Militär doktrinutveckling har beskrivits som en process där kunskap och beprövad erfarenhet omsätts i principer för användandet av militära medel. Militärteorin erbjuder vetenskaplig förankring till militära doktriner och dess påverkan på utvecklingen av doktriner är därför viktig. Förra året, 2011, gav Försvarsmakten ut en ny militärstrategisk doktrin, MSD12. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka kopplingen mellan den svenska doktrinen och dess vetenskapliga förankring. Undersökningen visar bland annat att von Clausewitz teorier, såväl direkt som indirekt, har haft stor influens på doktrinen. Det är dock skillnad mellan hur doktrinen beskriver det som Clausewitz benämner krigets natur och vad som verkligen står i boken ”Om kriget”. Clausewitz beskriver krigets natur som en märklig treenighet sammansatt av den primitiva våldsamheten i dess element, hatet och fiendskapen som tillsammans kan betraktas som en blind naturkraft; av sannolikheternas och tillfälligheternas spel, som ger utrymme för ett fritt skapande sinne; och slutligen av att vara ett till politiken underordnat instrument, varigenom det betingas av det rena förståndet. Doktrinen beskriver krafterna som bildar krigets natur som Emotionell kraft(folket), Styrande rationell kraft (politiken) och Våldsutövande kraft (Försvarsmakten). Det är viktigt, bland annat kopplat till behovet av vetenskaplig förankring, att skilja på vad Clausewitz verkligen skrev och på andra förklaringsmodeller som härstammar från Clausewitz men som också på vissa punkter skiljer sig från originaltexten i ”Om kriget”. / The development of military doctrines has been described as a process where knowledge and well-tried experience turns to principles for the use of military forces. The military theory offers a scientific basis for military doctrines and influences from military theory are therefore an important part of the development of doctrines. Last year, 2011, The Swedish Armed Forces released a new military-strategic doctrine, MSD12. The purpose of this essay is to examine the link between the Swedish doctrine and its scientific basis. The examination has shown that the theory of Carl von Clausewitz regarding the nature of war has a great impact and influence on the content of the doctrine. The theory is used both through direct- and also through indirect influences. An analysis of how the doctrine relate to the factors that, according to Clausewitz, constitute the nature of war shows a discrepancy between its definition of the "remarkable trinity" and the definition given by Clausewitz himself. The book “On War” defines the components of the “trinity” as: The play of chance and probability, Primordial violence, hatred, and enmity and War's element of subordination to rational policy. The doctrine state that the “trinity” consists of: Emotional forces (the people), Rational forces (The politics and the policy) and Violence conducting forces (The Swedish Armed Forces). It is important to make a difference between what Clausewitz actually wrote and other concepts of a trinity that are derived from the “remarkable trinity” defined in “On War.

The eighteenth century was a time of intense upheaval in France. The death of Louis XIV in 1715 and the subsequent reign of Louis XV saw the end of French political and martial hegemony on the continent. While French culture and language remained dominant in Europe, Louis XV's disinterested rule and military stagnation led to the disastrous defeat of the French army at the hands of Frederick the Great of Prussia in the Seven Years War (1756-1763). The battle of Rossbach marked the nadir of the French army in the Seven Years War. Frederick's army routed the French infantry that had bumbled its way into massed Prussian cavalry. Following the war, two reformist elements emerged in the army. Reformers within the government, chiefly Etienne François, duc de Choiseul, sought to rectify the army's poor performance and reconstitute France's military establishment. Outside the traditional army structure, military thinkers looked to military theory to reinvigorate the army from within and without. Foremost among the latter was a young officer named Jacques-Antoine-Hippolyte de Guibert, whose 1772 Essai général de tactique quickly became the most celebrated work of theory in European military circles. The Essai provided a new military constitution for France, proposing wholesale reform to create an army that could face the Prussian juggernaut. His star quickly rising, Guibert became the toast not only of literary Paris but all of Europe. Guibert exerted an overwhelming influence on military theory across Europe for the next fifty years. His military theories laid the foundation for the French army of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. As other nations adopted French methods, Guibert's influence spread across the continent, reigning supreme until the 1830s. Guibert's importance to military theory is analogous to Voltaire's influence on European literature and culture, an area in which Guibert was not unfamiliar. Guibert was also a celebrated lover of women, most notably Julie de Lespinasse and possibly a young Germaine de Staël. To date, no work has been produced that provides a clear picture of the man, his place in society, his work, and his legacy. For these reasons, a study of Guibert's life and his career is a valuable contribution to French history.

