When confronted with decisions involving the provision of environmental resources, such as clean air, do individuals act cooperatively with societal regulations? This study employs a quasi-experimental design to investigate the cooperative and non-cooperative actions of high-emitting vehicle owners that arose in response to the Inspection and Maintenance (IM) program in the Atlanta airshed. The impact of cooperative and non-cooperative actions of high-emitters on vehicular tail-pipe emissions, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx), is quantified. Furthermore, the hypothesis that high-emitters have significantly higher odds of residing in lower income neighborhoods as compared to the normal emitters is also tested. A remote sensing sample of approximately 1.42 million vehicles observed on-road between 1997 and 2001 is matched with IM program data and vehicle registration data to identify the cooperative and non-cooperative high-emitters. A mixed-pool time-series regression analysis is undertaken to estimate changes in vehicular tail-pipe emissions due to the actions of high-emitters. The information about the socio-economic and demographic contextual conditions of the sampled vehicle owners is ascertained from 2000 census data. Approximately 42% of the high-emitting vehicle owners are found to be cooperative and 58% non-cooperative. The cooperative actions caused a decrease of 47% in HC emission factors during 1997 and 2001. There is no statistical difference between the CO and NO emission factors of vehicles owned by cooperative and non-cooperative high-emitters. Results also suggest that the high-emitters live in 4.4% lower median household income areas as compared to the normal emitters in the Atlanta airshed. Changes in the current IM program rules and vehicle registration laws could improve air quality. Such changes include disallowing IM test failures from registering anywhere in the state of Georgia and requiring an IM test on every change of vehicle ownership inside the IM program area. Better incentive mechanisms for high-emitters can also be designed. The evidence from this study is expected to aid policy-makers to adapt the incentive mechanisms of IM programs, in particular, and environmental regulations, in general, so that public policies are both more effective and equitable in their societal impacts.

This PhD consists of an artistic work (an album of music) and an exegesis. The album contains eleven works for a variety of ensembles, including an eight-piece pop fusion group, a string quartet, an eleven-piece a cappella ensemble, a five-piece contemporary classical ensemble and a six-piece percussion ensemble. Each of these works embraces a blend of African and Western techniques and aesthetics. These works are the result of a compositional praxis which is closely integrated with a theoretical framework that I develop in the exegesis. The purpose of the exegesis is to provide a framework from which to understand the compositions. Perspectives such as postcolonialism are immediately engaged because of the fact that two distinct world cultures are referenced by these compositions. Similarly, the musical aesthetics of the two source cultures are examined because I need to understand the ways that the value systems are expressed in musical terms, and how they might interact in cross-cultural composition. Examination of the literature reveals that there has been a trend in recent decades towards cultural analysis of cross-cultural music but very little work has been done on the technical analysis of such works (Utz 2003). A preliminary list of issues is developed from a survey of ten relevant composers’ works and these issues are categorised into three analytic dimensions: the contextual (cultural), aesthetic and technical. African “musics” and musical cultures are discussed with regard to issues of Western interpretation (Agawu 2003) and appropriate representation, social and cultural preferences and aesthetic values. Likewise Western musical culture is examined in order to understand its colonial impact, its stylistic consistency and ideas that have emerged about aesthetic preferences and the interpretation of meaning (Cone 1972; Kivy 2001). Four frameworks are developed to address each of these analytical dimensions. The first deals with cultural identity and the appropriation of musical ideas, the second with the sensitivity of certain materials. The third framework enables the examination of the aesthetic preferences for each of the cultures involved and the fourth framework provides a taxonomy and vocabulary of terms for use in analysis of the structural and other technical features of cross-cultural Western/African musics. These four frameworks are applied to the eleven compositions that I have completed for this project. I identify distinct approaches to appropriation, aesthetic preferences, the predominance of rhythmic structure and the performative embodiment and narrative transformational processes in my compositions. I conclude by categorising the technical and stylistic preferences embodied in my work, and identifying possible future directions for my compositions and the development of the analytical frameworks.

