Ce travail est dédié à l’étude de l’encapsulation de molécules organiques photoactives dans des nanotubes de carbone mono-feuillets. L’effet de confinement sur les propriétés vibrationnelles , structurales, et les interactions entre les sous-systèmes est étudié en fonction de la taille des nanotubes. La première partie du manuscrit est consacrée à l’étude du confinement de diméthylquaterthiophènes dans les tubes. La dynamique vibrationnelle des molécules confinées est étudiée par diffusion inélastique des neutrons et par des simulations DFT. L’étude des interactions entre les deux sous-systèmes, en termes de transfert d’énergie et de transfert de charge, est réalisée en combinant des études de photoluminescence et de Raman. La nature des transferts de charge dépend de la taille du nanotube. Pour des tubes de petits diamètres (<1.1nm), un transfert de charge photo-induit est obtenu lorsque la longueur d’excitation correspond à l’absorption de la molécule. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l’étude de l’organisation structurale de molécules de phtalocyanine encapsulées à l’intérieur des nanotubes. Ce travail combine des études expérimentales par diffraction neutronique et spectroscopie Raman à pression ambiante et sous hautes pressions. Les études structurales sont confrontées à des simulations par dynamique moléculaire. / This work is dedicated to the study of the encapsulation of photoactive molecules within single wall carbon nanotubes. The confinement effect on vibrational, structural and interactions between host and guest is studied as a function of nanotube size. The first part of the manuscript is dedicated to the confinement of dimethyl quaterthiophene within carbon nanotubes. Vibrational dynamics for the encapsulated molecules is studied coupling neutron scattering and DFT simulations. Interactions molecule/nanotube, in terms of energy transfer and charge transfer are studied combining photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopies. The nature of charge transfers depends on the size of the nanotube. For small diameters (>1,1nm) a photoinduced charge transfer is obtained when the excitation wavelength matches the absorption of the molecule. The second part of the manuscript focuses on the structural organization of encapsulated phthalocyanine molecules. This work combines neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy experimental studies at room and high pressures. Structural studies are discussed together with molecular dynamics simulations.

The study sought to examine the challenges experienced by teachers of multi-grade classes. Multi-grade teaching has become one of the priority topics in the Teaching profession agenda. The reason for bringing this issue onboard is the recognition that multi-grade teaching has a potential to improve quality of teaching. This study therefore seeks to identify the challenges experienced by teachers of multi-grade classes. A qualitative research was conducted in Nzhelele East Circuit. Six schools with multi-grade classes were purposively sampled. Data were collected through individual interviews with five teachers of multi-grade classes and six principals of the sampled schools and focus group interviews were conducted with three groups constituted of 3 teachers each from the 3 identified schools. Data were also collected through lesson observations. Data were categorised according to themes and then analysed inductively. The study revealed that multi-grade teachers experience a number of challenges. The study thus, recommends that the Department of Education should strengthen continued professional teacher development (CPTD) in teaching in multi-grade context. CPTD should also be extended to professionals like curriculum advisors to re-skill them on their advisory roles. The Department of Education should also ensure that the number of grades in multi-grade classes should not exceed two. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Curriculum Studies)

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-13T19:38:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Letícia-Final.pdf: 1670426 bytes, checksum: ab2b251db5406cfbebb79dcc3b6f9add (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2018-08-16T19:59:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Letícia-Final.pdf: 1670426 bytes, checksum: ab2b251db5406cfbebb79dcc3b6f9add (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T19:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Letícia-Final.pdf: 1670426 bytes, checksum: ab2b251db5406cfbebb79dcc3b6f9add (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O emprego das Boas Práticas de Fabricação na indústria de alimentos, como a higienização de superfícies, é importante para evitar a formação de biofilmes. Campylobacter jejuni, que é o principal agente etiológico da campilobacteriose, pode sobreviver em condições adversas no ambiente pela capacidade de formação de biofilme. As bactérias formadoras de biofilme podem adquirir resistência à compostos utilizados como sanitizantes na etapa de sanitização, como o cloreto de benzalcônio (CB). Assim, faz-se