at least two common points which suffice to define them : first, they are "neighborhoods" of town, pieces of an area in which they operate and, secondly, they are down the urban hierarchy: less equipped, less affluent, less attractive. They combine the risks, exclusion, marginalization and extreme poverty. They also represnt a place of tension and resistance to any attempt at integration and regulation by government. They are also characterized by their dynamics, they are necessary because, as an active component of urban society. The slum population produces a number of goods and services consumed by the population of the formal city. These shantytowns are producing their own equipment and participate in the best of their ability to feed the coffers of the state and communities. Homeless, jobless, sociability, people are "speechless" without participation in the decision or absent social policies of resettlement. The "absorption" of slums has always been a political public claimed by the state that puts all its ressources to this form of housing disappears from the city. These people also want a decent home and a strategy for RHI, which takes into account their lifestyle, their social and economic
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"We don’t count, we’re just not there" : using feminist action research to explore the relationship between exclusion, poverty and women’s healthReid, Colleen 11 1900 (has links)
One of the greatest social injustices is that people who are marginalized experience more illnesses,
disability, and shorter lives than those who are more affluent (Benzeval, Judge, and Whitehead,
1995). In this dissertation I critique the notion that health is affected by poverty through primarily
material factors. In fact, poor women are systematically excluded from resources and
opportunities to pursue their health. This feminist action research project addressed how poverty
and exclusion influenced poor women's health, examined how a group of women negotiated their
experiences of poverty and health, and developed action strategies to address their shared
concerns.
For 1 V2 years I worked with a group of 30 poor women and gathered qualitative data from 15
meetings, 32 interviews, and 30 sets of fieldnotes. The women lived in material deprivation and
could not afford the most basic living necessities. They felt stereotyped, excluded, and invisible in
their every day lives. The stereotype of the "welfare recipient" fueled institutional stigmatization
and surveillance. Welfare, health care, and community recreation workers were threatening,
withheld important information, and limited the women's access to services through
chscriminatory practices and policies. The women had limited access to health-promoting
resources, and their interactions with authorities were shaming which negatively influenced their
psychosocial health through stress, depression, low self-esteem, and anger. Services that were
meant to help them labelled them as poor and hurniliated them. The women's shame, material
scarcity, and limited access to resources engendered feelings of lack of control and hopelessness
and influenced their health.
The women's varied discourses of poverty and health reflected attempts at finding legitimacy in a
society that systematically excluded and de-legitimized them. Through their conversations and
our feminist action research work together, they uncovered legitimate identities within
experiences of poverty and ill-health and advocated action and social change. They cited a
"livable" income, accessible health-promoting resources, and redressing stigmatizing practices
and policies as changes required to improve their health. These findings confirmed that the social
determinants of health must be reframed to better understand the effects of exclusion on poor
women's health and that inclusion, respect, and dignity are fundamental conditions for promoting
health. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate
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Composition and technology: Examining liminal spaces onlineFye, Carmen Michelle 01 January 2001 (has links)
This thesis examines how composition studies have been, and continue to be, shaped by the cultural values of exclusion; this field is "continually magnif[ied] and reproduc[ed] in the complex social conditions connected with those values in fundamental ways much like educational systems in general."
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Psychopathologies et marginalités : la mythologie du mal-être entourant le BDSM dans le cinéma occidental du début du 21e siècleMcLellan, Justine 08 1900 (has links)
Le domaine de la psychologie procède actuellement à l’abandon partiel de la conception du BDSM en tant que psychopathologie. Pourtant, depuis le début des années 2000, on observe une augmentation considérable de la présence au cinéma de personnages neurodivergents et malheureux qui pratiquent le BDSM. Des coproductions transeuropéennes comme Nymp()manic (Lars von Trier, 2013) aux longs métrages indépendants australiens comme My Mistress (Stephen Lance, 2014), passant par les films américains grands publics comme Fifty Shades of Grey (Sam Taylor-Johnson, 2015) le BDSM au cinéma apparaît comme n’étant pratiqué que par des personnes à l’existence trouble et à la santé mentale fragile. L’objectif de cette thèse sera de définir les nombreux biais qui motivent cette mythologie du mal-être.
Afin d’examiner de plus près le fossé entre la représentation du BDSM au cinéma et la recherche récente en sciences sociales qui se penche la population sadomasochiste, nous avons développé une étude de cas sur Nymph()maniac de Lars von Trier. Nous avons également récolté les réactions au film de personnes pour lesquelles la dominance ou la soumission ritualisée fait partie de leur expérience de la sexualité. Nous proposons donc un dialogue interprétatif entre la psychologie, la critique littéraire et les études culturelles féministes pour analyser le film de von Trier. / The formerly widespread view of BDSM as a psychological disorder is currently being abandoned by large portions of the scientific community; it has been almost completely removed from the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and a growing number of studies point toward the psychological and social normalcy of BDSM practitioners. Yet, since the early 2000’s, from trans-european productions like Nymph()maniac (Lars von Trier, 2013) to independent Australian features like My Mistress (Stephen Lance, 2014), or mainstream american films like Fifty Shades of Grey (Sam Taylor-Johnson, 2015), the onscreen portrayal of BDSM practitioners increasingly consists of characters with troubled lives and fragile mental healths. The aim of this thesis will be to investigate the many biases that motivate this mythology of unease surrounding BDSM in film.
