Introdução: A avaliação dos resultados de políticas públicas de suplementação alimentar em condições reais de sua operacionalização (efetividade) é um instrumento imprescindível para área de saúde pública. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade de programa governamental de suplementação alimentar no crescimento de crianças, segundo o estado nutricional ao ingressar. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com dados secundários de 25.433 crianças de baixa renda com idade entre 6 a 24 meses que ingressaram em programa de distribuição de leite fortificado \"Projeto Vivaleite\" de 2003 a 2008, em 311 municípios do Estado de São Paulo. O crescimento foi medido por meio dos valores de escore z de peso para idade (PI), calculados pelo padrão OMS/2006, obtidos, na rotina do programa, ao ingressar e a cada 4 meses durante a permanência. Os critérios de inclusão foram ter idade ao ingressar entre 6 a 24 meses, ter pelo menos duas pesagens, incluindo a obtida na entrada, e não ter relatos de problemas de saúde. As crianças foram divididas em três grupos de escore z ao entrar: sem comprometimento de peso (z> -1); risco de baixo peso (-2 &#8804;z< -1) e baixo peso (z<-2). Utilizou-se regressão linear multinível (modelo misto), permitindo a comparação, em cada idade, das médias ajustadas do escore z de ingressantes e participantes há pelo menos quatro meses, ajustadas para correlação entre medidas repetidas. Resultados: Verificou-se efeito positivo do Programa no ganho de peso das crianças, variando em função do estado nutricional ao ingressar; para as que entraram sem comprometimento de peso o ganho médio ajustado foi 0,1827 escore z, entre as que entraram com risco de baixo peso foi 0,5659 e entre as ingressantes com baixo peso foi 1,0049 escore z. Conclusões: O programa é efetivo para o crescimento infantil, medido pelo escore z PI, com efeito mais pronunciado entre as crianças que entram no programa em condições menos favoráveis de peso. / OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a state-run food supplementation program for child growth according to childrens nutritional status at enrollment. METHODS: Cohort study including secondary data of 25,433 low-income children aged between 6 and 24 months enrolled in a fortified milk program \"Projeto Vivaleite\" in 311 cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2003 and 2008. Children\'s growth was assessed based on weight-for-age (WA) z-scores, estimated following WHO criteria (2006). Data was routinely collected at the program enrollment and every 4 months. Inclusion criteria were: being 6 to 24 months of age at enrollment; having at least two weight measures including the first measure at enrollment; and not having any ill health conditions. At enrollment, children were categorized into three groups based on their z-scores: no compromised weight gain (z> 1); at risk of low weight (-2 &#8804;z< -1), and low weight (z< -2). Multilevel linear regression analysis (mixed model) was performed for comparison, considering age, of adjusted average z-scores between new children enrolled and those in the program for at least four months, adjusted for correlation between repeat measures. RESULTS: The program had a positive effect on children\'s weight gain. Based on their nutritional status at enrollment, adjusted average weight gain z-score was 0,1827 in children with compromised weight gain, 0,5659 in those at risk of low weight, and 1,0049 in those with low weight. CONCLUSIONS: The milk program is effective for child growth, as measured by WA z-scores. The most pronounced effect was seen among children who showed less favorable levels of weight at enrollment.