necessário a busca por novos compostos com ação antibacteriana que possam ser utilizados em alternativa aos sanitizantes sintéticos. Os extratos de plantas vêm sendo amplamente estudados devido às suas características antimicrobianas e por serem compostos naturais. O extrato metanólico de Butia odorata Barb. Rodr. (EMB) teve sua ação antibacteriana comprovada em estudos anteriores. Portanto, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a influência da superfície, temperatura, atmosfera e co-cultura com Pseudomonas aeruginosa sobre a formação de biofilme de Campylobacter jejuni isolados de abatedouro de frangos da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como identificar a presença de alguns genes relacionados à formação de biofilme nesses isolados. Também objetivou-se avaliar a suscetibilidade desses isolados ao EMB e ao CB, através do teste qualitativo de disco difusão em ágar para o EMB, e da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e da concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) para o EMB e para o CB. A atmosfera não afetou a formação de biofilme monoespécie de C. jejuni tanto em poliestireno como em aço inoxidável. Houve maior formação de biofilme em temperaturas que não são as ótimas para a multiplicação d e C. jejuni. A forma como P. aeruginosa foi inoculada para formar biofilmes duoespécie com C. jejuni (concomitante ou pré-formado por P . aeruginosa), não influenciou a formação de biofilme pelos isolados. Nos biofilmes duo-espécie com P. aeruginosa, as maiores contagens de biofilme por C. jejuni em aço inoxidável ocorreram a 25 oC. Os sete isolados de C. jejuni avaliados possuem 10 genes envolvidos no processo de formação de biofilme, porém o gene katA não foi encontrado em três isolados, e o gene kpsM não foi encontrado em um isolado, o que não afetou a formação de biofilme por esses isolados. O EMB apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra os sete isolados no teste qualitativo de disco difusão em ágar, com halos de inibição acima de 23 mm. A CIM do EMB ficou entre 83,3 e 166,6 μL.mL-1, e a CBM foi o mesmo valor de CIM em todos os isolados. Já para o CB, o valor de CIM ficou entre 1 e 2 μg.mL-1, e a CBM variou entre 1 e 4 μg.mL-1 entre os isolados. Dessa forma, o EMB pode tornar-se uma boa alternativa ao CB empregado na etapa de sanitização em indústrias de alimentos. / The employment of good manufacturing practice in the food industry, as surfaces sanitization, is important to avoid the biofilm formation. Campylobacter jejuni, which is the main etiological agent of campilobacteriosis, can survives in adverse environmental conditions by capacity of biofilm formation. Biofilm forming bacteria can acquire resistance to compounds used as sanitizers in sanitization step, such as benzalkonium chloride (BC). Thereby, it is necessary the search for new compounds with antibacterial activity which can be used in alternative to syntetic sanitizers. The plants extracts have been widely studied due to it’s antimicrobial characteristics and for being natural compounds. The Butia odorata Barb. Rodr. methanolic extract (BME) had it’s antibacterial activity proven in studies performed previously. Therefore, the aims of this study were evaluate the factors that influence of surface, temperature, atmosphere and co-culture with Pseudomonas aeruginosa on biofilm formation in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from poultry slaughterhouse of Southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well identify the presence of some genes related to biofilm formation in these isolates. Moreover, was aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of these isolates to the BME and to the BC, through the agar disc diffusion qualitative test for BME, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) for BME and BC. The atmosphere did not affected the monospecies biofilm formation both in polystyrene and stainless steel. There was greater biofilm formation in temperatures that are not the optimals for C. jejuni growth. The way how P. aeruginosa was inoculated to form dual-species biofilms with C. jejuni (concomitant or preformed by P. aeruginosa) did not influenced the biofilm formation by the isolates. In duo-species biofilms with P. aeruginosa, the higher biofilm counts of C. jejuni in stainless steel occurred at 25 oC. The seven isolates had 10 genes that are involved in biofilm formation process, but the katA gene was not found in three isolates, and the kpsM gene was not observed in one isolate, which did not affected the biofilm formation by these isolates. The BME presented antibacterial activity against the seven C. jejuni isolates tested in the qualitative test of agar disc diffusion, resulting in inhibition halos above of 23 mm. The MIC of BME ranged between 83,3 and 166,6 μL.mL-1, and the MBC was the same value that MIC in all isolates. Already for BC, the MIC value stay between 1 and 2 μg.mL-1, and the MBC value ranged between 1 and 4 μg.mL- 1 among isolates. In this way, the BME can become a good alternative to the BC employed in sanitization step in food industries.