Text in Afrikaans / This study was aimed at the development of a multicultural counselling model for tertiary education with the emphasis on experiential learning and integration on all levels. Although the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) is prescriptive about the outcomes concerning multicultural involvement it does not clearly prescribe experiential learning - causing educational institutions to underplay experiential learning. Ignorance exists about multiculturalism in training programmes. Educational institutions often implement programmes randomly without proper consideration of the multicultural needs of the student population. People from different cultures often experience the caregiver as having little understanding and respect for diverse cultures, often leading to the early termination and inaccessibility of professional services. To provide guidelines to educational institutions about multicultural counselling training, the researcher provided a paradigmatic perspective as foundation to the drafting of a counselling model for training. The Grounded Theory was used to obtain scientifically based information about the multicultural counselling training phenomenon in South Africa as well as the development of a multicultural counselling model for tertiary education. People in professional services were interviewed and compared to literature, whereafter all applicable concepts, principles, processes and elements grounded in the paradigmatic perspective were examined, identified and coded as components of the multicultural counselling model, with the aid of a core category, categories and subcategories. Henceforth a multicultural counselling model for training was developed. The central thesis of the research is that the multicultural counsellor has certain skills that stem from the training received at South African educational institutions, which does not necessarily encompass the concept of multiculturalism. It therefore does not equip the student to successfully help patients from a diverse culture. This problem can be intercepted through a training model with appropriate components of multiculturalism in the curriculum of educational institutions in South Africa. Conclusions and recommendations were made according to the Grounded Theory. The findings of the scientific procedure were evaluated according to reliability as well as the criteria of Chinn en Kramer (1991). Answers were obtained through scientific reasoning and empirical research to produce a model for the implementation of multicultural training within the context of South African educational institutions. / Social Work / D. Diac. (Play Therapy)

The dominant construction of democracy on a global scale is in the liberal tradition. It is evident in the criteria which constitute democratic barometers in organisations like Freedom House, the International Monetary Fund, the United Nations and the World Trade Organisation. This study seeks to provide a third-order analysis of liberal democratic consolidation theory in order to highlight that its theoretical discourse and underlying structure is not necessarily compatible with the cultural values of the non-Western world using a critical discourse analysis. Democratic consolidation in the non-Western world may not necessarily mirror the theoretical model of liberal democratic consolidation. Given the hegemonic position of liberal democracy‘s criteria and its dominant discourse and role as a barometer of democracy, this study focuses on democratic consolidation in this tradition. It is primarily due to the perceived inability of non-Western states to consolidate their democracies in the liberal democratic tradition and by default, construct thriving liberal democracies. Present theories of liberal democratic consolidation theory deal with governmental, political organisational and societal aspects of liberal democracy. The level of change these theories propagate is all encompassing, and consequently one cannot merely study one aspect of liberal democratic consolidation theory, but needs to analyse the paradigm as a whole in order to explore its metatheoretical structure. It is in this light that the study conducts an appraisal of liberal democratic consolidation theory. The critique developed in this study is aimed at addressing a disparity that currently exists within contemporary consolidation of liberal democracy theory, namely a failure of producers of liberal democratic discourse to understand the philosophical and ideological undertone of liberal democratic consolidation‘s understructure. The study does not seek to conceptualise alternative criteria of democratic consolidation in the non-Western context, but focuses on liberal democratic consolidation theory, to demonstrate that its criteria is not necessarily an appropriate barometer to measure democracy in the non-Western world. / Political Sciences / D.Litt. et Phil. (African Politics)

Many prominent scientists have pointed out that philosophy is of no benefit to science. Stephen Hawking asserts: Philosophy is dead! Sciences use conceptions like natural laws, matter, nature, theories, etc. But science is also confronted with questions such as: "What is a natural law?" "What is nature?" "What is matter?" and "What is a scientific theory?" These (metatheoretical) questions exceed the sphere of competence of science – they are items of the philosophy of science. Philosophy of science is a metatheory of science. The Philosophy of science overlaps epistemology, ontology, and metaphysics by exploring whether scientific results are true, or whether entities like quarks or electrons really exist. More detailed investigations bring various questions into consideration such as: "How do we define the boundaries between different scientific disciplines?" "Is there a relation between the beauty and the truth of a scientific theory?" and "How do we distinguish between science and pseudoscience?" Additionally, the philosophy of science is concerned with ethical problems of modern technology, with the methodological questions, with the reconstruction of the structure and the development of scientific theories, and with revealing of any indoctrination of science. The optimistic conclusion of this paper is: Philosophy is still alive – but the philosopher has to participate in round-table discussions with scientists. We just want philosophers talking to scientists!:I. Über die Kompetenz und Inkompetenz von Philosophie 09 II. Philosophie und Wissenschaft 12 III. Philosophische Rückverweise in den Naturwissenschaften 15 IV. Kompass wissenschaftsphilosophischer Kompetenz 26 01. Ontologische Kompetenz 28 02. Epistemologische Kompetenz 28 03. (Meta-)Methodenkompetenz 29 04. Kompetenz der logisch-begrifflichen Analysen 30 05. Metaphysische Kompetenz 30 06. Begründungskompetenz 31 07. Kompetenz der philosophisch motivierten Antizipation 33 08. Rekonstruktionskompetenz (historisch und systematisch) 34 09. Die Abgrenzungskompetenz 38 10. Grenzziehungskompetenz 38 11. Antinomien- und Krisenmanagement-Kompetenz 39 12. Kooperationskompetenz 42 13. Ethische Kompetenz 42 14. Deideologisierungskompetenz 45 15. Ästhetische Kompetenz 46 16. Inkompetenzdestruktionskompetenz 51 Ausblick 53 Abkürzungen 55 Literatur 55

