Esta monografía tuvo como propósito demostrar la importancia del marketing digital en el posicionamiento de marca de los productos y/o servicios en las empresas. Estudio investigativo de tipo monografico. Se recopiló información teórica de bases de datos científicas actualizadas, como Scopus, Cielo, Dialnet, Redalyc y Doaj; repositorios internacionales, nacionales y libros obtenidos física y digitalmente. Obteniéndose como resultado las siguientes conclusiones: El marketing digital ha cobrado relevancia, debido a que, viene siendo un intercambio en el proceso de planificación y ejecución para el desarrollo de actividades comerciales, en base a un grupo de instrumentos tecnológicos digitales, que fortalecen las acciones del marketing tradicional. Es decir, conservan la relación de las compañías con su target, mediante diversas plataformas virtuales, buscando conectar permanentemente con ellos para posicionar sus marcas. Asimismo, el alcance teórico del marketing digital comprende desde los elementos para ganar visibilidad en internet, para llegar a los clientes y para ser parte de la conversación. Y finalmente, el alcance teórico de posicionamiento de marca, definido como el resultado que se forma de las percepciones de los clientes, respecto a la recordación y asociación de marca, intención de recomendación y de fidelización. / The purpose of this monograph was to demonstrate the importance of digital marketing in the brand positioning of products and/or services in companies. Research study of monographic type. Theoretical information was collected from updated scientific databases, such as Scopus, Cielo, Dialnet, Redalyc and Doaj; international and national repositories and books obtained physically and digitally. The following conclusions were obtained as a result: Digital marketing has gained relevance, due to the fact that, it has been an exchange in the planning and execution process for the development of commercial activities, based on a group of digital technological instruments, which strengthen the actions of traditional marketing. That is, they maintain the relationship of companies with their target, through various virtual platforms, seeking to permanently connect with them to position their brands. Likewise, the theoretical scope of digital marketing includes elements to gain visibility on the Internet, to reach customers and to be part of the conversation. And finally, the theoretical scope of brand positioning, defined as the result that is formed from the perceptions of customers, regarding brand recall and association, recommendation and loyalty intention.

This research studies and documents the effect of applying business marketing strategies to a small vocational program at a public community college in California. The intent of applying the business marketing strategies is to promote the growth of the program in the areas of: Student Enrollment, Number of Classes Offered, and Number of Degrees and Certificates Awarded. The aim of this research is to provide evidence to support the notion that promoting a vocational program in a public academic institution, using business marketing strategies would indeed produce favorable results as is it commonly does in the case of a commercial business that markets itself. The Hospitality & Restaurant Management (HRM) program at Mt. San Antonio College was the subject of this research. As a case-study, the HRM program was studied for a period spanning six years from 2000 to 2006 using a quantitative research methodology. A comparison was conducted to analyze the performance of the HRM program in terms of student enrollment, classes offered, degrees and certificates awarded for two periods. The first period (2000 to 2003) reflects a time when the HRM program did not actively employ any marketing strategies to promote itself. The second period (2003 to 2006) covers a period when several marketing strategies were employed. / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Education Management)

Rapid changes in the economic and world order have made it imperative for university libraries to make a paradigm shift from prestige collection building to a marketing philosophy as their strategic directive. This philosophy would direct university libraries towards decision making around customers' real needs and preferences, aligning organisational competencies and processes with these needs, resulting in more effective service delivery. Changes in the world order, economics and marketing as a philosophy are presented on a time line, revealing the influence developments in technology and the Internet have brought about. Various views on the influence of these changes in the world order are presented. Marketing in service organisations is encapsulated in a service marketing triangle. Competitive advantage for the university library should be achieved if the internal processes of the library are analysed in the context of a value chain. A proposed marketing model has been presented to direct strategic thinking in the university library. / Information Science / M. Inf.

