A água residual do processamento do Minced de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) é descartada sem qualquer aproveitamento, constituindo um efluente de potencial impacto ao ambiente. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar este efluente, caracterizar sua fração proteica, verificar seu potencial antioxidante e sua eficiência como meio de cultura para o crescimento microbiano. A carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia foi submetida à operação de clarificação em água destilada a 10ºC, na proporção 1:3, processo que se constituiu em homogeneização por 3 min, repouso por 3 min, sendo o Minced acondicionado e prensado em tecido de algodão esterilizado para drenagem da água residual. O efluente gerado pela etapa de lavagem do Minced apresentou 8854,5 mgO2/L de DQO e 4656,88 mgO2/L de DBO, valores considerados elevados dentre os padrões de qualidade, devido ao alto teor de matéria orgânica. O efluente foi submetido à centrifugação e a fração aquosa foi liofilizada, sendo designada de peptona e submetida à análise eletroforética que apresentou maior concentração de proteínas na faixa de 47-60 kDa. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada em diferentes concentrações utilizando ensaios in vitro como o método do radical 2,2-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazoline-6-ácido sulfônico) (ABTS) e 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), sendo que, em ambos, o aumento da atividade antioxidante acompanhou a concentração. Com destaque para o extrato 15 mg/ml que propiciou 46,23% de inibição do radical ABTS, e 83,22% em DPPH. Em relação ao teste de efetividade, foram comparadas peptonas comerciais e a peptona da água residual liofilizada, sendo avaliada a curva de crescimento pela densidade óptica, produção de biomassa e detecção por plaqueamento da Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. A performance obtida nas peptonas da água residual foram superiores às comerciais, evidenciando o vantajoso reuso desse efluente como coproduto destinado ao cultivo de microrganismos. O desempenho do peptídeo residual permite que se recomende o seu uso por parte das empresas que buscam a ecoeficiência / The wastewater of minced tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) processing is discarded without any use, constituting a effluent of potential impact on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate this effluent, characterize its protein fraction, verify its antioxidant potential and its efficiency as a culture medium for microbial growth. Mechanically separated meat (CMS) tilapia was submitted to clarification operation in distilled water at 10°C in a 1:3 ratio, a process that constitutes homogenizing for 3 minutes, rest for 3 minutes, and the minced packed and compressed in a sterilized cotton fabric for drainage of wastewater. The effluent generated by the minced washing step showed 8854.5 mgO2 / L of COD and 4656.88 mgO2 / L BOD, values considered among high quality standards due to the high content of organic matter. The effluent was subjected to centrifugation and the aqueous fraction was lyophilized, and designated peptone and subjected to electrophoresis analysis showed a higher concentration of proteins in the 47-60 kDa range. The antioxidant activity was evaluated at different concentrations using in vitro assays such as radical method 2,2-azinobis- (3-sulphonic acid 6-etilbenzotiazoline) (ABTS), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), wherein, in both the increased antioxidant activity followed the concentration. Especially the extract 15 mg / ml which provided 46.23% inhibition of ABTS radical, and 83.22% in DPPH. Regarding the effectiveness test, they were compared to commercial peptones and peptone lyophilized wastewater, assessing growth curves by optical density biomass production by plating and detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The performance achieved in peptones wastewater were higher than commercial, showing the beneficial reuse of the effluent as a co-product intended for microorganisms cultivation. The performance of the residual peptide allows recommending its use by businesses seeking eco-efficiency