Depuis l'avènement de la démocratie en Espagne, les Communautés autonomes catalane et basque ont été gouvernées par des forces politiques fortement investies dans l'élargissement de leur autogouvernement. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons aux politiques d'intégration des immigrés extracommunautaires, pendant la période 2000-2009, politiques gérées par les CCAA et enchâssées dans la question historiquement récente du fait migratoire en Espagne. Pour l'analyse comparée de ces politiques publiques mises en place par des CCAA, il est indispensable de pointer, d'une part, une gouvernance multi-niveaux (UE, État et local), et, d'autre part, de tenir compte des multiples facettes des politiques se prétendant « globales » et distinctes, puisque cette intégration agirait sur les domaines social, linguistique et national dans chacune des CCAA. Comment se déploient les stratégies d'appropriation de ces politiques dans ces deux territoires infranationaux aux pressions migratoires inégales ? Ces stratégies, induisent-elles des modèles originaux d'intégration ? Ces prétentions d'originalité dépendront du type de rapports - de concurrence ou de collaboration - avec l'État, mais, également, des possibilités, au sein de chacune des CCAA, de rassembler l'ensemble des acteurs politiques et sociaux autour d'un modèle singulier prenant en compte leurs particularismes identitaires. Au vrai, la Catalogne et le Pays Basque incarnent deux territoires aux contextes politiques et culturels spécifiques à leur nationalisme périphérique qui, même s'ils induisent dans les deux cas des mouvements centrifuges, relèvent de deux manières distinctes de se rapporter politiquement à l'État. / Ever since the democratic transition in Spain, the Autonomous Communities of Catalonia and the Basque Country have been governed by political forces strongly committed to the expansion of self-government. This dissertation looks at policies for integrating immigrants from outside the European Union put in place by these two Autonomous Communities (AC's) during the decade of the 2000s, placing this in the broader context of the recent emergence of Spain as a host country for significant inward migration. In order to carry out a comparative analysis of the policies put in place by the two AC's it is necessary to take into account two additional factors. The first is the multi-level nature of the policy, involving as it does actors ranging from the European Union to the local level. The second is the multiple aspects of an all-inclusive policy, that seeks a distinct path to complete integration of immigrants on the national but also the social and linguistic levels in each AC. What strategies of appropriation of these policies have been put in place in the two AC's, which differ from each other in the extent of migratory pressure? Have these strategies led to innovative models of integration? The dissertation concludes that the potential for innovation depends on the type of relationship competition or cooperation between AC and the central government, but also on the possibilities within each AC for bringing together actors around a singular model taking into consideration their respective unique identities. Catalonia and the Basque Country are two territories whose political and cultural context is closely tied to their particular dynamic of peripheral nationalism. While leading in both cases to a centrifugal tendency with respect to national authority, these dynamics nevertheless represent two distinct ways of relating politically to the State. / Desde la llegada de la democracia en España, las Comunidades Autónomas catalana y vasca han sido gobernadas por unos partidos extraordinariamente comprometidos en el proceso de construcción de su propio autogobierno. La presente tesis tiene por objeto el estudio y análisis de las políticas de integración de los inmigrantes extracomunitarios gestionadas por las CCAA entre los años 2000 y 2009, políticas que se enmarcan en el nuevo contexto de inmigración en España. Para el análisis comparado de las políticas públicas desplegadas por las CCAA será indispensable referirse a un marco general de gobernanza multi-nivel (europeo, estatal y local) y además atender a las múltiples facetas de políticas que pretenden ser “globales” y diferenciadas, puesto que esta integración abarcaría las dimensiones social, lingüística y nacional en la respectiva Comunidad Autónoma. ¿ Cómo se manifiestan estas estrategias de asunción - apropiación de competencias en estos dos territorios de flujos migratorios de desigual naturaleza e intensidad ?, ¿ Se generan finalmente en cada una de las comunidades catalana y vasca modelos realmente originales de integración ? La viabilidad de esa pretendida originalidad dependerá no sólo del tipo de relaciones - decompetencia y conflicto o de colaboración, según los casos - mantenidas con el Estado, sino también, y en gran medida, de la posibilidad de que en el seno de cada una de las CCAA puedan materializarse suficientes acuerdos entre los actores políticos y sociales en torno a un modelo deintegración singular que incorpore en el diseño de sus políticas sus particularismos identitarios. Ciertamente, Cataluña y el País Vasco, siendo la expresión más perfilada y potente de los nacionalismos periféricos españoles, provocarán en la gestión de este nuevo cuadro dinámicas y movimientos de naturaleza centrífuga, afirmándose también dos nuevos modos, distintos y peculiares, de relacionarse políticamente con el Estado