The purpose of this master thesis was to study computer vision algorithms for vehicle detection in monochrome images captured by mono camera. The work has mainly been focused on detecting rear-view cars in daylight conditions. Previous work in the literature have been revised and algorithms based on edges, shadows and motion as vehicle cues have been modified, implemented and evaluated. This work presents a combination of a multiscale edge based detection and a shadow based detection as the most promising algorithm, with a positive detection rate of 96.4% on vehicles at a distance of between 5 m to 30 m. For the algorithm to work in a complete system for vehicle detection, future work should be focused on developing a vehicle classifier to reject false detections.

Au cours des dernières années, le développement des cellules organiques à réseaux interpénétrés a permis d’améliorer les rendements de conversion photovoltaïque (PV). Ces dispositifs incorporent une couche active constituée d’un mélange d’un matériau donneur d’électron (D) et d’un matériau accepteur d’électron (A). La réalisation de ces cellules requiert une optimisation minutieuse de ce mélange et de la morphologie de cette couche photo-active qui en résulte. Cette dernière peut cependant évoluer spontanément vers une ségrégation de phase, généralement délétère pour les performances PV. Une solution possible, et relativement peu étudiée, consiste à lier chimiquement le donneur D et l’accepteur A par un espaceur non-conjugué. Les travaux décrits dans ce manuscrit portent sur la synthèse et la caractérisation d’assemblages moléculaires de type D-σ-A ainsi que leur utilisation comme matériau dit « unique » pour la fabrication de cellules solaires organiques mono composant. Une première famille de dyades et triades à base d’un bloc donneur de type quaterthiophène a été étudiée. Cette partie décrit la méthodologie générale d’assemblage des blocs D et A via une réaction de cycloaddition de type Huisgen. Au cours des chapitres suivant, plusieurs dyades basées sur un bloc donneur « push-pull » ont été synthétisées puis caractérisées. Les performances PV de ces composés ont été évaluées au sein de cellules solaires mono-composant et les meilleurs rendements de conversion, atteignant 1.4 %, rivalisent avec l’état de l’art. / Over the last few years, the development of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSCs) led to significant increase in photovoltaic (PV) efficiency. Such devices are based on interpenetrated networks of an electron-donor material (D) and an electron-acceptor material (A) constituting the active layer. Nevertheless a careful optimization of the morphology is required to reach high power conversion efficiency. Furthermore, this optimized morphology can evolve towards spontaneous phase segregation which can be detrimental for the PV performances. To circumvent these limitations, a relatively unexplored approach relies on the use of a material where the donor and the acceptor moieties are covalently linked to each other through a nonconjugated π-connector. In this context, the work reported herein describes the synthesis and characterization of various molecular D-σ-A assemblies, as well as their preliminary evaluation as “unique” material for the realisation of single component organic solar cells (SC-OSCs). A first family of dyads and triads, based on quaterthiophene moieties as donor block, was studied. A general methodology to assemble the two D and A blocks via a Huisgen-type click-chemistry is described. Then, in the next chapters, several dyads based on a “push-pull” donor block have been synthesized and characterized. The PV performances of these compounds have been evaluated in SC-OSCs leading to power conversion efficiency up to 1.4 %, a value close to the state of the art.

La stéaroyl Co-A désaturase (SCD) est l’enzyme clé du métabolisme des acides gras mono-insaturés (AGMI). Son activité 9 désaturase introduit une double liaison cis en position 9 des acides gras saturés (AGS), formant des AGMI. Une altération de la voie de biosynthèse des AGMI est impliquée dans de nombreuses pathologies, telles que le cancer et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Les cellules cancéreuses présentent une synthèse de novo en acide gras accrue avec une accumulation d'AGMI. Ce changement dans le métabolisme des acides gras est associé à la surexpression de la SCD1. Plusieurs études ont démontré que l'inhibition de SCD1 conduit au blocage de la prolifération et l'induction de l'apoptose dans les cellules cancéreuses. Néanmoins, les mécanismes d'activation mort cellulaire restent à être mieux compris. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que l’extinction de SCD1 par siRNA, inhibiteur synthétique ou naturel induit l’abolition de la synthèse de novo AGMI dans les cellules cancéreuses ou non. L’activation de la mort cellulaire par apoptose lors de l’inhibition de SCD1 n’est observée que dans les cellules cancéreuses. En outre, la déplétion en SCD1 induite un stress du réticulum endoplasmique, ces caractéristiques étant l’épissage de l'ARNm XBP1, la phosphorylation de eIF2α et augmentation de l'expression CHOP. Toutefois, l'activation du stress du RE lors de l’abolition de SCD1 est particuliers puisque nous ne mettons pas en évidence de modification de l’expression de la protéine chaperonne GRP78, une autre caractéristique du stress du RE. Enfin, nous avons montré que l'induction de CHOP participe à l’activation de la mort cellulaire lors de l’extinction de SCD1. En effet, la surexpression de constructions dominants négatifs et anti-CHOP restaure partiellement la viabilité des cellules cancéreuses déplétées en SCD1. Pour conclure, ces résultats suggèrent que l’inhibition de la synthèse de novo en AGMI via l’extinction de SCD1 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique prometteuse contre le cancer en induisant la mort cellulaire par l’activation de la voie du stress du réticulum endoplasmique et du facteur de transcription CHOP. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la régulation de SCD par différents AGMI dans un modèle cellulaire en lien avec la pathologie athéromateuse. De nombreux facteurs de risque participent au développement de cette pathologie, parmi lesquels les acides gras trans (AGT). En effet, des études épidémiologiques ont mis en corrélation la consommation d’AGT d’origine industrielle et le risque de maladie cardiovasculaire. Les AGT pourraient jouer leurs effets athérogènes par l’altération du métabolisme lipidiques des cellules vasculaires. L'accumulation de lipides dans les cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (CML) est une caractéristique de l'athérosclérose et une conséquence de la lipogenèse accrue. L’expression de la SCD est associée à l'induction de la lipogenèse et développement de l'athérosclérose. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la régulation de l'activité SCD1 dans les CML exposés à des isomères d’AGMI en C18 [l’acide cis-9oléique(OL), l'acide trans-11 vaccénique (TVA) ou l’acide trans-9 élaïdique (ELA)]. Nous avons montré que la SCD, présente dans les CML était régulée différemment selon l’isomère en C18 :1. En effet, nous observons une augmentation de l’expression et de l’activité de SCD1 sous l’effet d’un traitement par ELA et une diminution importante pour le traitement par OL. L’effet du TVA sur l’expression et l’activité dans les CML reste modeste mais une diminution est néanmoins trouvée. Nous avons corrélé l'activité de SCD avec son niveau d'expression protéique. En effet, celle-ci est augmentée par l’ELA et diminuée par l'OL. Cette régulation n’est pas post-traductionnelle et l’expression de SCD1 lors des traitements par l’OL et l’ELA est moduler au niveau transcriptionnel.Pour conclure, nous avons démontré une modulation de l'activité SCD par des AGMI (C18: 1) de configuration cis et [...] / Stearoyl Co-A desaturase (SCD) is the key enzyme of the metabolism of mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Its activity  9 desaturase introduces a double bond cis in position 9 of saturated fatty acids (SFA), induced formation of MUFA. Impaired biosynthesis of MUFA is involved in many diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Cancer cells have a de novo synthesis of fatty acids increased with an accumulation MUFA. This change in the metabolism of fatty acids is associated with overexpression SCD1 which catalyzes the conversion of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fat. Several reports have shown that inhibition of SCD1 leads to blockage of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the mechanism of cell death activation remains to be understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the extinction of SCD1 by siRNA, synthetic or natural inhibitor induces the abolition of de novo MUFA synthesis in cancer cells or not. SCD1 inhibition activates cell death by apoptosis only in cancer cells. In addition, depletion of SCD1 induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, these features being XBP1 mRNA splicing, phosphorylation of eIF2α and increased expression of CHOP. However, activation of ER stress in the abolition of SCD1 is special because we do not show changes in expression of the chaperone protein GRP78, another characteristic of ER stress. Finally, we showed that induction of CHOP is involved in activation of cell death during shutdown of SCD1. Indeed, overexpression of dominant negative constructs and anti-CHOP partially restores the viability of cancer cells depleted of SCD1. In conclusion, these results suggest that inhibition of de novo synthesis of MUFA through the extinction of SCD1 could be a promising therapeutic target against cancer by inducing cell death through the activation of the stress and endoplasmic reticulum transcription factor CHOP. We are also interested in the regulation of SCD by different MUFA in a cellular model linked with atherosclerotic disease. Many risk factors contribute to the development of this disease, including trans fatty acid (TFA). Indeed, epidemiological studies have correlated the consumption of TFA from industrial sources and the risk of cardiovascular disease. TFA could play their atherogenic effects by altering the lipid metabolism of vascular cells. The accumulation of lipids in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a feature of atherosclerosis and a consequence of increased lipogenesis. The expression of SCD is associated with the induction of lipogenesis and development of atherosclerosis. We are interested in the regulation of SCD1 activity in SMCs exposed to isomers of MUFA C18 [cis-9 oleic (OL), trans-11 vaccenic acid (TVA) and acid trans -9 elaidic (ELA)]. We showed that SCD which is present in SMC was regulated differently depending on the isomer C18: 1. Indeed, we observed an increase in the expression and activity of SCD1 as a result of treatment with ELA and a significant decrease for treatment with OL. The effect of the TVA on the expression and activity in SMCs remains modest decrease is nevertheless found. We correlated the activity of SCD with its level of protein expression. Indeed, it is increased by the ELA and decreased by OL. This regulation is posttranslational and expression of SCD1 during treatment with the OL and the ELA is modulated at the transcriptional level. To conclude, we demonstrated a modulation of SCD activity by MUFA (C18: 1) cis and trans-mediated regulation of SCD1 gene transcription.