Os resíduos de pescado são descartados, em sua maioria, gerando um alto impacto ao ambiente; ou subutilizados em co-produtos de baixo valor agregado. O presente estudo objetivou a obtenção de hidrolisados proteicos a partir de resíduos sólidos oriundos do processamento industrial de tilápia vermelha (Oreochromis niloticus var.), avaliando sua capacidade antioxidante e eficiência como fonte suplementar de nitrogênio para o crescimento de bactérias e leveduras. Um total de 30 carcaças inteiras não evisceradas, sem filé e pele, com peso médio de 741,53g, foram mecanicamente homogeneizadas. A composição centesimal apresentou 54,34±0,31g/100 g de umidade, 8,46±0,72 g/100 g de cinza, 27,03±2,94 g/100 g de proteína e 10,17±0,65 g/100 g de lipídeos, assim como a carga microbiana do homogeneizado estava dentro dos limites de tolerância preconizados pela legislação vigente para consumo humano. Foram otimizadas as condições de hidrólise proteica quanto à concentração de substrato, enzima e tempo de hidrólise, dos resíduos sólidos de tilápia vermelha, resultando na obtenção de modelos preditivos para o grau de hidrólise (GH) produzido tanto pelas enzimas endógenas como pelas enzimas comerciais neutrase e papaína. OGH diminuiu significativamente (p < 0,05) com o incremento da concentração de substrato, exceto na hidrólise produzida pelas enzimas endógenas sob condições ótimas para papaína. Não obstante, o GH produzido pelas enzimas endógenas aumentou significativamente (p < 0,05) com o incremento do tempo de hidrólise, enquanto que o incremento na concentração de papaína também aumentou significativamente (p <0,05) o GH nos resíduos. Rendimento de 80,95 ± 3,12%, e GH de 45,33 % foram alcançados sob condições ótimas para neutrase (22 g substrato/100 mL e 0,277 g enzima/100 g proteína durante 3 min), enquanto que a papaína teve um rendimento de 82 ± 2,21% e GH de 42,37% sob condições ótimas (18,5 g substrato/100 mL e 0,570 g enzima/100 g proteína durante 3 min). As peptonas produzidas apresentaram atividade antioxidante quanto à capacidade de sequestro dos radicais livres ABTS e DPPH, sendo esta incrementada significativamente (p < 0,05) com o aumento da concentração de peptona. As peptonas também foram altamente eficientes para o crescimento das bactérias Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes e Staphylococcus aureus, e para a levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sendo similares ou mesmo superiores quando comparadas às três peptonas comerciais. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstraram, portanto, que os hidrolisados proteicos obtidos a partir de resíduos sólidos de tilápia vermelha podem ser uma fonte alternativa de antioxidantes e de nitrogênio para crescimento de microrganismos. / Fish wastes are mostly discarded in Brazil, causing a high environmental impact, or underused in low-valuable coproducts. The present study aimed to obtain protein hydrolysates from solid wastes of red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus var.), evaluating their antioxidant activity as well as their efficiency as supplemental source of nitrogen for the growth of bacteria and yeasts. Thirty carcasses with viscera of red tilapia (i.e. tilapia without fillet and skin), with an average weight of 741.53 g, were mechanically homogenized. Proximate composition and microbial quality were determined, containing 54.34±0,31g/100 g of moisture, of ash, 27.03±2,94 g/100 g of protein and 10.17±0,65 g/100 g of lipids, as well as microbial levels in concordance with the legal limits in force. Conditions for the proteolysis of solid wastes of red tilapia (concentration of substrate, concentration of enzyme and time of hydrolysis) were optimized. Predictive models for the degree of hydrolysis (DH) generated by both endogen enzymes and thecommercial enzymes neutrase and papain were obtained. DH decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase of the concentration of substrate, except in the hydrolysis caused by the endogen enzymes under optimal conditions for papain. However, DH produced by the endogen enzymes increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increment of the time of hydrolysis. Meanwhile, DH increase significantly (p < 0.05) with the increase of the concentration of papain. A yield of 80.95 ± 3.12% and a DH of 45.33 % were achieved under optimized conditions for neutrase (i.e. 22 g substrate/100 mL and 0.277 g enzyme/100 g protein for 3 min). Moreover, proteolysis with papain reached a yield of 82 ± 2.21% and a DH of 42.37% under optimized conditions (i.e. 18.5 g substrate/100 mL and 0.570 g enzyme/100 g protein for 3 min). Obtained peptones showed antioxidant activity in terms of inhibition of free radicals of ABTS and DPPH, being increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the increment of the concentration of peptone. Peptones also had a high efficiency for the growth of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, being comparatively similar or higher than commercial peptones. Therefore, results obtained in the present study demonstrated that protein hydrolysates from solid wastes of red tilapia could be an alternative source of antioxidants and nitrogen for the use in bioprocess.