這些年來，經濟環境持續惡化，市場利率不斷下滑，壽險公司面臨利差損的巨額損失，然而相關修正法規通過投資型商品的銷售，因此壽險公司積極開發投資型商品，運用此商品來對抗利率下跌所產生的風險，同時提供消費者「保險」與「投資」雙重功能的新商品。 本文根據當前金融環境及壽險業所面臨的問題，來探討壽險公司對投資型商品的經營策略，並實際訪談己推出投資型商品外商、本土具代表性的壽險公司，最後依據研究結果做出結論及建議。 本研究得到的結論歸納如下：(1)壽險公司銷售投資型商品，朝改善商品結構，有效防範和化解經營風險，提升核心競爭力，亦是建立長期競爭優勢。(2)經營投資型保險經管風險的評估，其最大費用是教育訓練及軟体系統的投資與維護，即作業風險是最大考量。(3)外商保險公司發展投資型保險商品速度快於本土保險公司，對市場反應力較強。而本土保險公司，要落實教育訓練較為費時，因此本土公司都從簡單易懂商品開始，漸進式轉入投資型保險。(4)外商公司的競爭優勢是商品設計，行政作業靈活及電腦系統優異，而本土公司的核心競爭力則是行銷通路及眾多業務員，因此由簡易套裝商品切入市場建立客戶群。(5)保險公司業務員仍為主要行銷通路，而「全方位理財顧問」將是業務人員的定位，因此教育訓練及選才是壽險公司進入投資型保險的重要課題。(6)對行銷人員來說，以往「人情保」或「退傭金」的銷售模式己不適用，而是要規劃客戶需求的責任風險，及提供相關金融知識，成為客戶個人及家庭的理財顧問。(7)金融自由化及金控法規通過，壽險公司必需整合資源形成經濟規模，對於投資型商品的投資靈活性、商品成本透明度與投資種類的組合等方面將是壽險業之間競爭模式的轉變。(8)投資型商品具有保障和投資雙重功能，但需將投資型保險當作保險商品來運用而非投資工具，並且要「長期持有」才能顯現基金績效；而業務人員誠實揭露相關費用及明確告之消費者權益和義務是避免銷售糾紛的最重要關鍵。 關鍵字：投資型保險商品，經營策略，行銷通路，教育訓練 / Because economic environment is getting worse and the interest rate is lower and lower, the life insurance companies are in face of huge profit loss. In the meaning time, the related laws and regulations were released； therefore the hfe insurance companies strongly developed the investment-linked insurance to overcome the impact of lower interest rate and to offer new products to customers, which meet insurance and investment both benefits. Based on financial environment has today and the problems of insurance industry, this study is to discuss the operation strategies of investment- linked insurance products. By extensive interview with the major of four insurance companies, we come out conclusions and related suggestions. The main conclusions of this study are described as followings： (1) For effective and solving the operation risk, the life insurance companies should sell investment-linked products and keep improving the structure of the products. In the long run, the life insurance companies need to build up core competence through investment-linked insurance products. The middle size company may consider Investment-linked products as major products to develop business. (2) There are two major factors to evaluate the business risk, which are the training course and the cost of software. (3) Foreign insurance companies very fast-developed investment-linked insurance products to meet market request. The local insurance companies have to build up customers based through simple-packaged products. The large size companies have to consider the training system early and to help sale improving the financial knowledge. (4) The competitive advantages of foreign companies are design products, operation system and computer hardware. The strength of local companies is having channel infrastructure and many salesmen. (5) The agents are main marketing channels and to be a financial consonant. The training course and selection are important to the life insurance companies. (6) By brothering customers or returning commission, it is not a suitable sales model for salesmen. To offer right risk plan and financial knowledges, salesmen are a financial consonant for customers or customers’family. (7) The completive situations between life insurance companies are to offer investment-linked insurance products, which have investment information, cost and investment portfolio. (8) The investment-linked insurance products have insurance and investment both benefits, but tibey should be regarded as a tool of insurance. Customers have to keep them long turn to get the benefits of fund. Salesmen also have to tell customers clearly about their rights and all costs to avoid argument after sell. Key words: investment-linked insurance products, management strategies, marketing strategies, training course.

