A presente dissertação visa a pesquisar o sentido atribuído pela filósofa judia de origem alemã Hannah Arendt à educação no contexto por ela analisado da crise do mundo moderno, intencionando identificar e aprofundar os conceitos centrais que embasam a autora em suas reflexões. Mergulhando na vasta produção bibliográfica de Arendt, bem como em sua própria biografia e no devastador panorama histórico do século XX ocidental que emoldura a produção de suas obras, buscamos compreender qual o significado da educação para a filósofa e os motivos pelos quais ela afirma estar esta esfera pré-política tão cara e essencial à manutenção do mundo público e comum em uma crise profunda na modernidade. A recusa dos representantes do mundo adulto, pais e professores, em assumir a sua responsabilidade face à natalidade, ao nascimento de novos seres que devem ser introduzidos e apresentados ao tesouro do conhecimento humano produzido pelas gerações anteriores e a nós legado pela tradição, leva, na perspectiva arendtiana, a um deflacionamento desastroso da espessura simbólica que outrora revestia a fala dos docentes nas salas de aula. Com a quebra da tradição na época moderna, fruto dos eventos catastróficos do século passado, e a ascensão no cotidiano escolar de modernas teorias pedagógicas pautadas na psicologia, vemos a autoridade professoral, elemento sine qua non para o ensino e para a aprendizagem, naufragar a olhos vistos. / This dissertation aims at investigating the meaning given by German-born Jewish philosopher Hannah Arendt to education in the context of the modern world crisis which she analyzed, and intends to identify and further the key concepts that underpin her ideas. Poring over her vast bibliographical output as well as her personal biography, and the devastating historical scenario of the 20th century in the Western world, which frame her work, the study seeks to understand the meaning of education for the philosopher and the reasons why she states that such pre-political instance, so dear and crucial for the maintenance of the public and shared world, is in such a deep crisis in the modern world. The refusal of members of the adult world, parents and teachers, to assume their responsibility in the face of nativity, the birth of young beings that must be introduced and presented to the treasure of human knowledge produced by previous generations and which we have traditionally inherited, leads, in the authors perspective, to a disastrous deflation of the symbolic layers that once were associated with teachers discourse in the classroom. After the collapse of tradition in modern days, result of catastrophic events in the 20th century, and the rise of modern pedagogical theories based on psychology, it is noticeable that the teachers authority, a sine qua non element for teaching and learning, is rapidly disappearing.

This dissertation examines the life and monastic career of Shaku Sōen (1860-1919) in Japan, Sri Lanka, and the United States from the mid-nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries. It draws on a rich documentary record in Japanese, literary Chinese (kanbun), and English to analyze the social, doctrinal, and ritual life of the Rinzai Zen monastic community. It traces the survival and revival of Rinzai Zen to adapt to Japan’s nation and empire building through the Meiji period (1868-1912), and the negotiation with Zen’s pre-Meiji scriptures and practice and Western studies of Buddhism until the Taishō period (1912-1926). Previous studies tend to approach the modernization of Zen from a Westernization perspective or that of Japanese nationalism and colonial expansion. To bring the two perspectives in conversation with each other and add new insights, this study reconstructs Sōen’s life and career in association with his dharma lineage and three major Zen monasteries—Myōshinji, Engakuji, and Kenchōji—and their capillary network of branch temples throughout Japan. It also traces Sōen’s three-year study in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) and his major international travels to Thailand (Siam), China, Korea, the United States, among other places, that shaped his conception of Zen in the modern world. It sheds new light on the process of preparation that he and his colleagues had made to participate in the World’s Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893. This historical and transnational study of Sōen shows that he and his peers strove to modernize in the Western paradigm and identify Zen with nationalistic interests of the state, while preserving and reviving pre-Meiji scriptures and practices. They presented Zen from a Japanese cultural perspective and make Zen compatible with Japanese nationalism and militarism. Their collaboration with Ceylonese Theravādins and Westerners interested in Buddhism and Japanese culture encouraged the spread of Japanese Mahāyāna Buddhism to the West while supporting Zen revival in Japan. Sōen and his students including D. T. Suzuki (1870-1966) introduced Zen teachings to the United States, setting the terms for Zen’s reception in the West through the twentieth century. It suggests that the modernization of Zen was not simply embracing the Western influences but was also a creative process for Zen monks to harness both the domestic and international resources to position themselves in the modern world.