Parmi les stratégies visant à réduire l’utilisation de pesticides, l’augmentation de l’efficacité des matières actives par du design de formulations ou par l’utilisation de cocktails de pesticides, épandus chacun à plus faible dosage, est une piste très suivie. Cependant, l’influence de mélanges de molécules sur le devenir, le comportement et la toxicité de chacune d’elle individuellement n’a été que rarement décrite. Nous avons donc étudié l’impact des formulations et du mélange d’un herbicide, la mésotrione, et d’un fongicide, le tébuconazole, sur leur biodégradation respective, en termes de cinétiques et de modulations de voies métaboliques de dégradation, mais aussi sur la croissance de différents microorganismes dégradant ou non. Un schéma général de biodégradation de la mésotrione commun à de nombreux microorganismes, Gram positif et négatif, a été proposé conduisant, dans nos conditions, à l’accumulation d’un métabolite, l’AMBA. L’étude comparée avec la formulation (Callisto®) a montré une forte influence des adjuvants sur la cinétique de biodégradation de la mésotrione, allant d’une forte inhibition pour les souches Gram positif testées jusqu’à une stimulation pour une souche d’E. coli. Pour le tébuconazole, seules 3 souches se sont montrées capables de dissiper ce fongicide et de nouveaux métabolites ont pu être mis en évidence. L’utilisation de la formulation (Balmora®) conduit à des effets variables sur sa biodégradation en fonction de la souche et de la concentration. Cependant, les adjuvants présentent toujours un effet inhibiteur, souvent même fort, sur la croissance des microorganismes testés, en particulier sur les souches bactériennes Gram positif, qui se sont toujours révélées plus sensibles. Les études sur le mélange de ces deux pesticides, purs ou formulés ont mis en évidence la complexité des phénomènes : effets inhibiteurs, neutres et souvent stimulation des cinétiques de biodégradation de chaque pesticide que le microorganisme testé dégrade ou non le composé en question ; effet synergique du mélange de pesticides, purs ou formulé, sur la toxicité. / Among the strategies aiming to reduce the use of pesticides, the increase in active ingredient efficiency by formulation design or pesticide mixture (each one being spread at a lower dose) is a well-established approach. Nevertheless, the effect of chemical mixture on the fate, behaviour and toxicity of each compound has not been widely studied. The impact of formulation and mixture of a herbicide, mesotrione, and a fungicide, tebuconazole, on their own biodegradation, in terms of kinetics and metabolic pathway, but also on microbial growth of several microbial strains degrading- or not was studied. A biodegradative pathway for mesotrione common to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was proposed, leading under our conditions, to the accumulation of AMBA metabolite. The comparison with the formulation Callisto® showed a high effect of additives on the kinetics of mesotrione biodegradation, ranging from a strong inhibition for the Gram positive strains to stimulation for a strain of E. coli. For tebuconazole, only three bacteria were found capable of dissipating this fungicide and new metabolites were identified. The use of the formulation Balmora® lead to variable effects on tebuconazole biodegradation according to the strain and its concentration. Nevertheless, the additives always had an inhibitory effect on microbial growth, in particular on Gram positive bacteria. Studies on mixtures of both pesticides, pure or formulated, showed the complexity of the processes involved: variable effects but often increase of the pesticide biodegradation although the microorganism studied did or did not degrade them; a synergic toxic effect of pure or formulated pesticide mixture on microbial growth.

A água residual do processamento do Minced de tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus) é descartada sem qualquer aproveitamento, constituindo um efluente de potencial impacto ao ambiente. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar este efluente, caracterizar sua fração proteica, verificar seu potencial antioxidante e sua eficiência como meio de cultura para o crescimento microbiano. A carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de tilápia foi submetida à operação de clarificação em água destilada a 10ºC, na proporção 1:3, processo que se constituiu em homogeneização por 3 min, repouso por 3 min, sendo o Minced acondicionado e prensado em tecido de algodão esterilizado para drenagem da água residual. O efluente gerado pela etapa de lavagem do Minced apresentou 8854,5 mgO2/L de DQO e 4656,88 mgO2/L de DBO, valores considerados elevados dentre os padrões de qualidade, devido ao alto teor de matéria orgânica. O efluente foi submetido à centrifugação e a fração aquosa foi liofilizada, sendo designada de peptona e submetida à análise eletroforética que apresentou maior concentração de proteínas na faixa de 47-60 kDa. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada em diferentes concentrações utilizando ensaios in vitro como o método do radical 2,2-azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazoline-6-ácido sulfônico) (ABTS) e 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), sendo que, em ambos, o aumento da atividade antioxidante acompanhou a concentração. Com destaque para o extrato 15 mg/ml que propiciou 46,23% de inibição do radical ABTS, e 83,22% em DPPH. Em relação ao teste de efetividade, foram comparadas peptonas comerciais e a peptona da água residual liofilizada, sendo avaliada a curva de crescimento pela densidade óptica, produção de biomassa e detecção por plaqueamento da Escherichia coli e Staphylococcus aureus. A performance obtida nas peptonas da água residual foram superiores às comerciais, evidenciando o vantajoso reuso desse efluente como coproduto destinado ao cultivo de microrganismos. O desempenho do peptídeo residual permite que se recomende o seu uso por parte das empresas que buscam a ecoeficiência / The wastewater of minced tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) processing is discarded without any use, constituting a effluent of potential impact on the environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate this effluent, characterize its protein fraction, verify its antioxidant potential and its efficiency as a culture medium for microbial growth. Mechanically separated meat (CMS) tilapia was submitted to clarification operation in distilled water at 10°C in a 1:3 ratio, a process that constitutes homogenizing for 3 minutes, rest for 3 minutes, and the minced packed and compressed in a sterilized cotton fabric for drainage of wastewater. The effluent generated by the minced washing step showed 8854.5 mgO2 / L of COD and 4656.88 mgO2 / L BOD, values considered among high quality standards due to the high content of organic matter. The effluent was subjected to centrifugation and the aqueous fraction was lyophilized, and designated peptone and subjected to electrophoresis analysis showed a higher concentration of proteins in the 47-60 kDa range. The antioxidant activity was evaluated at different concentrations using in vitro assays such as radical method 2,2-azinobis- (3-sulphonic acid 6-etilbenzotiazoline) (ABTS), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), wherein, in both the increased antioxidant activity followed the concentration. Especially the extract 15 mg / ml which provided 46.23% inhibition of ABTS radical, and 83.22% in DPPH. Regarding the effectiveness test, they were compared to commercial peptones and peptone lyophilized wastewater, assessing growth curves by optical density biomass production by plating and detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The performance achieved in peptones wastewater were higher than commercial, showing the beneficial reuse of the effluent as a co-product intended for microorganisms cultivation. The performance of the residual peptide allows recommending its use by businesses seeking eco-efficiency

Studien går ut på att undersöka vattenskador som har blivit allt vanligare i svenska byggnader. Vattenskador utsätter människan för hälsorisker på grund av en hög risk för mikrobiell tillväxt. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vattenskador, var uppstår vattenskador och varför, vilka kostnader står försäkringsbolagen för och vilka kostnader står fastighetsägare eller utförare för. Inom studien undersöktes också hur olika aktörer ser på vattenskador och risker med olika typer av stommaterial. Resultatet av studien visar att försäkringsbolagen bedömer alla stommaterial lika när det gäller ersättning för vattenskador, det vill säga att de behandlar trä- och betongstomme på samma sätt. Däremot är ålder på byggnaden mer avgörande då de gör åldersavdrag för att värdera ersättningen för respektive vattenskada. Skador bör åtgärdas så fort som möjligt. Ju snabbare skador åtgärdas desto mindre sprider sig vattenskadorna. Metoden som användes i arbetet är intervjuer. / The study aims to investigate water damage that has become increasingly common in Swedish buildings. Water damage exposes humans to health risks due to a high risk for microbial growth. The purpose of the work is to discuss water damage, where water damage occurs and why, what costs do the insurance companies cover and what costs do the property owners cover. The study also examines how different actors view water damage and risks with different types of frame material. The result of the study is that the insurance companies assess all frame materials equally in terms of compensation for water damage, that is, they treat wood and concrete frames in the same way. However, the age of the building is more decisive as they make age deductions to evaluate the compensation for the respective water damage. Damage should be remedied as soon as possible, the faster the damage is rectified the less water damage spreads. The method used in the work was a qualitative method and the reliability is considered high since the results are consistent with the theoretical starting points.

A new product, pork sticks, was developed. Optimum shelf life and safety were major concerns associated with this product. Potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%, 0.56%, 0.60% or 0.66%) was added to pork sticks to determine their effects on microbial growth, sensory evaluation, and shelf life when stored frozen (-20°C), refrigerated (2°C), or at room temperature (22°C). Two raw materials, pork blade meat (shoulder meat; 91% lean, 9% fat) and regular 80:20 pork trim (80% lean, 20% fat) were used. The consumer panel preferred lean pork sticks made from blade meat over high-fat pork sticks made from regular 80:20 pork trim, regardless of the addition of potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%). Pork sticks vacuum-packaged and held at 2°C or -20°C did not develop bacterial spoilage during six months storage. However, bacterial spoilage and oxidative rancidity occurred in the unpackaged control samples held at 22°C for one month. Incorporation of potassium lactate (3%) or citric acid (0.5%) decreased the color uniformity and red color intensity and increased the brown color intensity of the pork sticks made from blade meat. Vacuum-packaged pork sticks with added citric acid (0.56%, 0.60% and 0.66%) stored at 22°C did not develop bacterial spoilage, but discoloration occurred after one month storage.