Title: Fashion Killa: A study on teenager’s attitudes towards luxury fashion clothing brands. Bachelor Thesis 15HP in Business Economics (Marketing) Halmstad University School of Business, Engineering and Science  Supervisor: Thomas Helgesson Examiner: Venilton Reinert Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to examine the underlying factors that affect teenager’s attitudes towards luxury fashion clothing brands. Research question: What are the underlying factors that affects the attitudes of teenager ́s towards luxury fashion clothing brands? Literature review: The literature review introduces the theories and previous findings regarding the underlying factors that can be connected to our research question and explanation on the chosen generations as this study is supposed to relate to. Frame of reference: In these sections, our main investigation topic will be explained briefly what literatures explain and approach this matter. Our investigation topic “attitudes” have a meaningful role in this paper and it is defined in these sections as well is our choice of model. In the end of this chapter, we present our hypothesis which is based on our chosen model. Method: Based on the literature review and frame of reference a quantitative study was created where 408 Swedish respondents within the generation Z participated. Empirical findings: The survey consisted of 25 statements and questions as regard to our theories and could easily be connected to our chosen model. A Likert-scale from 1-5 was used so the respondents easy could fill in on what level they agreed or disagreed to. Conclusion: The conclusion on this study is that affect which are one of the three components that builds up attitudes. It is the component that positively influence teenagers the most. We can also see that social media have a great positive impact on their attitudes followed by luxury marketing and psychological benefits.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map how Swedish gaming companies and their gaming companies work to be competitive in a market characterized by high competition, and which are also facing a change in law. Method: This study has been based on a qualitative approach in the form of four interviews, two of which have been semi-structured personal interviews and two mail interviews. Theoretical Reference Framework: The theories used in this study are pull and push strategies, brand equity, the STP process, corporate acquisitions - strategy and celebrities and fictitious characters in brands. Conclusions: The conclusion is that the gaming companies are trying to strengthen their brands using mostly similar strategies, in order to be able to take market shares, customers and increase their own competitiveness in this changing and competitive market. / Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att kartlägga hur svenska spelbolagskoncerner och deras spelbolag, jobbar för att vara konkurrenskraftiga på en marknad präglad av hög konkurrens, och som även står inför en lagändring. Metod: Denna studie har utgått från en kvalitativ ansats i form av fyra intervjuer, där två av dem har varit semistrukturerade personliga intervjuer och två mailintervjuer. Teoretisk referensram: De teorier som använts i denna studie är pull och push - strategierna, brand equity, STP - processen, företagsförvärv - strategi och kändisar och fiktiva karaktärer i varumärken. Slutsatser: Slutsatsen är att spelbolagen försöker stärka sina varumärken med hjälp av mestadels liknande strategier, för att kunna ta marknadsandelar, kunder och öka sin egen konkurrenskraft på denna föränderliga och konkurrenskraftiga marknad.

投資型保險商品乃為因應市場利率走低，提高壽險業之競爭力而設計之產品，適逢主管機關修正保險業資金運用之相關法令限制，投資型保險商品在台灣市場推行之時機似已來臨。 本文根據英、美發展投資型保險商品之金融、產業環境背景，檢視當前環境狀況，評估我國是否具有發展投資型保險商品之條件與需求；並透過個案研究方式，對八家壽險公司進行深度訪談，以了解壽險業者對投資型保險商品之經營策略，經由個案分析比較，依循研究架構發展出相關命題，並據此歸納出研究結論及建議。 本研究主要結論如下：(1)利率持續走低與法令的開放，象徵投資型保險商品時代臨。(2)外商公司未來將以經營投資型保險商品為主，本土公司將採取投資型保單與傳統保單並重的經營策略。(3)外商公司競爭優勢為擁有國外經驗，本土公司優勢為擁有較大的通路。(4)高所得、有投資共同基金或股票經驗、有退休金規劃者為業者主要的目標市場。(5)目標客戶及通路的選擇將影響產品策略。(6)公司業務員為主要行銷通路，銀行、證券公司為積極開發的次要通路(7)壽險公司今後的競爭取決於管理、服務和資金運用績效。 / To comply with the down trend of market interest rates, enhance the competibility of insurance industry, at this time the governmental institutions revised investment limitation of the related laws & regulations, it seems the time to promote investment linked insurance products is comming. This study will help us to overview current situation and evaluate whether Taiwan owns enough criteria and demand to develop investment linked insurance products based on the financial environmental background to develop investment linked insurance products. By extensive interviews with the major of eight insurance companies, the case study oriented approach will help us better understand the operation strategies of investment linked insurance products whatever insurance companies will take. We will build up key points following study structure and come out conclusions and related suggestions through case study comparisons. The main conclusion of this study are described as followings: (1) Due to going down interest rates and the regulation liberalization, this trend