In order to take a closer look at the gap between current research in psychology and cultural representation of BDSM we developed a case study of Nymph()maniac, which features, among a wide array of sexual proclivities, a temporary D/s relationship. With the intention of gaining access to the perspective of women-identified people from the BDSM community on the way they are represented in movies, we generated a focus group and gathered their reactions. We therefore propose an interpretative dialogue between the BDSM community, literary criticism, sociology, psychology and feminist cultural studies.
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Des lucioles, suivi de, Utilité et limites de la commune dans L'ange de la solitude de Marie-Claire BlaisDuchesne Perron, Emilie 01 1900 (has links)
Mémoire en recherche-création / Des lucioles est un roman versifié où monde intérieur et monde extérieur paraissent irréconciliables. À travers une narratrice habitée par le deuil inachevé de son père, ce projet s’interroge sur ce qui demeure après la perte lorsque les circonstances ne permettent pas que l’on s’arrête pour contempler le vide laissé par l’être perdu. Entourée de personnages habités par une douleur qu’elle croit semblable à la sienne, la narratrice fait l’expérience de l’importance de la communauté, mais également, des limites de cette même solidarité. La lumière, image parcourant le texte, expose autant la beauté que l’obscurité du milieu où la narratrice évolue. L’absence d’issue apparente pour le personnage nous révèle le sentiment d’impuissance qui l’habite face à sa situation précaire.
L’essai qui le suit, Utilité et limites de la commune dans L’ange de la solitude de Marie-Claire Blais, s’articule également autour des questions d’individualité et de solidarité. À partir du concept d’hétérotopie développé par Michel Foucault, l’essai tente d’abord de comprendre la nécessité de la création d’un safe space pour les personnages marginalisés de L’ange de la solitude, puis se questionne sur la persistance des rapports de force à l’intérieur de ce lieu établi hors des instances sociales dominantes. Au cœur de cette contradiction se pose une question fondamentale sur la relation qu’entretient l’individu ostracisé avec le monde qui le rejette, et propose ainsi une réflexion sur le rapport à l’espace des communautés marginalisées. / Des lucioles is a versified novel in which intimate and outside world are shown as irreconcilable. Through a female narrator who is still grieving the death of her father, this project shows what remains after a person disappears, especially when circumstances do not allow the griever to properly process that loss. Surrounded by like-minded people who seem to be struggling as much as her in their own lives, the narrator realizes the importance of belonging to a community, but also, the limits of that solidarity. The recurring image of light shows both the beauty and the despair of the environment in which the characters evolve. The apparent lack of resolution for the protagonist tells us a lot about the helplessness of the subject facing the world they live in.
The essay that follows, Utilité et limites de la commune dans L'ange de la solitude de Marie-Claire Blais, is also exploring the ideas of solidarity and community. Through the concept of hétérotopie developed by Michel Foucault, we try to understand the necessity for Blais’ characters to create a safe space for themselves. We then observe the presence of power relationships inside the friend group, despite their attempt at creating a space out of the social structure that marginalized them in the first place. With this essay, we expose the relationship between the marginalized subject and the world that rejects them, which allows us to reflect on the way these social groups interact with space in general.
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[en] BETWEEN THE SLUM AND THE GROUND: THE IMAGES OF THE SLUM IN BRAZILIAN CULTURAL SPEECHES / [pt] ENTRE O MORRO E O ASFALTO: IMAGENS DA FAVELA NOS DISCURSOS CULTURAIS BRASILEIROSPAULO ROBERTO TONANI DO PATROCINIO 11 September 2006 (has links)
[pt] Quais as modificações que os discursos sobre a favela
sofreram ao longo do
último século? Quais imagens das primeiras representações
sobre a favela
perduram até os dias atuais? De que forma o intelectual
contemporâneo lida com a
alteridade proveniente do sujeito marginalizado? A
presente dissertação ensaia
responder às questões acima arroladas. Para tanto, à
análise das obras literárias e
musicais é adicionada uma perspectiva que privilegie os
atritos e aproximações
entre os espaços marginais da cidade e o olhar do
intelectual. Encontramos, assim,
não uma única imagem da favela, mas uma pluralidade de
visões, em grande
parte, conflituantes. Guardadas as diferenças históricas,
notamos tanto nas
crônicas do início do século XX, como na ficção
contemporânea, as dificuldades
na elaboração desse Outro, ainda hoje, excluído dos
aspectos formais da cidade. / [en] How has the academic approach to Rio de Janeiro s slums
changed over the
years? What traits of the earlier portrayals are still
present nowadays? How does
the contemporary intellectual deal with the identity of
the segregated individuals?
This dissertation is aimed at providing possible answers
to the above questions.
For such, an analysis of literary and musical works has
been coupled with a
perspective prioritizing collisions and proximities
regarding the city s secluded
communities and the scholar´s viewpoint. Rather than a
standardized image of the
slum, we have thus come across a diversity of visions,
most of which quite
conflictive. Despite historical differences, we have also
noticed that both in the
chronicles of the twentieth century and in present-day
fiction it is difficult to
elaborate on this Other still being excluded from the
formal aspects of the city.
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