<p>This paper examines corporate responses to the voluntary UN initiative; the Global Compact and the legally binding UN Norms initiative that are attempts, at the urging of the international community, at different types of regulation of corporate activity in international socio-economic settings. This examination is done within the framework of the Modern World-Systems theory and both questions of the paper are therefore grounded in the MWS theory`s possibility to predict and explain the corporations` response to the two initiatives. The two hypotheses used in this paper are corresponding to the questions and they state that the MWS theory can answer the two questions. The paper therefore employs an overreaching congruence method that uses the MWS theory to predict and explain the outcome of the case study and a complementary descriptive argumentation analysis. This is conducted in order to attain the data needed and to elucidate what the differences and similarities are between the two initiatives and what aspect can be attributed most explanatory value to understand the possible differences in attitude by the corporations. The outcome of the case study shows that corporations are more in favor of the Global Compact then they are concerning the UN norms which they opposes vehemently. This difference in reaction is attributed to the latter’s legally binding principle and this is in accord with the logic of the MWS theory which is granted high predictable and explanatory value concerning the corporations` response to the Global Compact and the UN norms.</p>

Apollinaire, Cendrars et Maïakovski vivent une époque de changements qui modifient l’ordre des choses, offrant une mutation dont le progrès technique est l’illustration la plus évidente pour ces poètes qui glorifient les nouveaux moyens de communication comme le train dont le mouvement ininterrompu sert de fil conducteur à tout le poème de Cendrars la Prose du transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne de France ou comme l’aviation chantée par Apollinaire dans « Zone » et mise en scène par Maïakovski dans Le prolétaire volant. Le voyage devient un thème privilégié de cette poésie résolument tournée vers le mouvement. Entrevoyant une transformation irréversible, ils se trouvent aussi confrontés à un monde nouveau, qu’ils appréhendent dans sa misère, sa violence et son caractère brut. La ville moderne en est l’un des motifs les plus emblématiques. Elle apparaît comme un décor théâtralisé et digne de devenir objet d’une poésie qui se veut novatrice. Chantres de cette modernité naissante, ils se font les témoins voire les porte-parole de l’humanité misérable qui hante ce décor. Apollinaire et Cendrars évoquent souvent les émigrants, populations déracinées, sans patrie, en quête d’un illusoire Eldorado, tandis Maïakovski fait défiler toute une série d’infirmes dans sa tragédie Vladimir Maïakovski tragédie. Si le monde moderne devient objet d’observation, il est aussi cadre de l’errance poétique. A la soif de voyage de Cendrars correspond une problématique interrogation existentielle, alors qu’Apollinaire, entre tradition et modernité, confronte le mal être du mal aimé au monde qui l’entoure. Maïakovski, lui, cherche désespérément, à travers un lyrisme exacerbé, à lutter contre un esprit bourgeois et ignorant de la misère et des transformations du monde et à convaincre de la nécessité d’instaurer la révolution de façon complète. Marqués par la conscience aiguë de la nouveauté, ils se trouvent cependant pris entre un monde ancien, rejeté mais toujours présent, et un avenir incertain et inquiétant. C’est dans ce contexte que se met en place la problématique quête du moi. Le poète se heurte à un monde autre, indifférent qui ne le comprend pas, qu’il cherche à apprivoiser et à façonner tout en construisant une identité bien fragile. De l’observation du monde moderne arpenté par le poète naît une esthétique de la trivialité poétisée dans l’évocation d’une réalité crue, nue sans détour ni euphémisme. Le beau y côtoie le laid, à la suite de Baudelaire qui introduisit le monde moderne dans la poésie. Ainsi l’actualité vécue de façon aiguë fait –elle l’objet de l’attention du poète et devient poésie. Rendre le réel dans son immédiateté induit un lyrisme intense et douloureux où la quête prend la forme d’une plainte, d’une supplique et d’une révolte en même temps qu’elle pose un questionnement sur la poésie, ses formes nouvelles et son rôle dans ce monde moderne. / Apollinaire, Cendrars et Maïakovski lived in an era of changes which initiated a new order of things, bringing about a transformation best illustrated by technical progress in the minds of these poets who glorified the new means of communication such as the train whose steady movement is the main thread of the whole poem by Cendrars Prose du transsibérien et de la petite Jehanne de France, or the plane glorified by Apollinaire in « Zone » or staged by Maïakovski in Le prolétaire Volant. Travelling became the privileged theme of this poetry consecrated to movement. Foreseeing an irreversible transformation, they were confronted with a new world that they grasped through its wretchedness, its violence and its rawness. The modern city is one of their most emblematic motives and it seems like a theatre set deserving of becoming the subject of a new poetry meant to be innovative. As the heralds of this budding modernity, they became the witnesses and even the spokepersons of wretched mankind who haunts this setting. Apollinaire and Cendrars evoke the migrants, the uprooted and stateless populations in quest for