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-04T13:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 3.pdf: 1209769 bytes, checksum: 5ca426f3d62b4023c66df6040fc8d22e (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Atualmente é notório o crescimento da Gestão da Qualidade e, com esta, desenvolvem-se também as Boas Práticas de Fabricação e Controle, que são ferramentas que auxiliam na obtenção de produtos de qualidade. Ao falar de qualidade na indústria farmacêutica, fala-se, sobretudo da qualidade físico-química e microbiológica tanto das matérias-primas empregadas na fabricação como do produto terminado obtido após as diversas etapas produtivas. Com objetivo de alcançar esta qualidade este projeto buscou verificar as metodologias empregadas no dia a dia da Divisão de Controle de Especificação do Laboratório Farmacêutico da Marinha (LFM). As técnicas empregadas no controle microbiológico, em sua maioria, são as mesmas, consistindo na realização do ensaio limite (contagem de micro-organismos) e na pesquisa e identificação de patógenos. No entanto deve-se verificar se o produto analisado não afeta o crescimento microbiano, inibindo-o e fazendo com que se tenha resultados falso-negativos, o que acarretaria em desvios da qualidade podendo levar a danos para a saúde do usuário e prejuízos para a imagem da Instituição. Elegeram-se as seguintes formulações, todas de uso oral, para serem avaliadas: aciclovir 200 mg comprimidos, isoniazida 100 mg comprimidos, pirazinamida 500 mg comprimidos, ofloxacino 400 mg comprimidos, pirazinamida suspensão 3%, bromexina xarope, prednisona 5 mg comprimidos e complexo vitamínico e minerais comprimidos. Estas formulações foram avaliadas frente às cepas de referência, conforme procedimentos preconizados pela Farmacopeia Brasileira 5ª Ed. Durante o ensaio verificou-se que todas as formulações, exceto o aciclovir e a pirazinamida suspensão, inibiram o crescimento das cepas testadas. Foram testados métodos de neutralização da atividade inibitória do crescimento microbiano, tendo sido selecionados os seguintes procedimentos: diluição para as formulações de isoniazida 100 mg, prednisona 5 mg e complexo vitamínico, uso de neutralizante, polissorbato 80, para bromexina xarope e filtração por membrana para pirazinamida 500 mg comprimidos, logrando-se êxito para o ensaio do limite. Somente para o ofloxacino não foi possível recuperar os micro-organismos e no caso da pirazinamida comprimidos, a mesma não foi susceptível à pesquisa de Escherichia coli, nas condições preconizadas pela Farmacopeia Brasileira 5ª Ed. O presente trabalho identificou que das oito formulações testadas, seis inibem o crescimento microbiano e, portanto interferem na análise. Após adequações, os métodos responderam aos testes e foram desta forma considerados validados, podendo ser utilizados de forma segura na rotina do laboratório. / Nowadays it is remarkable the development of the Quality Management, together with it the Good Manufacturing Practices and Control, which are tools that help to afford products with high quality. Concerning to quality issues in the Pharmaceutical Industry, the main objective is to achieve high physical-chemical and microbiological quality of the raw materials used for manufacturing, as well of the final product after the several processing steps. Aiming to succeed in attaining this quality parameter, this project has attempted to verify the methodologies daily employed by the Specification Control Division of Brazilian Navy Pharmacautical Laboratory (LFM). The techniques employed for the microbiological quality control are usually the same, and consist of performing the limit assay (microorganism counting) and the search and identification of pathogens. Nevertheless, it must be checked if the product under analysis does not affect the microbial growth, causing an inhibition and leading to false-negative results, which might drive to quality deviance, ultimately harming the final user and bringing damage to the institution image. In this project, the following oral formulations have been selected to be evaluated: aciclovir 200 mg tablets, isoniazid 100 mg tablets, pyrazinamide 500mg tablets, ofloxacin 400 mg tablets, pyrazinamide 3% suspension, bromexine syrup, prednisone 5 mg tablets and tablets containing vitamin complex and minerals. These formulations have been evaluated against the growth of reference strains, in accordance to the procedures described in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia 5th Edition. During the assay, it has been found all formulations, exemption given to aciclovir and pyrazinamide suspension, inhibited the growth of the assayed strains. Methods for neutralizing the microbial growth inhibition activity have been assessed and the selected procedures were: diluition for isoniazid 100mg, prednisone 5 mg and vitamin complex; use of the neutralizer polysorbate 80 for bromexine syrup; and membrane filtration for pyrazinamide 500 mg tablets, which allowed the recovery of all microorganisms. Only for ofloxacin it was not possible to recover the microorganisms and for pyrazinamide tablets, the formulation was not susceptible to the Escherichia coli assay, pursuant to the Brazilian Pharmacopeia 5th Edition. The present study has identified that six out of the eight assayed formulations have inhibited microbial growth, therefore interfering in the analysis outcome . After adjustments, the methods have trustworthy worked and were thus considered validated, and now can be applied safely in the laboratory's routine.