This study is an analysis of how military issues can contribute to a sustainable ending of civil wars particularly in Africa. The continuous warfare in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between 1996 and 2004 is used to understand the nature of civil wars and how they relate to classical strategic theory of war in general and their termination in particular. According to classical strategic military theory, war must always be guided by clear political objectives. Without this, war becomes an irrational act and spins out of control. Tactical victory gained in the battlefield over an opponent must be translated into strategic victory for war to end sustainably. This can only be done if the political objective of the war has been attained. But also crucial are the terms and conditions of peace that the victor offers the defeated opponent. Not all wars end with a tactical victory in the battlefield. In many instances of modern wars, and in particular with the current civil wars in Africa, there is a stalemate. This forces the belligerent parties to negotiate. Within the context of the DRC, the first war (1996-1997) ended in a tactical victory for the Rwandan alliance (composed of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi) over the regime of President Mobutu. However, this victory was not translated into strategic victory (long term peace). The alliance, despite having installed a new leader (Laurent Kabila) in the DRC, remained an occupying force, with the Rwandan military commander taking over the role of the DRC’s military chief of staff. This was in part because the political objectives of the Rwandan alliance had changed from revenge on Mobutu for sheltering and supporting the perpetrators of the genocide in Rwanda, to economic exploitation of the abundant natural resources of the DRC. The outcome was that the proxy (Kabila) turned against his backers as he sought to gain legitimacy and support from his fellow Congolese citizens. President Kabila ordered the Rwandan alliance out of the country. The alliance then started a second war (1998-2002) aimed at deposing the former proxy and establishing new proxies. The situation had however changed as the old proxy (Kabila) had acquired new partners (Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe). This, apart from transforming the DRC war into Africa’s first continental war (in terms of the number of countries that were eventually involved), turned into a stalemate. This resulted in negotiations that took a long time to complete. The first round of negotiations produced the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement (LCA) in 1999 with two independent tracks that led to two levels of agreements: inter-state agreements and intra-state agreements. None of these were implementable until 2002 when the DRC negotiated with Rwanda and with Uganda separately on military issues of the conflict. These negotiations produced the Pretoria Accords between the DRC and Rwanda, and the Luanda Accords between the DRC and Uganda. The withdrawal of the militaries of Rwanda and Uganda from the DRC paved way for their proxies, The Rally for Congolese Democracy - Goma (Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie - RCD-Goma) and the Movement for the Liberation of Congo (Mouvement de Libération du Congo – MLC) to join the Inter-Congolese National Dialogue (ICND) which ended in 2004 without a conclusive agreement on military issues. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Political Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

Logistics and Strategy- The forgotten relationship. This study is based on the previous research on how the events in Crimea and in Ukraine have forced many countries including Sweden to reformulate and adapt its military strategy to a new strategic game plan. This study intends to investigate whether the events in Crimea and Ukraine 2014 have affected Swedish military strategy and more specifically the logistics dimension of it. The study is based on the assumption that the development of defense and security strategy with focus on the national defense and a military armed attack has led to an increased influence of military logistics theory, originating from the classic military logistic theorists Thorpe (1917) and Eccles (1959), in the development of new military strategies. With a custom designed theoretical framework based on theories of military logistics a qualitative text analysis is carried out of the Swedish normative and alignment documents which forms the basis for the logistics system after the strategic shock.  A text analysis which is supplemented with interviews with people who have all been involved in the design of Swedish military strategy in general and its logistics dimension in particular. The result shows a change in how military logistics theory has influenced the normative and alignment documents that form the basis of the military strategy's logistics dimension. The result contributes to show another dimension of how the influence and impact of military theory can have on states military strategic choices in conjunction with revolving and influential events. The constructed theoretical frame of reference with five logistic principles can be used to study other cases, both states and changes associated with other strategic shocks. The result also contributes with a perspective to the ongoing debate about what the consequences will be for the state's ability to achieve the security policy objectives when the design of the military logistics system as a whole is still mainly influenced on the basis of business logistics theories, where financial incentives and profit form the basis.