an unrealistic Eldorado whereas Maïakovski in his tragedy Vladimir Maïakovski presented a series of disabled people. If the modern world turned into a subject of observation, it is also a frame for poetic wandering. To Cendrars's thirst for travelling corresponds the problematic questioning of existence whereas Apollinaire, between tradition and modernity, opposes the malaise of the unloved one to the surrounding world. For Maiakovski's part, through heightened lyricism, he desperately seeks to struggle against a « bourgeois spirit » which ignores the misery and great changes of the world and to convince of the necessity to bring about an utter revolution. Impregnated by an acute awareness of novelty, they are caught between an old world, rejected but still present, and an uncertain worrisome future. It's within this context that the problem of the quest for the self is outlined. The poet comes up against a different and insensitive world which doesn't understand him, a world he tries to tame and shape while forging a quite fragile identity. An aesthetic of triviality poeticized in the depiction of a gritty, naked reality in an upfront way and with no hint of exaggeration is born of the poet's observation of the modern world. The beautiful is seen beside the ugly, as for Baudelaire who introduced the modern world to poetry. Thus reality experienced in a sharp way is the focus of the poet's attention and turns out to be poetry. Portraying the reality in its immediacy implies an intense and painful lyricism in which the quest turns out to be moaning, a plea and a rebellion as it questions poetry itself, its new forms and its status and role in the modern world.

The research commences by explaining the relevance and importance of marriage in the post-modern world although the post-modern era is known for disregarding pre-modern norms and customs. Marriage as traditionally known in the church is no exception. Communities no longer share the church’s strict rules when it comes to relationships. Church teaching about sex seems contradictory; on the one hand it regards sex as sinful, while on the other hand it preaches that it should be saved for the person you love (Berry 2005:15). Modern society’s expectations are very different from Biblical times. Unlike Biblical times where adolescents got married between the age of fourteen and eighteen, modern day couples rarely get married before they reach their mid-twenties. The implication of this is that the youth should live in abstinence for a decade or more although they are physically mature. The question is whether it is realistic of society to expect long-term couples not to have a sexual relationship. Modern society questions the fact that traditional marriage should be seen as the only moral and lawful option where a permanent love relationship between two people may exist. Throughout history sex was usually portrayed as something wrong, shameful, even sometimes as sin. “After sexual intercourse both man and woman had to bath, and they remained unclean until evening” (Lev. 15:18). The negative view on sexual intimacy continued in the early church, where they taught that sex is meant for procreation and not for enjoyment. Sex was always treated as something that should not be talked about, especially not in church. Although most of these views have been overcome in the last few decades the church is faced with new challenges in the present milieu such as sex before marriage, cohabitation and homosexuality. According to Van Eck (2007a:81) marriage as institution in modern society is in crisis. Additionally the guidance that the church provides on this matter might be in worse crisis, particularly the Church’s silence and lack of guidance regarding cohabiting relationships and pre-marital sex. The revolution of marriage is investigated to understand its development over the last two thousand years. Biblical text is studied in search of guidelines for young adults on the matters of sexuality and marriage. A look into modern day ethics will give us an idea of the challenges the Church face on this subject. The universal importance of marriage, the diversity and complexity of social and cultural circumstances, the needs within society and the church, and the quest for Scriptural moral guidance necessitates this research. This study seeks to investigate whether modern-day non-marital sexual relationships should be accepted in the Church and to suggest guidelines for young adults on the matters of sex and marriage in order to make Christian based meaningful life choices. The purpose of this study is to find Biblical guidelines in an attempt to find a link between spirituality and sexuality. Copyright / Dissertation (MA(Theol))--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Strategies for South Africa’s development are often analysed from a predominantly economic perspective, overlooking the key role that political and sociocultural elements play in the developmental process. This study will assess possible development strategies by making use of the modern world-systems (MWS) theoretical perspective, due to the theory’s holistic approach to development. The question is posed whether South Africa – in accordance with the MWS perspective – will be able to ascend from its current semi-peripheral position in the hierarchy of the modern world-system to the core group of states by 2025. The components for national development are all-encompassing and require an increase in state strength, long-term economic development, and domestic and international sociocultural influence. Prospects