Many prominent scientists have pointed out that philosophy is of no benefit to science. Stephen Hawking asserts: Philosophy is dead! Sciences use conceptions like natural laws, matter, nature, theories, etc. But science is also confronted with questions such as: "What is a natural law?" "What is nature?" "What is matter?" and "What is a scientific theory?" These (metatheoretical) questions exceed the sphere of competence of science – they are items of the philosophy of science. Philosophy of science is a metatheory of science. The Philosophy of science overlaps epistemology, ontology, and metaphysics by exploring whether scientific results are true, or whether entities like quarks or electrons really exist. More detailed investigations bring various questions into consideration such as: "How do we define the boundaries between different scientific disciplines?" "Is there a relation between the beauty and the truth of a scientific theory?" and "How do we distinguish between science and pseudoscience?" Additionally, the philosophy of science is concerned with ethical problems of modern technology, with the methodological questions, with the reconstruction of the structure and the development of scientific theories, and with revealing of any indoctrination of science. The optimistic conclusion of this paper is: Philosophy is still alive – but the philosopher has to participate in round-table discussions with scientists. We just want philosophers talking to scientists!:I. Über die Kompetenz und Inkompetenz von Philosophie 09 II. Philosophie und Wissenschaft 12 III. Philosophische Rückverweise in den Naturwissenschaften 15 IV. Kompass wissenschaftsphilosophischer Kompetenz 26 01. Ontologische Kompetenz 28 02. Epistemologische Kompetenz 28 03. (Meta-)Methodenkompetenz 29 04. Kompetenz der logisch-begrifflichen Analysen 30 05. Metaphysische Kompetenz 30 06. Begründungskompetenz 31 07. Kompetenz der philosophisch motivierten Antizipation 33 08. Rekonstruktionskompetenz (historisch und systematisch) 34 09. Die Abgrenzungskompetenz 38 10. Grenzziehungskompetenz 38 11. Antinomien- und Krisenmanagement-Kompetenz 39 12. Kooperationskompetenz 42 13. Ethische Kompetenz 42 14. Deideologisierungskompetenz 45 15. Ästhetische Kompetenz 46 16. Inkompetenzdestruktionskompetenz 51 Ausblick 53 Abkürzungen 55 Literatur 55