<p>De situationer och uppgifter svensk militär kan komma att ställas inför i sitt arbete att försvara Sverige vid ett väpnat angrepp och vid internationella insatser kan vara komplexa, otydliga och krävande. Dessa parametrar ställer höga krav på de chefer som skall leda förbanden. Ett av kraven är att cheferna, oavsett ledningsnivå är välutbildade och kompetenta inom just sitt område, de ska vara duktiga på just det de skall göra.</p><p>Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera behovet av militärteoretisk utbildning för gruppcheferna vid arméns jägarbataljon. Vad blir effekten av en sådan utbildning? Vidare var också syftet av ge förslag på vilka delar ur militärteorin en sådan utbildning skulle kunna innehålla, för att specifikt passa jägargruppchefer.</p><p>Inledningsvis gjordes en analys av populärversion TOEM AJB, där förbandets uppträdande och uppgifter särskilt analyserades. Ur resultatet återfanns förbandsspecifika faktorer som kunde nyttjas som motiv till en militärteoretisk utbildning för gruppcheferna. Därefter kopplades faktorerna till liknande delar ur militärteorin i syfte att påvisa vilka delar som skulle kunna ingå i en utbildning. Delar som är direkt jämförbara med förbandets sätt att uppträda och metoder man använder vid lösandet av uppgifter. Slutligen besvarades frågeställningen i en avslutning.</p><p>Resultaten pekar på att en militärteoretisk utbildning skulle öka gruppchefs förmåga att fatta självständiga beslut. Resultatet visar också att de delar ur militärteorin som skall ingå är uppdragstaktik, indirekt metod innehållandes tyngdpunkt, kritisk sårbarhet, systemkollaps och initiativ. Vidare bör även en mindre del i utbildningen omfatta de olika ledningsnivåerna; taktisk- operativ- och strategisk ledningsnivå.</p> / <p>Situations and tasks that the Swedish armed forces may confront on missions abroad can be complex, diffuse and demanding. This means that the unit leaders face high demands. One of the demands is that the leaders, irrespective of what level they are at, are well prepared and competent in their own area. They must be good at what they do.</p><p>This essay´s purpose was to analyse the need of a theoretical, military education of squad leaders at the Army Ranger Battalion and what effect such an education could give. The purpose was also to suggest what areas the military theory should cover to suit the ranger squad leaders.</p><p>As an introduction, an analysis of the TOEM AJB was made. The analysis focused on the unit´s behavior and tasks. The result identified factors which were specific to the unit. These factors could be used as motives for a theoretic, military education for the squad leaders. The factors were then connected to similar parts of the theory in order to show what parts could be included in an education. These parts were directly comparable with the unit´s behavior and methods they use when they operate. Finally the questions at issue were answered.</p><p>The results show that a military theoretic education should raise the squad leaders´ capacity to make their own decisions. The results also show that the parts which should be included in an education are mission tactics, indirect method including main effort, critical weaknesses, system crash and initiative. However not crucial, tactical, operative and strategic leadership should also be included in the education.</p>