symbolically indicates that the era of investment linked insurance products is coming. (2) Foreign insurance companies will mainly focus on running investment linked insurance product business in future; local insurance companies will involved in both investment linked insurance product business and traditional insurance products business. (3) The competitive advantage of foreign companies is that they have strong international experiences; the strength of local companies is having sales channel infrastructure. (4) The target market will focus on those who have higher income, have experiences in mutual funds and stock investment, and have planning for pensions. (5) The choice of target market and channels will affect product strategies. (6) The agents are main marketing channels; bank and security companies will be subsequent channels we have to aggressively target on. (7) The competitive strength of insurance companies depends on management, services, and performances of utilizing capitals since now.

<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the increased globalization food prices went down for a while, only to skyrocket to new levels. Prices of organic food, which already were more expensive than conventional, are now even more expensive. The current financial crisis results in reduced consumption which creates a threat to the smaller grocery stores. Globalization and the increased competition have had a negative impact on the environment but at the same time the desire to solve these issues has increased appreciably. The environmental aspect has been given higher priority by the individual, which led to a wider range of organic products and dramatically increased the number of stores selling organic products, leading to a greater competition among the stores selling organic food. <strong> </strong></p><p><strong></strong><strong>Problem definition: </strong>What factors are important for organic retail business long term survival?</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> Trough case studies analyze and evaluate the organic niche retail companies’ strategies of marketing.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study is based on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative data has been gathered through interviews with each company, on the management and employee level, at five different companies. The quantitative data has been gathered through a customer survey with the customers of each company.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> All of the studied companies used development as their marketing strategy, offering surplus values to the customers by integrating the organic aspect into all levels within the company. Four out of five cases had high involved customers and a high level of interaction between the customers and the personnel. High involved customers with development as comprehensive strategy creates a combination leading to long term survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> On the very competitive retail market following factors are important for the long term survival of the companies with organic niches; that the organic aspect is integrated with all involved parties, that the company has a well working internal marketing, that the staff generates a high level of service for customers and that they can provide customers with high level of knowledge about the organic products.</p><p> </p><p> </p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund: </strong>I takt med den ökade globaliseringen har livsmedelpriserna pressats för att sedan ha vänt och istället nått rekordhöga höjder. Ekologiska matvaror som redan varit dyrare, blir ännu dyrare. Den rådande finanskrisen leder till en minskad konsumtion vilket hotar de små livsmedelsbutikerna. Globaliseringen och den medförda konkurrensen har haft en negativ påverkan på miljön i form av miljö- och klimatproblem, däremot har viljan att lösa dem ökat markant, vilket avspeglas genom ett globalt engagemang för miljöfrågor. Den enskilde individen prioriterar miljöaspekten allt högre, vilket har lett till att fler aktörer, både stora kedjor och små affärer, gått in på den ekologiska livsmedelsmarknaden, vilket medför en starkt ökad konkurrens för de små ekologiskt nischade livsmedelsföretagen.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Problemformulering: </strong>Vilka faktorer är viktiga för miljönischade livsmedelsbutikers långsiktiga överlevnad?</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Genom en fallstudie analysera och utvärdera de ekologiskt nischade livsmedelsbutikernas marknadsföringsstrategier.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Studien är baserad på både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Kvalitativ data har hämtats genom intervjuer på två nivåer, ledning och anställda, hos fem olika livsmedelsföretag. Intervjusvaren jämförs sedan i en GAP-analys för att upptäcka eventuella gap. Kvantitativ data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning med kunder till respektive livsmedelsföretag.