<div>Today, networks contribute signicantly to everyone's life. The enormous usefulness of networks for various services and data storage motivates adversaries to launch attacks on them. Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs) are used as security measure inside the organizational networks to identify any intrusions and generate alerts for them. The idea of deploying an NIDS is quite known and has been studied and adopted in both academia and industry. However, most of the NIDS literature have emphasized to detect the attacks that originate externally in a wired network infrastructure. In addition, Wi-Fi and wired networks are treated the same for the NIDSs. The open infrastructure in Wi-Fi network makes it different from the wired network. Several internal attacks that could happen in a Wi-Fi network are not pos-</div><div>sible in a wired network. The NIDSs developed using traditional approaches may fail to identify these internal attacks.</div><div><br></div><div><div>The thesis work attempts to develop a Multi-Level Network Intrusion Detection System (ML-NIDS) for Wi-Fi dominant networks that can detect internal attacks specic to Wi-Fi networks as well as the generic network attacks that are independent of network infrastructure. In Wi-Fi dominant networks, Wi-Fi devices (stations) are prevalent at the edge of campus and enterprise networks and integrated with the fixed wired infrastructure at the access. The implementation is proposed for Wi-Fi dominant networks; nevertheless, it aims to work for the wired network as well. We develop the ML-NIDS using an ensemble learning method that combines several weak</div><div>learners to create a strong learner.</div></div><div><br></div>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T13:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cristina Moiana de Toledo.pdf: 1184148 bytes, checksum: 99922ea1067b883e1588573ecc06efe9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-09-01 / Formal education, which historically was aimed at agricultural workers, was noteworthy for the exclusive attitude of the ruling class, reducing education to mere schooling, and established the notion that the rural worker needed no more than basic literacy. This belief has led, over the years, to the precarious situation of rural schools, both in their physical structure and in the inadequate preparation of teachers. Consisting essentially of a mixed level or one-teacher class, this school is defined as having one class and a single teacher who teaches the first four levels of primary education in the same place at the same time. This is the context of our research theme and the teachers of mixed level classes in rural areas were the focus of our study. Often overlooked in educational research, the teacher of mixed level classes tends to be represented as a juggler dividing herself between the various roles imposed on her, and a teacher who manages to facilitate the learning of up to eighteen children at the same time. by giving these teachers a voice, a dialogue was established. We could then reveal the social inequality and the contradictions of the rural and non-rural school. For theoretical support, we took as a basis the studies of Sérgio Leite (1999); Jadir Pessoa (1997); Carlos Brandão (1990); Julieta Calazans (1993); Márcia Regina Andrade and Maria Clara Di Pierro ([20--]); Edgar Kolling, Nery and Mônica Molina (1999) in relation to research on rural education. The foundation for the arguments was found in Marx and Engels (1977); Marilena Chauí (2003); Gaudêncio Frigotto (1995); Miguel Arroyo (1995); Iria Brzezinski, Maria Esperança Carneiro and Wanderley Brito (2004); Acácia Kuenzer (1987); Osmar Fávero (2001); Carlos Jamil Cury (2001) and others. An effort was made to understand the movement, the process, the contradictions (dialectic method) in historical materialism (methodology) which seek the basis of societies in the socio-historical formation and in relation to production. Taking dialectic materialism as its starting point, this study took a cross-section to get to know and to show the reality of the mixed-level teachers, of the students and of the parents. Qualitative research was used in this study. Descriptive/analytical study was also decided upon, using the following techniques: open interviews, free observation, filed trip notes and closed questionnaires in order to collect socio-economic data. The criterion for the selection of teachers was that the school in which they work should be situated on the farms. Understanding of the thin line separating the urban from the rural shows itself when many of the inhabitants of the poor suburbs, which are characterised more as a product of the deterioration of the cities than of urban development, have a tense relationship with urban culture. As they worked in the rural areas, they maintain the rural culture of their origin. It is apparent, moreover, that the rural school arises as a result of interests linked to industrialisation and urban growth, that rural education receives marginal treatment in official documents, and that the rural school is distinguished by its link to the work and culture of the rural area. We have tried to show that education in the rural area at the beginning of the 21st century is going through a process of change, demanded by social movements, bringing together the forgotten voices of