This thesis is based on a study examining the concept of African scholarship through the contributions of foreign African academics at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) on the Howard College and Pietermaritzburg campuses. Being branded “The Premier University of African Scholarship” the study principally set out to investigate the role played by these academics as possible conduits in the expansion of African scholarship within the knowledge production circuit. The concept of African scholarship, though not a novel term, remains an elusive category that still needs to be defined within the global knowledge economy. A cursory look at written literature around African scholarship reveals a general tendency that presents „the debate‟ much more as a theoretical engagement and less at empirical engagements that could help advance the practicalities of this concept within the different intellectual debates. Among the different pockets of intellectuals concerned with the vision of African scholarship, the African diaspora outside the continent has always played a leading role in the need to address the African knowledge paradigms within the global intellectual production of knowledge. This study is of significance because it engages with an emerging African diaspora within the South African space and attempts to highlight how their experiences as migrants help in broadening the understanding of the African experience as a knowledge site. Using in-depth interviews within a qualitative research framework in combination with the technique of observation, the findings of this study reveal that as an emerging diaspora, foreign African academics at UKZN, are actively taking advantage of the university‟s slogan to meaningfully (re)insert „Africanness‟ in the kind of knowledge that is produced in the institution. Their contributions are measured in terms of postgraduate supervision, new research agendas, pedagogic and curricular development and networks of collaborations with other universities in Africa. Using an anthropological approach the study equally examines the implications of the attempt to position African scholarship within the global knowledge production map. The study further highlights the role that social identities such as gender, language, nationality, and race can play as epistemic spaces in the advancement of African scholarship. By engaging with these markers, the debate advances beyond the current ad hoc manner of presenting African scholarship simplistically within political rhetoric to a more nuanced incorporation of other markers which should occupy epistemic spaces within the discourse of African scholarship. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Après un demi-siècle de tourisme de masse, les frontières installées entre " habiter " et " visiter " se fissurent de toutes parts. Les lieux touristiques attirent un nombre croissant de nouveaux habitants qui rêvent de vivre toute l'année dans une ambiance de vacances et un environnement privilégié. Ce phénomène de migrations d'agrément revêt différentes formes, que ce travail s'est attaché à mettre au jour, et s'offre à deux focales de lecture : un paradigme individuel par lequel on s'intéresse aux projets migratoires des individus, et un paradigme territorial où l'angle d'attaque sera ce que " font " les migrations d'agrément aux territoires ruraux et montagnards. Par ailleurs, notre propos sera de démontrer que les migrations d'agrément ne doivent pas être prises en tant qu'objet mais en tant que processus. Dans cette perspective, nous arguons que ce phénomène s'insère dans une dynamique de changements sociétaux profonds, que nous nommerons après-tourisme : l'un des objectifs de ce travail aura été de contribuer à la construction de ce concept en chantier. Le postulat repose sur un double rôle " inattendu " joué par le tourisme : " révéler " certains territoires en les mettant en désir d'une part, et d'autre part permettre l'émergence d'une culture des loisirs, vecteur de transformations profondes de la société. Ce double rôle a non seulement permis ce phénomène de relance du peuplement des territoires ruraux, mais engendre des recompositions des fonctions récréatives sur les territoires sur lesquelles il s'exerce. Ce sont ces dynamiques complètes que nous avons proposé de nommer trajectoires territoriales d'après-tourisme : elles nous invitent à penser différemment le développement territorial vers un modèle touristico-récréatif qui reste à inventer.