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 282982 bytes, checksum: 02ab6e3afc4b760df02b71b3ecefbab5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-29 / Pasture is the main source of cattle feed, but it is not capable of supplying the animal nutritional requirements completely. Therefore, an adequate management is necessary to improve productivity and reduce costs related to long term production. The search for technology to increase animal performance may be a feasible alternative to reduce costs with cattle nutrition. Fiber digesting ruminal bacteria utilize ammonia as their main source of nitrogen. Also, they have specific requirements for amino acids and an optimum growth when ruminal pH is around 6.2 to 6.8. For that, maximization of fiber fermentation is essential to increase ruminant production on pasture. Results of several experiments have shown that the supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) increases feed intake, celluloses digestion, ruminal microbial growth, and daily gain for growing beef cattle. In this revision, studies show raise in milk production and daily gain in ruminants fed with forage based diets with the combination of some or all BCAA. In addition, this work makes possible to conclude that the supplementation with BCAA in association with rumen undegradable protein sources can increase animal production through the maximization of metabolizable protein. / O pasto constitui a principal fonte de alimentos dos bovinos, mas não é capaz de suprir todas as exigências nutricionais dos animais. Portanto, um manejo adequado é necessário para melhorar a produtividade e reduzir os custos associados à produção em longo prazo. A busca por tecnologias para o aumento do desempenho destes animais pode ser uma alternativa viável para reduzir os custos com alimentação do rebanho. Bactérias que fermentam carboidratos fibrosos (CF) utilizam a amônia como principal fonte de nitrogênio, possuem requerimentos específicos para aminoácidos e possuem um crescimento ótimo quando o pH ruminal está ao redor de 6,2 a 6,8. A maximização da fermentação de fibra é essencial para se aumentar a produção de ruminantes a pasto. Os resultados de vários experimentos têm mostrado que a adição de aminoácidos essenciais de cadeia ramificada aumenta a ingestão alimentar, a digestão da celulose, o crescimento dos microrganismos ruminais e o ganho de peso para animais em crescimento. Nesta revisão bibliográfica, os estudos mostram o aumento na produção de leite e no ganho de peso com a combinação de alguns, ou de todos os ácidos graxos voláteis de cadeia ramificada (AGVR) na dieta de ruminantes, compostas basicamente por volumosos. Além disso, através deste trabalho, conclui-se que é possível proporcionar um incremento na produção animal através da maximização da proteína metabolizável, associando AGVR a fontes de proteína não degradáveis no rúmen.

Novos sistemas biocompatíveis para aplicações biotecnológicas são relevantes não só do ponto de vista tecnológico, mas também para avanços científicos. A presente dissertação visou à criação e caracterização de filmes finos (espessura de até 100 nm) ou micrométricos (espessura de 50 &#181;m a 100 &#181;m) formados por goma xantana (GXT), poli(cloreto de dimetil dialil amônio), (PDDA), albumina bovina sérica (BSA), e nanopartículas de magnetita (NPM). A incorporação de amoxicilina (Amox), um antibiótico amplamente utilizado contra muitas infecções, nos filmes foi realizada durante a formação dos sistemas. Os filmes finos foram caracterizados através de elipsometria e microscopia de força atômica. Em solução, as interações favoráveis entre o Amox e a BSA foram evidenciadas por mudanças substanciais na estrutura secundária da BSA, como revelado pelo dicroísmo circular. Os filmes micrométricos (patches) de GXT e GXT/NPM/BSA foram imersos em Amox 2 g/L, levando a incorporação de 10 ± 3 e 17 ± 4 &#181;g/cm³ de Amox, respectivamente. Sua caracterização compreendeu espectroscopia vibracional no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier no modo de refletância total atenuada (FTIR-ATR), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), medidas de sorção e espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). A incorporação de 0,2% em massa de Fe3O4 nos \"patches\" e sua exposição a um campo magnético externo, viabilizou a liberação total in vitro de Amox, em pH 5,5 e em 0,02 mol/L de NaCl, seguindo o comportamento quasi-Fickiano. A difusão da Amox dos \"patches\" de GXT/NPM/BSA em ágar contendo Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli, levou halos de inibição consideráveis. A inibição do crescimento de E. coli foi particularmente eficiente sob efeito de campo magnético externo. / New biocompatible systems for biotech applications are relevant not only from a technological point of view, but also for scientific advances. The present project aimed at the creation and characterization of thin films (thickness up to 100 nm) or micrometric patches (thickness of 50 &#181;m to 100 &#181;m) formed by the deposition of xanthan gum (GXT), poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and magnetite nanoparticles (NPM). The incorporation of amoxicillin (Amox), a widely used antibiotic against many infections, in the films was performed during the formation of the systems. Thin films were characterized by means of ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. In solution, favorable interactions between Amox and BSA were evidenced by substantial changes in the secondary structure of BSA, as revealed by circular dichroism spectra. Patches of GXT and GXT/NPM/BSA were immersed into Amox solution at 2 g/L, leading to the Amox incorporation of 10 ± 3 and 17 ± 4 &#181;g/cm3, respectively. The patches characterization included Fourier Transform Infrared vibration spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (MEV), sorption measurements and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The incorporation of 0.2 wt% of Fe3O4 in the patches and their exposure to an external magnetic field, allowed the total in vitro release of Amox, at pH 5.5 and 0.02 mol/L NaCl, following the behavior quasi-Fickian. Amox diffusion from GXT/NPM/BSA patches in agar containing Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli led to a considerable zone of inhibition. Inhibition of E. coli growth was particularly efficient under the effect of external magnetic field.