groups socially repressed, but at the same time generators of knowledge and means of survival. The jugglers . i.e. the rural teachers, students and parents, who in their statements show a quite different reality from that described by municipal authorities. / O ensino formal, que historicamente se destinou aos trabalhadores do campo, foi marcado pelo consenso de exclusão por parte da classe dominante, reduzindo a educação à escolarização e estabeleceu, ideologicamente, que ao homem do campo era suficiente o domínio das primeiras letras. Essa realidade tem gerado, ao longo dos anos, a situação de precariedade em que viveu e ainda vive a escola do campo, seja em relação à estrutura física, seja pelo insuficiente grau de formação do professor. Constituída essencialmente por sala multisseriada ou unidocente, essa escola se caracteriza por possuir uma sala e ter um só professor que ministra aulas para as quatro séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, no mesmo local e ao mesmo tempo. Nesse contexto recaiu o tema da pesquisa e o professor da zona rural de sala multisseriada constituiu o nosso objeto de estudo. Pouco lembrado nas pesquisas sobre educação, o professor de sala multisseriada acabou por apresentar-se como um malabarista no sentido de desdobrar-se entre as variadas atribuições que lhe foram impingidas e o professor que consegue mediar aprendizagem para até dezoito crianças, simultaneamente. Ao dar voz a esses professores, estabeleceu-se um diálogo. Pudemos, então, desvendar a desigualdade social e as contradições da escola no campo e não do campo. Para o apoio teórico tomamos por base os estudos de Sérgio Leite (1999); Jadir Pessoa (1997); Carlos Brandão (1990); Julieta Calazans (1993); Márcia Regina Andrade e Maria Clara Di Pierro ([20--]); Edgar Kolling, Nery e Mônica Molina (1999) em relação ao estudo da pesquisa no sentido da educação no campo. O fundamento para as discussões foi encontrado em Marx e Engels (1977); Marilena Chauí (2003); Gaudêncio Frigotto (1995); Miguel Arroyo (1995); Iria Brzezinski, Maria Esperança Carneiro e Wanderley Brito (2004); Acácia Kuenzer (1987); Osmar Fávero (2001); Carlos Jamil Cury (2001) e outros. Procurou-se apreender o movimento, o processo, as contradições (método dialético) no materialismo histórico (metodologia) que buscam os fundamentos das sociedades nas formações sócio-históricas e na relação de produção. Tomando por fundamentação o materialismo dialético, esta pesquisa fez um recorte para conhecer e tornar evidente a realidade dos professores de sala multisseriada, dos alunos e pais. A pesquisa qualitativa foi utilizada para este estudo. Optou-se, também, pelo estudo descritivo/analítico, utilizando as seguintes técnicas: entrevistas abertas, observação livre, anotações de campo e questionário fechado para o levantamento de dados sócio-econômicos. O critério para a seleção dos professores foi que a escola, em que eles trabalham, estivesse situada nas fazendas. O entendimento da tênue linha que separa o urbano do rural apresenta-se quando muitos moradores nas periferias pobres, que se caracterizam mais como produto da degradação da cidade do que, propriamente, do desenvolvimento urbano, acabam tendo uma relação tensa com a cultura urbana. Como trabalhavam no campo, reafirmam sua cultura rural de origem. Explicita, ainda, que a escola rural surge em função de interesses ligados à industrialização e urbanização, recebendo a educação rural tratamento periférico nos textos oficiais, e a Escola do Campo que se distingue pelo vínculo com o trabalho e a cultura do campo. Buscou-se mostrar que o ensino na zona rural passa, no início do século XXI, por um processo de mudança, reivindicada pelos movimentos sociais, acolhendo as vozes esquecidas de grupos sociais subalternos, mas produtores de saberes e formas de sobrevivência. Pertencem a esse grupo os malabaristas , ou seja, os professores da roça , alunos e pais, que em seus depoimentos mostraram uma realidade diversa do discurso das autoridades municipais.

Introdução: A avaliação dos resultados de políticas públicas de suplementação alimentar em condições reais de sua operacionalização (efetividade) é um instrumento imprescindível para área de saúde pública. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade de programa governamental de suplementação alimentar no crescimento de crianças, segundo o estado nutricional ao ingressar. Métodos: Estudo de coorte com dados secundários de 25.433 crianças de baixa renda com idade entre 6 a 24 meses que ingressaram em programa de distribuição de leite fortificado \"Projeto Vivaleite\" de 2003 a 2008, em 311 municípios do Estado de São Paulo. O crescimento foi medido por meio dos valores de escore z de peso para idade (PI), calculados pelo padrão OMS/2006, obtidos, na rotina do programa, ao ingressar e a cada 4 meses durante a permanência. Os critérios de inclusão foram ter idade ao ingressar entre 6 a 24 meses, ter pelo menos duas pesagens, incluindo a obtida na entrada, e não ter relatos de problemas de saúde. As crianças foram divididas em três grupos de escore z ao entrar: sem comprometimento de peso (z> -1); risco de baixo peso (-2 &#8804;z< -1) e baixo peso (z<-2). Utilizou-se regressão linear multinível (modelo misto), permitindo a comparação, em cada idade, das médias ajustadas do escore z de ingressantes e participantes há pelo menos quatro meses, ajustadas para correlação entre medidas repetidas. Resultados: Verificou-se