Dans l'Union Européenne, les mobilités des hommes, des idées et des biens sont en développement constant. Les migrations de travailleurs se sont amplifiées grâce à l'ouverture de l'espace Schengen. Les migrants quittent des régions de l'Union Européenne en difficulté pour s'installer dans d'autres lieux en pleine croissance. Ainsi depuis 1996, des familles quittent la Roumanie pour travailler et habiter en Espagne. La région de Castellón enregistre des statistiques étonnantes : 10% de la population est désormais d'origine roumaine. Par quel processus se sont construits ces flux migratoires ? Plus qu'une analyse statistique, la thèse propose une réflexion sur les modes individuels et familiaux d'insertion des Roumains dans la région de Castellón. L'analyse des comportements familiaux par une immersion du chercheur dans la microsociété roumaine en formation est la source la plus originale. Pour saisir la complexité du fait migratoire, le contact direct avec les migrants est indispensable. La thèse met à jour le développement de véritables réseaux religieux, familiaux et amicaux pour expliquer la croissance continue des flux migratoires entre la Roumanie et l'Espagne. Des modes d'habiter nouveaux se créent à Castellón de la Plana et dans la province. La notion de parcours migratoire permet de saisir la complexité de la situation des ménages et le rôle des acteurs participant à la construction des différents espaces de vie. Ces réseaux, ces espaces de vie sont toujours précaires. Ils ne s'inscrivent jamais dans le définitif. Certains deviennent des échecs. Mais, heureusement, de véritables stratégies d'insertion territoriale peuvent être analysées. L'entrée de la Roumanie dans l'Union Européenne impose une adaptation aux politiques de migration qui conditionnent les attitudes des migrants. Il s'agit de repenser et de réinterpréter le processus migratoire pour porter un nouveau regard sur les migrations internationales. De nouvelles notions comme la simultanéité, la glocalisation, le transnationalisme permettent une réinterprétation des réseaux de migration. La mauvaise utilisation de termes comme "immigré " et " étranger " constitue des opacités dans l'opinion collective. Pour le migrant, la dimension affective des liens qui se construisent continuellement entre les familles restées au pays et la société d'accueil sont déterminants. Les stratégies mises en oeuvre par les familles pour assurer leur survie se redéploient en permanence. La crise économique actuelle en Espagne provoque de nouvelles incertitudes. Tant que des personnes, des formes d'habiter, des charges émotionnelles seront impliquées dans de formidables efforts d'adaptation et d'insertion pour l'accomplissement d'un projet de vie, les migrants vivront dans l'instabilité d'un processus migratoire toujours réversible.

Qui sont les locuteurs de l'arabe maghrébin (dans ses diverses variétés) en France et quelles sont leurs pratiques langagières ? Étudier ces pratiques suppose que l'on s'intéresse aux phénomènes migratoires liés à la (post)colonisation du Nord de l'Afrique. Cette prise en compte, dans une étude sociolinguistique, de la diversité des profils, liée à l'histoire, sous l'angle séculier de pratiques potentielles de l'arabe maghrébin constitue une approche inédite.Ce travail réunit des personnes ayant un lien familial avec le Maroc, l'Algérie ou la Tunisie, de traditions musulmanes, juives et chrétiennes, et, parmi les personnes originaires d'Algérie, des harkis et des pieds-noirs, et/ou leurs descendants nés et/ou socialisés en France. La première partie s'intéresse au concept d'ethnicité et montre que les termes " assimilation/intégration " fonctionnent sur un mode injonctif et ne constituent plus des outils théoriques pertinents. Enfin, sont examinées les catégorisations ayant trait aux populations considérées.La seconde partie examine le processus de transmission, les représentations et pratiques langagières déclarées, en s'appuyant sur les entretiens recueillis. Concernant la transmission, le modèle dominant qui présuppose une perte de la langue familiale sur trois générations conduit à masquer ou à schématiser un processus autrement plus complexe. Cette thèse met en évidence qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un processus linéaire, tant dans la (re)définition proposée qu'à travers les entretiens et les parcours. Enfin, la troisième partie s'intéresse aux pratiques langagières effectives et propose des pistes d'analyse autour des questions de variation, de koinéisation et d'accommodation.

The thesis presents ethnographic data and musical analysis (in the form of transcriptions) of Haul music which is the music style performed by Bedouin societies in Trab el Bidan region (Mauritania, Western Sahara, northern Mali, southern Algeria and northern Morocco). It is based on field research undertaken in Algeria in 2004-05 in the refugee camps of Tindouf, Algeria, where Saharaui people (a Bedouin society)live in exile. This research is unique and original as Haul has not, until now, been explored in depth by any scholar. My research on Haul reveals that the changes in Saharaui music in the refugee camps of Tindouf reflect changes in the musical traditions of Bedouin societies as whole; changes that can be traced to the revolution which occurred in Western Sahara in 1975, and changes that are a result of the migrations and life in exile that followed. I argue that these changes occurred due to the transnational experiences undergone by Saharaui people in their forced exile (caused by the Moroccan state) from their homeland in Western Sahara to Algeria. Further, I assert that the invocation of memory in Bedouin musical styles is evidence of past musical practices being retained in contemporary Haul performance, although other musical changes are similarly in progress.

Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre as relações e as negociações de valores entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos e imigrantes recentes. As maneiras como cada um dos grupos vem elaborando uma representação do outro e de si próprio frente ao outro evidenciaram de que forma um conjunto de valores identificados como “italiano” consegue ser partilhado e reinterpretado pelos recém chegados. O estudo demonstra que um contexto aparentemente estruturado em “italianos” e “brasileiros” comporta também poros de permeabilidade. Aqui as fronteiras simbólicas entre os grupos mostraram-se bem mais fluídas e negociáveis. O universo de pesquisa desta dissertação centra-se nos moradores do bairro operário Primeiro de Maio, na cidade de Farroupilha. Estes sujeitos constituem a nova leva de imigrantes, desta vez, não exclusivamente de origem italiana, que a partir dos anos 70, vieram atender a necessidade de mão-de-obra resultante do crescimento industrial da região. Este estudo se insere nos debates sobre a imigração e a experiência de alteridade ao focalizar as relações entre os indivíduos da nova imigração com a italianidade. Compreendo italianidade como referências simbólicas que acionam repertórios que permitem explicitar novos jogos identitários e disputas simbólicas travados entre distintos protagonistas que referem a qualidades morais que versam sobre o “bom” trabalhador, o “bom” operário e a identidade de origem. / This study resulted from a piece of ethnographic research on relations and value negotiation between Italian-descendant immigrants and just-arrived immigrants. The ways each of the groups has elaborated a representation of the other one and of itself faced to each other have shown how a number of values identified as “Italian values” is shared and reinterpreted by just-arrived immigrants. The study shows that an apparently well-structured context composed of “Italian” and “Brazilian” people also has permeability pores. Here, symbolic borders between groups appeared to be much more fluid and negotiable. The investigation universe of this piece of research was centered in people living in “1º de maio” workers’ quarter, in the town of Farroupilha. These subjects constitute the new wave of immigrants, not exclusively of Italian origin, who came, from the seventies on, to fulfill the need of labor, as a result of industrial growth in this region. This study is inserted in the debates about immigration and the experience of otherness focusing on relationships between just-arrived immigrants and “italianity”. I understand “italianity” as symbolic references encouraging repertoires which allow explaining new identity games and symbolical disputes arisen among different protagonists referring to moral qualities regarding the “good” worker, the “good” factory worker, and origin identity.

Esta dissertação procura demonstrar as diferentes estratégias sociais elaboradas pelos indígenas guaranis missioneiros, após a conquista luso-brasileira, ocorrida em 1801, das sete missões de guaranis que pertenciam à Espanha, localizadas na margem oriental do rio Uruguai. Analisa a situação dos índios dentro e fora do território missioneiro, mais precisamente no espaço territorial das Missões e no Rio Grande de São Pedro, entre 1801-1834. Combinando análise qualitativa e quantitativa, demonstra como os índios missioneiros configuraram diversas estratégias de sobrevivência e adaptação dentro de uma nova realidade política e social que se apresentou após a conquista luso-brasileira. Utilizando fontes como os ofícios dos militares luso-brasileiros – de modo qualitativo – e os registros paroquiais de batismos – de forma quantitativa – caracteriza as ações indígenas e a forma pela qual estes sujeitos foram capazes de manejar sua própria história em situações adversas e contextos desfavoráveis. Evidencia que os guaranis não foram agentes passivos durante e depois da conquista de 1801. Ao contrário, foram capazes de criar e recriar espaços com relativa autonomia, participando da administração dos Povos e ingressando nas milícias missioneiras. Mostra que os índios não abandonaram as Missões de imediato, demonstrando que boa parte deles permaneceu no território missioneiro. Outra parte da população guarani migrou em grupos familiares a outras partes do Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrando-se a uma nova ordem social e política estabelecendo vínculos sociais com sujeitos diversos via compadrio o que garantia aos índios a possibilidade de ingressarem àquela sociedade. / This dissertation seeks to demonstrate the different social strategies developed by the indigenous Guarani missionaries after winning Portuguese-Brazilian, which occurred in 1801, the seven Guaraní missions belonging to Spain, located on the eastern bank of the Uruguay River. Analyzes the situation of the Indians within and outside the missionary, more precisely in the territorial space of the missions and the Rio Grande de São Pedro, between 1801-1834. Combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, demonstrates how missionary Indians configured various strategies for survival and adaptation in a new social and political reality that is presented after the conquest Luso-Brazilian. Using sources such as the offices of the military Luso-Brazilian - qualitatively - and parish records of baptisms - quantitatively - featuring indigenous actions and the way these guys were able to manage their own history in adverse situations and unfavorable contexts. Shows that the Guaraní were not passive agents during and after the conquest of 1801. Instead, they were able to create and recreate spaces with relative autonomy, participating in the administration of Peoples and joining militias Misiones. Shows that Indians have not abandoned the missions immediately, showing that most of them remained in missionary territory. Another part of the Guarani population in family groups migrated to other parts of the Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrating a new social and political order establishing social links with many subjects via cronyism which guaranteed to the Indians the opportunity to join that company.

Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa etnográfica sobre as relações e as negociações de valores entre os descendentes de imigrantes italianos e imigrantes recentes. As maneiras como cada um dos grupos vem elaborando uma representação do outro e de si próprio frente ao outro evidenciaram de que forma um conjunto de valores identificados como “italiano” consegue ser partilhado e reinterpretado pelos recém chegados. O estudo demonstra que um contexto aparentemente estruturado em “italianos” e “brasileiros” comporta também poros de permeabilidade. Aqui as fronteiras simbólicas entre os grupos mostraram-se bem mais fluídas e negociáveis. O universo de pesquisa desta dissertação centra-se nos moradores do bairro operário Primeiro de Maio, na cidade de Farroupilha. Estes sujeitos constituem a nova leva de imigrantes, desta vez, não exclusivamente de origem italiana, que a partir dos anos 70, vieram atender a necessidade de mão-de-obra resultante do crescimento industrial da região. Este estudo se insere nos debates sobre a imigração e a experiência de alteridade ao focalizar as relações entre os indivíduos da nova imigração com a italianidade. Compreendo italianidade como referências simbólicas que acionam repertórios que permitem explicitar novos jogos identitários e disputas simbólicas travados entre distintos protagonistas que referem a qualidades morais que versam sobre o “bom” trabalhador, o “bom” operário e a identidade de origem. / This study resulted from a piece of ethnographic research on relations and value negotiation between Italian-descendant immigrants and just-arrived immigrants. The ways each of the groups has elaborated a representation of the other one and of itself faced to each other have shown how a number of values identified as “Italian values” is shared and reinterpreted by just-arrived immigrants. The study shows that an apparently well-structured context composed of “Italian” and “Brazilian” people also has permeability pores. Here, symbolic borders between groups appeared to be much more fluid and negotiable. The investigation universe of this piece of research was centered in people living in “1º de maio” workers’ quarter, in the town of Farroupilha. These subjects constitute the new wave of immigrants, not exclusively of Italian origin, who came, from the seventies on, to fulfill the need of labor, as a result of industrial growth in this region. This study is inserted in the debates about immigration and the experience of otherness focusing on relationships between just-arrived immigrants and “italianity”. I understand “italianity” as symbolic references encouraging repertoires which allow explaining new identity games and symbolical disputes arisen among different protagonists referring to moral qualities regarding the “good” worker, the “good” factory worker, and origin identity.

Esta dissertação procura demonstrar as diferentes estratégias sociais elaboradas pelos indígenas guaranis missioneiros, após a conquista luso-brasileira, ocorrida em 1801, das sete missões de guaranis que pertenciam à Espanha, localizadas na margem oriental do rio Uruguai. Analisa a situação dos índios dentro e fora do território missioneiro, mais precisamente no espaço territorial das Missões e no Rio Grande de São Pedro, entre 1801-1834. Combinando análise qualitativa e quantitativa, demonstra como os índios missioneiros configuraram diversas estratégias de sobrevivência e adaptação dentro de uma nova realidade política e social que se apresentou após a conquista luso-brasileira. Utilizando fontes como os ofícios dos militares luso-brasileiros – de modo qualitativo – e os registros paroquiais de batismos – de forma quantitativa – caracteriza as ações indígenas e a forma pela qual estes sujeitos foram capazes de manejar sua própria história em situações adversas e contextos desfavoráveis. Evidencia que os guaranis não foram agentes passivos durante e depois da conquista de 1801. Ao contrário, foram capazes de criar e recriar espaços com relativa autonomia, participando da administração dos Povos e ingressando nas milícias missioneiras. Mostra que os índios não abandonaram as Missões de imediato, demonstrando que boa parte deles permaneceu no território missioneiro. Outra parte da população guarani migrou em grupos familiares a outras partes do Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrando-se a uma nova ordem social e política estabelecendo vínculos sociais com sujeitos diversos via compadrio o que garantia aos índios a possibilidade de ingressarem àquela sociedade. / This dissertation seeks to demonstrate the different social strategies developed by the indigenous Guarani missionaries after winning Portuguese-Brazilian, which occurred in 1801, the seven Guaraní missions belonging to Spain, located on the eastern bank of the Uruguay River. Analyzes the situation of the Indians within and outside the missionary, more precisely in the territorial space of the missions and the Rio Grande de São Pedro, between 1801-1834. Combining qualitative and quantitative analysis, demonstrates how missionary Indians configured various strategies for survival and adaptation in a new social and political reality that is presented after the conquest Luso-Brazilian. Using sources such as the offices of the military Luso-Brazilian - qualitatively - and parish records of baptisms - quantitatively - featuring indigenous actions and the way these guys were able to manage their own history in adverse situations and unfavorable contexts. Shows that the Guaraní were not passive agents during and after the conquest of 1801. Instead, they were able to create and recreate spaces with relative autonomy, participating in the administration of Peoples and joining militias Misiones. Shows that Indians have not abandoned the missions immediately, showing that most of them remained in missionary territory. Another part of the Guarani population in family groups migrated to other parts of the Rio Grande de São Pedro, integrating a new social and political order establishing social links with many subjects via cronyism which guaranteed to the Indians the opportunity to join that company.