Issues related to moisture are one of the most common problems buildings are exposed to. Moisture issues have a tendency to lead to damage and growth of unwanted microorganisms on the buildings structure. Buildings troubled of issues related to moisture may have a negative impact on the indoor environment, the health of the people living there and the abrasion resistance of the structure. According to a research published by Boverket in 2010, approximately 36 % of all buildings in Sweden suffers from damage and mold in relation with moisture, most troubled by these kind of issues are small houses. More specifically, the attic in small houses is the most troubled part. The cost of maintenance for the damage caused by moisture is estimated to 91,2 billion SEK. The origin of moisture issues can depend on several different factors. Weather and climate are of great meaning if a building will be exposed to moisture issues. Precipitation, air humidity, temperature, wind speed and wind direction are some contributing factors. Today, constructing energy-saving buildings is a hot topic and a consequence of the more strict regulations regarding energy consumption. The sector of construction and service stands for approximately 40 % of Swedens total consumption of energy. Due to the topic of houses with a low consumption of energy, new ideas have come forward through the years and a typical example is the concept: Low energy house. Low energy houses are projected as dense houses with a high amount of insulation included with purpose to minimize the loss of thermal energy. Debates regarding how low-energy house has an increased risk to exposure of moisture issues than traditional houses as a consequence to a more dense structure, is common. Theoretically, low-energy houses have an increased risk for exposure but it can be avoided depending on the layout of the house and knowledge of moisture issues. Cold attics constitute a room in the attic where the climate has a resemblance to the outdoor climate. Former studies show a trend that cold attics have an increased risk for exposure of mold growth as a consequence to moisture issues. A low-energy house with a cold attic should, according to what is stated above, make a great risk for exposure of moisture issues. In this study a moisture analysis is performed of a cold attic in a low-energy house. The house is located in Molkom, Värmland and is relatively new-built. The goal with the analyzation is to examine if parts of the cold attic has a risk to be exposed to mold due to moisture issues and with relation to weather factors. The analyze was performed using two separate methods: a field study where moisture-measuring equipment was attached to the roofs trusses inside the cold attic in order to measure moisture ratio in these, relative air humidity and temperature in the surroundings of the trusses. A weather station was set up in the closeness of the house in purpose to be able to compare weather data to the data recorded by the measuring equipment in the attic. The weather station measured temperature, relative air humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction from the outdoor climate. The second method was based on performing a thermal and humidity simulation using WUFI. In the program a simulation of the cold attic was performed. The simulation presented moisture data during the same interval as the field study and for the further five years to come. Measured data from measuring equipment, weather station and WUFI was compiled in order to be analyzed using produced, critical values for mold growth. Factors of values which was used for performing the analysis and the final evaluation was following: Relative air humidity, temperature and moisture ratio in the wood of the roofs trusses. The study showed that the cold attic does not make a risk for being exposed to issues regarding mold growth thus reign of critical values during some of the periods of the interval. The outdoor climate indicated to have a controlling effect on the climate in the attic. The relative air humidity in the attic rises when precipitation occurs and also when powerful, southwestern and southern winds reigns. The relative air humidity in the attic increases substantially when precipitation occurs in combination with southern winds. As precipitation occurs in itself, the temperature drops in the attic. Temperature in the attic does not show any noticeable connection to wind direction or speed. The roof trusses moisture ratio increases during periods of precipitation and also when southern or northern winds reigns. Wind speed does not show any noticeable connection with how the moisture ratio differs. The relative air humidity in the cold attic has a close resemblance to the relative air humidity outside.  