This study generates a metatheory of interpersonal violence from an initial qualitatively highest scoring academic literature item and theoretically sampling over 200 additional literature items using classic grounded theory methodological analysis and synthesis. Danger emerged as the main concern of those experiencing interpersonal violence. Safetifying from interpersonal violence through the socio-psychophysical process of Phasic Protective Sequencing emerged as the resolution of the main concern. The metatheory of safetifying emerged in four parts: 1. The first was the socio-structural process of endangering with interpersonal violence through the interaction of the people and the elite resulting in endangerment (danger). 2. Danger precipitates the socio-psychological process of safetifying before interpersonal violence which involves awarenessing, setting up, and evaluating. 3. If the person is attacked, it precipitates the psycho-physical process of safetifying during interpersonal violence including resiliencing, finishing, and victoring. 4. The aftermath of an attack or the avoidance of an attack precipitates the psycho-social process of safetifying after interpersonal violence including reclaiming, relinquishing, and achieving. The metatheory of safetifying was shown to contribute uniquely to the field of interpersonal violence, to many related theories, and to have potential for therapeutic application. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The writings of Yuk Hui, bringing together technical and philosophical insights, provides new theory for the digital, something desired by many in archival research. The aim of this study is to assess the use of Hui’s theories on digital objects and web ontologies as a unifying theory for archival studies, looking at the concept of digital records in particular. Two types of ontology are needed in order to understand digital objects according to Hui: (1) ontologies which relates to the technical language and hierarchies of knowledge representation, like metadata; (2) Ontology, which is the question of Being in the tradition of Heidegger’s phenomenology, the understanding of what it is to be in the world. Both of these ontologies are needed to account for the nature of the digital object. Further, digital objects are produced and constituted through their relations, which can be divided into discursive (technical and logical) and existential (the understanding of being in the world) relations. Digital objects must be approached both as technical formal entities, and as beings in the world. The first register is common, the second – more existential approach – is rarely applied. Using a metatheoretical and hermeneutic method, different conceptions of digital records are discussed, in order to find commonalities and possibilities in relation to Hui’s theory. The digital record as: a process of becoming, information as affordance, context, temporality and evidence are all related to and structured through the application of Hui’s perspective.   The thesis ends with the contribution of a possible redefinition of digital records: A digital record is constituted and concretised as material by discursive and existential relations, that taken together function as a persistent representation. Further, Hui’s digital object theory is suggested as a structuring and unifying theory. In relation to digital records Hui’s theory on digital objects can function as a metatheoretical measure, and a method of critical reading. / Yuk Hui för samman tekniska och filosofiska perspektiv och erbjuder ny teori för det digitala, något som ofta efterfrågas inom arkivvetenskapen. Syftet med denna studie är att applicera Huis teori om digitala objekt och webontologier som en förenande teori för arkivstudier, specifikt i förhållandet till konceptet digitala records. Två typer av ontologi behövs för att förstå digitala objekt enligt Hui: (1) ontologier som relaterar till tekniskt språk och hierarkiska kunskapsrepresentationer, så som metadata; (2) Ontologi som frågan om varat i fenomenologen Martin Heideggers bemärkelse; förståelsen av vad det är att vara i världen. Båda dessa ontologier behövs för att redogöra för det digitala objektets natur. Vidare produceras och konstitueras digitala objekt genom sina relationer, som kan delas upp i diskursiva (tekniska och logiska) och existentiella (förståelsen av att vara i världen) relationer. Digitala objekt måste förstås både som tekniska formella entiteter och som varelser i världen. Det första perspektivet är vanligt förekommande medan det andra – mer existentiella förhållningssättet – sällan tillämpas. Med hjälp av en metateoretisk och hermeneutisk metod diskuteras olika föreställningar om digitala records för att hitta likheter och möjligheter i relation till Huis teori. Digitala records som: en process av tillblivande, information som affordance, kontext, temporalitet och bevis är koncept som relateras och struktureras genom tillämpningen av Huis perspektiv.   Uppsatsen bidrar med en möjlig omdefinition av digitala records: Ett digitalt record konstitueras och konkretiseras som materiellt genom diskursiva och existentiella relationer vilka, tillsammans, fungerar som en ihållande representation. Vidare framhålls Huis teori för digitala objekt som en strukturerande och förenande teori. I relation till digitala records kan Huis teori om digitala objekt fungera som ett metatoretiskt mått och en metod för kritisk läsning.

AI is a phenomenon that does not only manifest itself as a disruptive technology, but also entails a paradigmatic shift with conceivably unprecedented and unforeseeable consequences for society and the human condition. This technology with its components Big Data and Machine Learning/algorithms has evoked critical reactions because of ethical concerns that follow on the backwash of its ubiquitous and ever more expanding use. Whose voices are presently raised and what contributions can actually be expected from the information systems (IS) discipline – an academic field that is prone to scrutinize phenomena that emerge when the social and technological system interact? By reviewing a systematically defined selection of the latest IS research literature and analyzing the critical perspectives, this study displays current themes in the IS discipline concerning critique of AI. The accumulation and clustering of the results can provide an answer to the question of what themes appear in the critique of AI in the IS discipline and whether a critical standpoint towards detrimental effects of AI use in society is formed. Social critique, which has no longstanding tradition in IS research, would be necessary to succeed in offering a well-informed and science-based guidance on how to face AI as a society and with the human condition as a focal point.

Text in Afrikaans / Rituals are part of our everyday life and are usually performed unconsciously. In this dissertation rituals are used consciously, within a therapeutic context, with the purpose to facilitate healing and growth. The aim of the research is to focus the readers' attention on the therapeutic potential of rituals and its value as an intervention strategy. The study concentrates on the grieving process. The researcher therefore specifically wants to show how rituals are used during grief counselling. The following research problem was investigated in the study: "What is the attitude, opinion and knowledge of professional caregivers concerning the use of rituals as a therapeutic tool during grief counselling?" Out of the research data the following hypothesis was formulated: - To grief over a loss is essential. Because of the basic properties and remedial functions of rituals, rituals can be a valuable therapeutic tool in the facilitation of this process. - There is an inherent connection between professional caregivers' attitudes, opinions and knowledge of therapeutic rituals and the regular and effective use of them during grief counselling. - The use of rituals during grief counselling is only one component in the comprehensive pastoral care of the bereaved. / Practical theology / M.Th.