De situationer och uppgifter svensk militär kan komma att ställas inför i sitt arbete att försvara Sverige vid ett väpnat angrepp och vid internationella insatser kan vara komplexa, otydliga och krävande. Dessa parametrar ställer höga krav på de chefer som skall leda förbanden. Ett av kraven är att cheferna, oavsett ledningsnivå är välutbildade och kompetenta inom just sitt område, de ska vara duktiga på just det de skall göra. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera behovet av militärteoretisk utbildning för gruppcheferna vid arméns jägarbataljon. Vad blir effekten av en sådan utbildning? Vidare var också syftet av ge förslag på vilka delar ur militärteorin en sådan utbildning skulle kunna innehålla, för att specifikt passa jägargruppchefer. Inledningsvis gjordes en analys av populärversion TOEM AJB, där förbandets uppträdande och uppgifter särskilt analyserades. Ur resultatet återfanns förbandsspecifika faktorer som kunde nyttjas som motiv till en militärteoretisk utbildning för gruppcheferna. Därefter kopplades faktorerna till liknande delar ur militärteorin i syfte att påvisa vilka delar som skulle kunna ingå i en utbildning. Delar som är direkt jämförbara med förbandets sätt att uppträda och metoder man använder vid lösandet av uppgifter. Slutligen besvarades frågeställningen i en avslutning. Resultaten pekar på att en militärteoretisk utbildning skulle öka gruppchefs förmåga att fatta självständiga beslut. Resultatet visar också att de delar ur militärteorin som skall ingå är uppdragstaktik, indirekt metod innehållandes tyngdpunkt, kritisk sårbarhet, systemkollaps och initiativ. Vidare bör även en mindre del i utbildningen omfatta de olika ledningsnivåerna; taktisk- operativ- och strategisk ledningsnivå. / Situations and tasks that the Swedish armed forces may confront on missions abroad can be complex, diffuse and demanding. This means that the unit leaders face high demands. One of the demands is that the leaders, irrespective of what level they are at, are well prepared and competent in their own area. They must be good at what they do. This essay´s purpose was to analyse the need of a theoretical, military education of squad leaders at the Army Ranger Battalion and what effect such an education could give. The purpose was also to suggest what areas the military theory should cover to suit the ranger squad leaders. As an introduction, an analysis of the TOEM AJB was made. The analysis focused on the unit´s behavior and tasks. The result identified factors which were specific to the unit. These factors could be used as motives for a theoretic, military education for the squad leaders. The factors were then connected to similar parts of the theory in order to show what parts could be included in an education. These parts were directly comparable with the unit´s behavior and methods they use when they operate. Finally the questions at issue were answered. The results show that a military theoretic education should raise the squad leaders´ capacity to make their own decisions. The results also show that the parts which should be included in an education are mission tactics, indirect method including main effort, critical weaknesses, system crash and initiative. However not crucial, tactical, operative and strategic leadership should also be included in the education.

<p>Influences from military theory are a part of the development of military doctrines. This thesis has, by using a method with three different dichotomies, traced and classified influences from William S Lind’s theories regarding manoeuvre warfare in the Swedish military doctrine, for land operations. The purpose has been to discuss the connection between military theory and how the Swedish doctrine for land operations (DMarkO) has been formulated. It has also been to show what this influence depends on and what consequences it will present.</p><p>The examination has shown that William S. Lind’s theory regarding manoeuvre warfare has a great impact and influence on the content of DMarkO. This used through direct literal use of the theory and also through an indirect influence. It has, however, been difficult to reconstruct and to show awareness from the authors’ perspective that William S. Lind has been a deliberate choice to use regarding what to write in the doctrine. On the other hand, the parts that together constitute the theory are known as classical military maxims, and they are therefore as such, hard to relate only to Lind and his theory regarding manoeuvre warfare. “Main effort” or “Schwerpunkt” is such an example, used by Lind as a part of his theory but also known as a military maxim.</p> / <p>I denna uppsats avhandlas hotuppfattningar och strategier för maritim säkerhet i Östersjön ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Ökade varuflöden, oljetransporter och handel inom östersjöregionen har tillsammans med den snabba omvärldsutvecklingen bidragit till ett nationellt och transnationellt intresse för bibehållen maritim säkerhet i Östersjön.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att med kunskap om av regering och riksdag identifierade hot under perioden 1998-2009, analysera vilka strategier Sverige valt för att hantera hoten och bibehålla den maritima säkerheten.</p><p>För att identifiera hoten mot svenska intressen i Östersjön har teorin om det vidgade säkerhetsbegreppet använts för att med sektorerna; politik, ekonomi, samhälle, miljö samt militär identifiera de hot som regering och riksdag lyfter fram i propositioner och försvarsberedningar. Strategierna som har analyserats har fokus både på svenskt nationellt såväl som transnationellt samarbete och berör både nutid och framtid.</p><p>Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att Sverige lägger allt mer fokus på transnationellt samarbete med bl.a. EU och de nordiska länderna men att även instruktioner till svenska myndigheter betonar ökat behov av samarbete för att hantera de identifierade hoten.</p>