for South Africa’s ascent to the core have been explored within a 15-20 year time period because the capitalist world-economy is currently still in a phase of contraction, or B-phase of growth (1973-2025). The modern world-systems theoretical approach asserts that country mobility is more likely during this phase and that ascent in the hierarchy will be increasingly difficult when the world-economy begins its expansionary phase around 2025. The study concludes that South Africa faces numerous external and internal constraints to its development, despite the noteworthy economic, political and sociocultural incentives that it could potentially capitalise on over the next fifteen years. It is anticipated that these constraints will place the country in a position whereby it will be unable to reap the benefits of the most optimal developmental strategies put forward by the modern world-systems approach; hence it will be severely challenged to attain core status by 2025. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Strategieë vir die ontwikkeling van Suid-Afrika word meerendeels geanaliseer vanuit ‘n hoofsaaklike ekonomiese invalshoek en dit het tot gevolg dat die rol wat politieke en sosio-kulturele aspekte in die ontwikkelingsproses speel nie op ag geslaan word nie. Die studie evalueer moontlike ontwikkelings-strategieë vir Suid-Afrika deur gebruik te maak van die moderne wêreld-sisteem teoretiese benadering (MWS) wat ‘n meer holistiese perspektief op ontwikkeling bied. Die vraag word gevra of Suid- Afrika – in ooreenstemming met die uitganspunte van MWS - teen 2025 sal kan vorder tot die kategorie van “kern-staat”, vanaf sy huidige status as “semi-periferale staat”. Die allesomvattende komponente vir ontwikkeling wat MWS identifiseer vereis die groei van staatskapasiteit, langtermyn ekonomiese ontwikkeling, en die uitbreiding van regionale en internasionale sosio-kulturele invloed. Die vooruitsigte vir Suid-Afrika se opgang is nagevors oor die verloop van ‘n 15-20 jaar tydperk, aangesien die kapitalistiese wêreld-ekonomie tans in ‘n fase van kontraksie verkeer (B-fase van groei) tussen 1973-2025. Die MWS benadering argumenteer dat opwaartse mobiliteit van state meer waarskynlik is tydens ‘n B-fase van groei en dat opgang moeiliker sal word wanneer die wêreld-ekonomie weer ‘n ekspansionistiese fase van groei betree in 2025. Die studie kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat Suid-Afrika se ontwikkelings-uitdagings deur beide eksterne en interne faktore bemoeilik word, nieteenstaande moontlike sterkpunte op ekonomiese, politieke en sosio-kulturele gebied waarop dit sou kon kapitaliseer oor die volgende 15 jaar. Hierdie faktore, word geargumenteer, sal veroorsaak dat die optimale ontwikkelingstrategieë wat deur ander state gevolg is, nie deur Suid-Afrika nagevolg sal kan word nie, en dat gevolglik, sonder innoverende strategieë, die kanse dat die land kern-status teen 2025 sal bereik, gering is.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Donizete da Costa Junior.pdf: 918943 bytes, checksum: 744823e8703fb3eea7e706649671d5ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this research is to contribute towards the study of the major changes occurring in the international system since the twentieth century, specifically from the 70s on. The central question is: Is the United States of America living a "terminal crisis"? This question is not examined directly, but by means of a comparative analysis of two important lines of approach in International Relations: the world-system and the developmentalist. In the former, we turn to two authors, Giovanni Arrighi and Immanuel Wallerstein; in the latter, we turn to José Luís Fiori / O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o estudo das grandes transformações que ocorrem no sistema internacional desde os anos 70 do século XX. A questão central é: os Estados Unidos da América vivem uma crise terminal ? Não examinamos esta questão diretamente, mas por intermédio da análise comparativa de duas importantes linhas de abordagem das Relações Internacionais: a do sistema-mundo e a desenvolvimentista. No primeiro caso, recorremos a dois autores, Giovanni Arrighi e Immanuel Wallerstein; no segundo, a José Luís Fiori

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:53:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pedro Donizete da Costa Junior.pdf: 918943 bytes, checksum: 744823e8703fb3eea7e706649671d5ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this research is to contribute towards the study of the major changes occurring in the international system since the twentieth century, specifically from the 70s on. The central question is: Is the United States of America living a "terminal crisis"? This question is not examined directly, but by means of a comparative analysis of two important lines of approach in International Relations: the world-system and the developmentalist. In the former, we turn to two authors, Giovanni Arrighi and Immanuel Wallerstein; in the latter, we turn to José Luís Fiori / O objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o estudo das grandes transformações que ocorrem no sistema internacional desde os anos 70 do século XX. A questão central é: os Estados Unidos da América vivem uma crise terminal ? Não examinamos esta questão diretamente, mas por intermédio da análise comparativa de duas importantes linhas de abordagem das Relações Internacionais: a do sistema-mundo e a desenvolvimentista. No primeiro caso, recorremos a dois autores, Giovanni Arrighi e Immanuel Wallerstein; no segundo, a José Luís Fiori