</p><p><strong>Resultat: </strong>Samtliga livsmedelsföretag i undersökningen använde utveckling som marknadsföringsstrategi, genom att den ekologiska aspekten integrerades i alla nivåer i företaget. I fyra av fem fall var kunderna höginvolverade och en hög interaktion förekom mellan kund och personal. Den ovanstående kombinationen med höginvolverade kunder och utveckling som övergripande strategi för företagen, ger resultatet långsiktig överlevnad.</p><p><strong>Slutsats: </strong>För att de ekologiska livsmedelföretagen skall kunna överleva på den konkurrensutsatta marknaden, är följande faktorer viktiga; att den ekologiska aspekten integreras hos alla inblandade parter, att företaget har en fungerande intern marknadsföring, att personalen har en hög servicenivå gentemot kund och att personalen har en hög specialkunskap om de ekologiska produkterna att tillhandahålla kunderna med.</p><p> </p><p> </p>

Background: With the increased globalization food prices went down for a while, only to skyrocket to new levels. Prices of organic food, which already were more expensive than conventional, are now even more expensive. The current financial crisis results in reduced consumption which creates a threat to the smaller grocery stores. Globalization and the increased competition have had a negative impact on the environment but at the same time the desire to solve these issues has increased appreciably. The environmental aspect has been given higher priority by the individual, which led to a wider range of organic products and dramatically increased the number of stores selling organic products, leading to a greater competition among the stores selling organic food.   Problem definition: What factors are important for organic retail business long term survival? Purpose: Trough case studies analyze and evaluate the organic niche retail companies’ strategies of marketing. Methods: This study is based on both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative data has been gathered through interviews with each company, on the management and employee level, at five different companies. The quantitative data has been gathered through a customer survey with the customers of each company. Results: All of the studied companies used development as their marketing strategy, offering surplus values to the customers by integrating the organic aspect into all levels within the company. Four out of five cases had high involved customers and a high level of interaction between the customers and the personnel. High involved customers with development as comprehensive strategy creates a combination leading to long term survival. Conclusion: On the very competitive retail market following factors are important for the long term survival of the companies with organic niches; that the organic aspect is integrated with all involved parties, that the company has a well working internal marketing, that the staff generates a high level of service for customers and that they can provide customers with high level of knowledge about the organic products. / Bakgrund: I takt med den ökade globaliseringen har livsmedelpriserna pressats för att sedan ha vänt och istället nått rekordhöga höjder. Ekologiska matvaror som redan varit dyrare, blir ännu dyrare. Den rådande finanskrisen leder till en minskad konsumtion vilket hotar de små livsmedelsbutikerna. Globaliseringen och den medförda konkurrensen har haft en negativ påverkan på miljön i form av miljö- och klimatproblem, däremot har viljan att lösa dem ökat markant, vilket avspeglas genom ett globalt engagemang för miljöfrågor. Den enskilde individen prioriterar miljöaspekten allt högre, vilket har lett till att fler aktörer, både stora kedjor och små affärer, gått in på den ekologiska livsmedelsmarknaden, vilket medför en starkt ökad konkurrens för de små ekologiskt nischade livsmedelsföretagen. Problemformulering: Vilka faktorer är viktiga för miljönischade livsmedelsbutikers långsiktiga överlevnad? Syfte: Genom en fallstudie analysera och utvärdera de ekologiskt nischade livsmedelsbutikernas marknadsföringsstrategier. Metod: Studien är baserad på både kvalitativ och kvantitativ data. Kvalitativ data har hämtats genom intervjuer på två nivåer, ledning och anställda, hos fem olika livsmedelsföretag. Intervjusvaren jämförs sedan i en GAP-analys för att upptäcka eventuella gap. Kvantitativ data har insamlats genom enkätundersökning med kunder till respektive livsmedelsföretag. Resultat: Samtliga livsmedelsföretag i undersökningen använde utveckling som marknadsföringsstrategi, genom att den ekologiska aspekten integrerades i alla nivåer i företaget. I fyra av fem fall var kunderna höginvolverade och en hög interaktion förekom mellan kund och personal. Den ovanstående kombinationen med höginvolverade kunder och utveckling som övergripande strategi för företagen, ger resultatet långsiktig överlevnad. Slutsats: För att de ekologiska livsmedelföretagen skall kunna överleva på den konkurrensutsatta marknaden, är följande faktorer viktiga; att den ekologiska aspekten integreras hos alla inblandade parter, att företaget har en fungerande intern marknadsföring, att personalen har en hög servicenivå gentemot kund och att personalen har en hög specialkunskap om de ekologiska produkterna att tillhandahålla kunderna med.