Influences from military theory are a part of the development of military doctrines. This thesis has, by using a method with three different dichotomies, traced and classified influences from William S Lind’s theories regarding manoeuvre warfare in the Swedish military doctrine, for land operations. The purpose has been to discuss the connection between military theory and how the Swedish doctrine for land operations (DMarkO) has been formulated. It has also been to show what this influence depends on and what consequences it will present. The examination has shown that William S. Lind’s theory regarding manoeuvre warfare has a great impact and influence on the content of DMarkO. This used through direct literal use of the theory and also through an indirect influence. It has, however, been difficult to reconstruct and to show awareness from the authors’ perspective that William S. Lind has been a deliberate choice to use regarding what to write in the doctrine. On the other hand, the parts that together constitute the theory are known as classical military maxims, and they are therefore as such, hard to relate only to Lind and his theory regarding manoeuvre warfare. “Main effort” or “Schwerpunkt” is such an example, used by Lind as a part of his theory but also known as a military maxim. / I denna uppsats avhandlas hotuppfattningar och strategier för maritim säkerhet i Östersjön ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Ökade varuflöden, oljetransporter och handel inom östersjöregionen har tillsammans med den snabba omvärldsutvecklingen bidragit till ett nationellt och transnationellt intresse för bibehållen maritim säkerhet i Östersjön. Syftet med uppsatsen är att med kunskap om av regering och riksdag identifierade hot under perioden 1998-2009, analysera vilka strategier Sverige valt för att hantera hoten och bibehålla den maritima säkerheten. För att identifiera hoten mot svenska intressen i Östersjön har teorin om det vidgade säkerhetsbegreppet använts för att med sektorerna; politik, ekonomi, samhälle, miljö samt militär identifiera de hot som regering och riksdag lyfter fram i propositioner och försvarsberedningar. Strategierna som har analyserats har fokus både på svenskt nationellt såväl som transnationellt samarbete och berör både nutid och framtid. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar att Sverige lägger allt mer fokus på transnationellt samarbete med bl.a. EU och de nordiska länderna men att även instruktioner till svenska myndigheter betonar ökat behov av samarbete för att hantera de identifierade hoten.

The Swedish armed forces doctrine does not disclose where the knowledge about the use of airpower was acquired. Earlier research supports the fact that doctrine needs to contain theory to support its legitimacy.  The purpose of this study is to examine whether the doctrine contains air power theory. The author believes that increased internationalization may have caused international air power theories to have been integrated in the doctrine.  The research was conducted as a qualitative research of the Swedish air force doctrine documents. The research intended to see if the air power theories of John Warden and Shaun Clark have influenced the doctrine.  The result of this study shows that the ideas of Shaun Clarke had a much higher presence than the ideas of John Warden. The study has shown that the Swedish air force doctrine has theoretical support. The study concludes that internationalizing has affected but not to the point where the Swedish air force blindly copied air power theories without it suiting the Swedish air force.

This thesis analyzes the origins and development of conceptions of the relationship between violence and politics characteristic of twentieth century fascist thought. It critiques existing approaches to fascism and fascist ideology in the interdisciplinary field of fascist studies and proposes and employs an alternate approach which centres and emphasizes the flexibility and mutability of fascist thought and denies that any particular complex of beliefs or concepts can be said to constitute an ‘essence’ or ‘heart’ of fascist ideology. Morphological studies are offered of four discursive traditions in fascist and fascist-adjacent thought with respect to violence and politics: German military theory of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; the ‘new’ French nationalism of the fin-de-siècle; the genre of ‘future warfare’ around and after the First World War; and the work of Ernst Jünger and Carl Schmitt. The thesis concludes with some consideration of the continuities and discontinuities made apparent in the morphological studies, an argument that those results vindicate the initial framing, and some avenues for extending them into areas of concrete contemporary relevance. / Graduate