The temperature in the cold attic has a close resemblance to the temperature outside.  Moisture ratio in the roof trusses does not show any noticeable connection to relative air humidity and temperature outside. / Fuktproblem är bland de vanligaste problemen som ett hus kan utsättas för. Problem i form av fukt leder ofta till skador eller tillväxt av oönskade mikroorganismer i husets konstruktion. Hus som drabbats av problem i samband med fukt kan ha en negativ inverkan på inomhusmiljön och hälsan för de människor som vistas i husen samt försämra konstruktionens hållfasthet. Enligt en undersökning publicerad av Boverket år 2010 är cirka 36 % av alla byggnader i Sverige utsatta för fukt- och mögelskador, flest skador påvisas i småhus. I småhusen är takets vindsutrymme den mest utsatta delen. Åtgärdskostnaden för fuktskadorna i drabbade småhus uppskattas till en kostnad om 91,2 miljarder kronor. Uppkomsten av problemen beror på många olika faktorer. Väder och klimat är av stor betydelse för hur ett hus utsätts för oönskad fukt. Nederbörd, luftfuktighet, temperatur, vindhastighet och vindriktning är några faktorer som är bidragande. Idag finns ett stort fokus på att bygga energisnåla hus medfört av allt hårdare krav om energiförbrukning. Sektorn för bostäder och service står för upp till 40 % av Sveriges totala energianvändning. I frågan om mer energisnåla byggnationer har nya idéer växt fram under åren, och ett typiskt exempel är lågenergihus. Lågenergihus är projekterade som täta och välisolerade hus i syfte att minska husets svinn av värmeenergi och därmed minskad energiåtgång för att vara i drift. Det debatteras flitigt om lågenergihus löper större risk att drabbas av fuktproblem än traditionella hus på grund av konstruktionens täthet och större mängd värmeisolering. Teoretiskt sett löper lågenergihus en större risk för att drabbas av fuktproblem i form av mikrobiell tillväxt men beroende på utformning och med hjälp av kunskap kan problemen undvikas. Kallvindar utgör ett vindsutrymme där klimatet i utrymmet liknar klimatet utomhus. Tidigare studier visar en trend att kallvindar har en ökad risk att utsättas för mögelsvamp på grund av fuktproblem. Ett lågenergihus med kallvind bör, enligt ovanstående, utgöra en stor risk att drabbas av fuktproblem. I denna studie har en fuktanalys genomförts av en kallvind i ett lågenergihus. Huset är placerat i Molkom, Värmland, och är relativt nybyggt. Målet med analysen var att undersöka om delar i kallvinden löpte risk att drabbas av fuktproblem i form av påväxt av mikroorganismer i relation till vädrets faktorer. Analysen utgjorde två separata metoder: en praktisk mätstudie där fuktmätare fästs i takstolarna inom kallvinden för att mäta fukthalt i takstolarna samt relativ luftfuktighet och temperatur i dess omgivning. I husets närhet placerades en väderstation i syfte att jämföra väderdata med data från mätare placerade i vindsutrymmet och hur vädret påverkar klimatet i vindsutrymmet. Väderstationen gav data för temperatur, luftfuktighet, nederbörd, vindhastighet och vindriktning utomhus. Den andre metoden var att utföra en värme- och fuktsimulering i programmet WUFI. I programmet genomfördes en simulering av kallvinden. Simuleringen presenterade fuktdata under samma tid som den praktiska studien avsett samt under kommande 5 år. Uppmätt data från mätare, väderstation och WUFI sammanställdes för att analyseras utifrån framtagna kritiska värden för mikrobiell tillväxt. Värden för faktorer som beaktades för att genomföra analysen och den slutliga bedömningen var: relativ luftfuktighet, temperatur och fukthalt i material. Ur studien framgår det att kallvinden inte utgör någon risk att drabbas av problem i samband med mögelsvampstillväxt trots kritiska värden under vissa perioder. Vädret visade sig att ha en stor inverkan på klimatet i vindsutrymmet. Den relativa luftfuktigheten i vindsutrymmet ökar då nederbörd förekommer samt när kraftiga, sydvästliga och sydliga vindar råder. Den relativa luftfuktigheten i vindsutrymmet ökar väsentligt då nederbörd sker i kombination med sydliga vindar. Då nederbörd förekommer sjunker temperaturen i vindsutrymmet. Temperaturen i vindsutrymmet visar inga tydliga samband med vindens riktning eller hastighet Fukthalten i takstolsvirket i vindsutrymmet ökar under nederbördsperioder samt när sydliga eller nordliga vindar råder. Vindens hastighet visar ingen påverkan för fukthalten. Den relativa luftfuktigheten i vindsutrymmet liknar den relativa luftfuktigheten utomhus. Temperaturen i vindsutrymmet liknar den temperatur som råder utomhus. Fukthalten i takstolarnas virke förhåller sig inte tydligt i samband med relativ fuktighet och temperatur utomhus.