Les apiaceae peuvent être définies en tant qu' Aroma-Tincto-Oleo-Crop (ATOC), plantes qui contiennent à la fois une huile végétale et une huile essentielle. Appliquer le concept d'agroraffinage aux ATOC revient à proposer un procédé séquentiel alliant une co-extraction huile végétale et huile essentielle à une valorisation des résidus en tant que source de molécules biosourcées et de susbtrat pour la formulation d'agromatériaux . Les objectifs de cette thèse seront donc d'étudier la faisabilité biologique et technologique d'application du concept d'ATOC-raffinage à la coriandre (Coriandrum sativum L.). Le chapitre I présente l'état de l'art bibliographique sur l'extraction et l'analyse des huiles végétales et huiles essentielles de coriandre tandis que dans le chapitre II sont décrits les matériels et méthodes mis en oeuvre au cours de la thèse tant au niveau échantillonnage, extraction, analyse que traitement des données. Le chapitre III est centré sur l'étude des différents paramètres biologiques pouvant influencer la bioaccumulation des huiles végétales et huiles essentielles dans la coriandre (différentes variétés, différents organes de la plante, différents stades de développement biologique) et leur impact sur l'activité anti-oxydante des extraits obtenus à partir des résidus d'extraction. Dans le chapitre IV, la technologie d'extrusion (mono-vis et bi-vis) a été appliquée aux graines de coriandre dans le but d’évaluer la faisabilité du pressage mécanique du fruit de la coriandre pour l’extraction d'une huile végétale aromatisée. L’influence des conditions expérimentales sur le rendement d'extraction en huile végétale (diamètre de buse et distance buse-vis (extrudeur mono-vis) ou configuration de vis, coefficient de remplissage et température de pressage (extrudeur bi-vis)) a été étudiée tandis que la faisabilité de la valorisation du résidu solide d'extraction en agromatériaux (thermo-pressage) a été montrée. / Apiaceae could be defined as Aroma Tincto Oleo Crops (ATOC), e.g. plants containing both vegetable oil and essential oil. Applying agroreffinery concept to ATOC led to propose a sequential fractionation process coupling co-extraction of vegetal oil and essential oil to a valorization of by-product residues as biosourced active molecules and substrates for designing agromaterials. The aim of this thesis is to determine the biological and technological feasability of application of the ATOC-refinery concept to coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Chapter I reports a bibliographic state of the art study on extraction and characterisation of coriander vegetal oil and essential oil while chapter II describes materials and methods setting up during the thesis for sampling, extraction, analysis and data processing. Chapter III focus on the study of major various biological parameters influencing bioaccumulation of vegetal oil and essential oil in coriander (different plant varieties, different plant organs, different biological stages) and their impact on anti-oxidant activity of extracts obtained from extraction residues. In chapter IV, coriander fruits are processed by extrusion technology (mono screw and twin-screw extruder) in order to evaluate the feasability of mechanical pressing for extracting a flavored vegetal oil. Influence of operating parameters on vegetal oil extraction yields (nozzle diameter and nozzle/screw distance (single-screw extruder) or screw configuration, device’s filling coefficient and pressing temperature (twin-screw extruder)) is studied while the feasability of valorization of extraction cake as agromaterial (thermopressing) was stated.