製藥業和其他消費性用品產業有許多不同，像是需要大量地投資於新產品研發與創新。許多藥品和其他消費品相比，有較長的產品生命週期，而且藥品購買者通常並非是藥品使用者。儘管藥品有較長的生命週期，最終仍會面對專利到期的一天。對於製藥業而言，近年來的市場准入(market access)變得更具挑戰性，臨床試驗的障礙、法規核可，和健保給付核可價格也變得比以前困難。藥品需要較長時間以準備進入市場，因此在專利到期前的市場銷售期也縮短許多。如何在有限的市場銷售期極大化銷售業績和利潤對於藥品行銷者而言，也日益重要。即使是在專利過期後，如何管理以及延展藥品生命週期對於製藥業也是一門學問。 為了縮短藥品上市前的準備期，製藥公司需要了解管制法規的申請策略，和選擇最適宜者。下一步是思考健保價格策略。了解中央健康保險局的機制，可以有效減少反覆送件的過程。 度過藥品上市前的準備期後，下一個任務是如何延展產品生命週期。常見策略有1)增加原藥品的新適應症；2)推出機轉類似，但稍微改良過的新產品，以替換即將專利保護過期的藥品；3)將即將專利保護過期的舊產品在劑型上導入新科技，而此新劑型具有專利保護;4)導入固定劑量複方藥品;5)投資學名藥。 產品生命週期的管理對於製藥業非常重要，公司應該強化縮短產品上市前準備期間的能力，在市場銷售期極大化銷售業績與利潤，並在專利到期後延展產品生命週期。 對健康保險環境的研究，以及醫生行為受保險體制的改變，與長時間對人們健康的影響仍待未來進行進一步地探討。 / Pharmaceutical industry is quite different from other consumer products industry. It needs heavy investment on product development and innovation. Most of drugs have longer lifecycle than consumer products, and usually the drug buyer is not drug user. Though drug has long lifecycle, eventually it will face patent-off. Recently market access becomes more and more challenging for pharmaceutical industry. The barriers of clinical trials, regulatory approval, and reimbursement price approval are more difficult than before. Drugs need longer time to go-to-market, and the period of commercialization before patent-off is shorter. How to maximize sales and profits within limited commercialization time becomes more critical for marketers. And how to well manage drug lifecycle and extend lifecycle even after patent-off are the other crucial lessons for industry. In order to shorten “go-to-market” period, drug company needs to understand the regulatory submission strategies, and choose the most appropriate one for submission. Next step is considering reimbursement price strategies. Understanding Bureau of National Health Insurance’s (BNHI) mechanism can minimize back-and-forth process. After “go-to-market”, the next task is how to extend product lifecycle. The most common methods are 1) launch new indication, 2) launch new/ improved generation to replace old drug, 3) launch new dosage/ presentation form, which have patent to extend compound patent, 4) introduce fix-dosed combination, 5) invest in generics. Lifecycle management is critical for pharmaceutical industry. Company should strengthen the competencies to shorten product “go-to-market” period, maximize the sales and profits during commercialization, and extend lifecycle after patent-off. The research of health insurance environment, the changes of physicians’ behaviors and impacts on people health need further studies.