Cette thèse traite de l'estimation de la concentration dans le sang artériel de molécules marquées par un radioélément émettant des positons. Cette concentration est appelée « fonction d'entrée artérielle B+ ». Elle doit être déterminée dans de nombreuses analyses en pharmacocinétique. Actuellement, elle est mesurée à l'aide d'une série de prélèvements artériels, méthode précise mais nécessitant un protocole contraignant. Des complications liées au caractère invasif de la méthode peuvent survenir (hématomes, infections nosocomiales).L'objectif de cette thèse est de s'affranchir de ses prélèvements artériels par l'estimation non-invasive de la fonction d'entrée B+ à l'aide d'un détecteur externe et d'un collimateur. Cela permet la reconstruction des vaisseaux sanguins afin de discriminer le signal artériel du signal contenu dans les autres tissus avoisinants. Les collimateurs utilisés en imagerie médicale ne sont pas adaptés à l'estimation de la fonction d'entrée artérielle B+ car leur sensibilité est très faible. Pour cette thèse, ils sont remplacés par des collimateurs codés, issus de la recherche en astronomie. De nouvelles méthodes pour utiliser des collimateurs à ouverture codée avec des algorithmes statistiques de reconstruction sont présentées.Des techniques de lancer de rayons et une méthode d'accélération de la convergence des reconstructions sont proposées. Une méthode de décomposition spatio-temporelle est également mise au point pour estimer efficacement la fonction d'entrée artérielle à partir d'une série d'acquisitions temporelles.Cette thèse montre qu'il est possible d'améliorer le compromis entre sensibilité et résolution spatiale en tomographie d'émission à l'aide de masques codés et d'algorithmes statistiques de reconstruction ; elle fournit également les outils nécessaires à la réalisation de tellesreconstructions. / This work deals with the estimation of the concentration of molecules in arterial blood which are labelled with positron-emitting radioelements. This concentration is called “ B+ arterial input function”. This concentration has to be estimated for a large number of pharmacokinetic analyses. Nowadays it is measured through series of arterial sampling, which is an accurate method but requiring a stringent protocol. Complications might occur during arterial blood sampling because this method is invasive (hematomes, nosocomial infections).The objective of this work is to overcome this risk through a non-invasive estimation of B+ input function with an external detector and a collimator. This allows the reconstruction of blood vessels and thus the discrimination of arterial signal from signals in other tissues.Collimators in medical imaging are not adapted to estimate B+ input function because their sensitivity is very low. During this work, they are replaced by coded-aperture collimators, originally developed for astronomy.New methods where coded apertures are used with statistical reconstruction algorithms are presented. Techniques for analytical ray-tracing and for the acceleration of reconstructions are proposed. A new method which decomposes reconstructions on temporal sets and on spatial sets is also developped to efficiently estimate arterial input function from series of temporal acquisitions.This work demonstrates that the trade-off between sensitivity and spatial resolution in PET can be improved thanks to coded aperture collimators and statistical reconstruction algorithm; it also provides new tools to implement such improvements.

This diploma thesis presents processing of the design documentation for public service building. The scope of this work is in accordance with ordinance 499/2006 and latter amended 62/2013. There is a small brewery in the building, as well as a pub, tourist apartments and the owner's flat. Building is situated in Vranová, Blansko district. It is a three-story building without basement, roofed with flat and mono-pitched roofs. The ground floor consists of a pub, a brewery and a communication wing dividing the building in the middle. The second floor consists of hostel type tourist apartments with shared facilities. The third floor belongs exclusively to the owner of the building who has an apartment there. The building is bricked, complemented by an external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS). Floor structure consists of SPIROLL panels. Design documentation was developed in AutoCAD software.

The main subject of the diploma thesis is a new construction of the hotel with sporting facility in Kuřim. The Thesis is done in a form of a project documentation with all requests by the law and regulations included. The project is Composed of two buildings, a hotel and the sporting hall. The building is Located in slope in direction to south direction. The hotel building have four Storeys. The whole disposition solution of both buildings is connected. In a first floor is located the hotel restaurant, staff background, wellness and fitness Secon and third floor is supposed to be Used Mainly for accomodating of Sportsmans, and the last fourth floor is for holding meetings and conferences. The main Supporting structure is done with as monolitic frame construction of beams, columns and continuous slabs. All roofs are done as mono-layer roofs. First floor of the sporting hall is used by people during the sporting activity. This area is composed of changing rooms with a social background and other spaces for the proper function of the hall. The main Supporting construction of the hall is designed as glued lamellar beams supported by columns.