efeito positivo do Programa no ganho de peso das crianças, variando em função do estado nutricional ao ingressar; para as que entraram sem comprometimento de peso o ganho médio ajustado foi 0,1827 escore z, entre as que entraram com risco de baixo peso foi 0,5659 e entre as ingressantes com baixo peso foi 1,0049 escore z. Conclusões: O programa é efetivo para o crescimento infantil, medido pelo escore z PI, com efeito mais pronunciado entre as crianças que entram no programa em condições menos favoráveis de peso. / OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of a state-run food supplementation program for child growth according to childrens nutritional status at enrollment. METHODS: Cohort study including secondary data of 25,433 low-income children aged between 6 and 24 months enrolled in a fortified milk program \"Projeto Vivaleite\" in 311 cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2003 and 2008. Children\'s growth was assessed based on weight-for-age (WA) z-scores, estimated following WHO criteria (2006). Data was routinely collected at the program enrollment and every 4 months. Inclusion criteria were: being 6 to 24 months of age at enrollment; having at least two weight measures including the first measure at enrollment; and not having any ill health conditions. At enrollment, children were categorized into three groups based on their z-scores: no compromised weight gain (z> 1); at risk of low weight (-2 &#8804;z< -1), and low weight (z< -2). Multilevel linear regression analysis (mixed model) was performed for comparison, considering age, of adjusted average z-scores between new children enrolled and those in the program for at least four months, adjusted for correlation between repeat measures. RESULTS: The program had a positive effect on children\'s weight gain. Based on their nutritional status at enrollment, adjusted average weight gain z-score was 0,1827 in children with compromised weight gain, 0,5659 in those at risk of low weight, and 1,0049 in those with low weight. CONCLUSIONS: The milk program is effective for child growth, as measured by WA z-scores. The most pronounced effect was seen among children who showed less favorable levels of weight at enrollment.

Cette thèse s’inscrit au croisement de l’entrepreneuriat et du management stratégique. Elle contribue à l’émergence d’un nouveau courant qui s’inspire de l’approche écosystémique et qui vise à mieux comprendre le rôle du contexte sur les dynamiques entrepreneuriales. Son objectif est plus précisément une meilleure compréhension des stratégies des incubateurs dans l'écosystème entrepreneurial. Cette recherche s'intéresse également à la relation entre ces stratégies et la performance des incubateurs. La thèse sur travaux s’articule autour de quatre articles et s’appuie sur une méthodologie mixte séquentielle combinant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives. Une étude qualitative a été menée auprès de 48 acteurs de l’écosystème de l’accompagnement entrepreneurial du Sud de la France. Cette recherche a été prolongée par une enquête quantitative conduite au niveau national en récoltant 156 questionnaires auprès de directeurs d’incubateurs. La contribution conceptuelle majeure repose sur une théorisation de l’écosystème entrepreneurial à partir de l’approche multi-niveaux et de la théorie du capital social. De plus, elle offre une vision holistique des stratégies des incubateurs en privilégiant une approche en termes de co-opétition. Enfin, elle permet de tester le lien entre l’écosystème, la stratégie et la performance. Nos résultats montrent des effets positifs de la stratégie de co-opétition sur la performance. La mise en œuvre de cette stratégie apparaît comme l’une des conditions pour construire un écosystème entrepreneurial durable. Des implications et recommandations sont formulées et aboutissent notamment à l’élaboration d’un plan d’action stratégique pour les acteurs de l’écosystème entrepreneurial. / This thesis is at the intersection of entrepreneurship and strategic management. It contributes to the emergence of a new theoretical steam inspired by the ecosystem approach and which aims to better understand the role of the context on the entrepreneurial dynamics. Its objective is more precisely a better understanding of incubator strategies in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. This research also addresses the relationship between these strategies and the incubators performance. The thesis by publication is structured around four articles and is based on a mixed sequential methodology combining qualitative and quantitative methods. A qualitative study was carried out among 48 actors in the entrepreneurial support ecosystem in the South of France. This research was extended by a quantitative survey conducted at the national level, collecting 156 questionnaires from incubator managers. The major conceptual contribution carries on a theorization of the entrepreneurial ecosystem based on multilevel approach and social capital theory. In addition, it provides a holistic view of incubator strategies by focusing on a co-opetition approach. Finally, it allows to test the link between the ecosystem, the strategy and the performance. Our results show positive effects of the co-opetition strategy on performance. Implementation of this strategy appears to be one of the conditions for building a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem. Implications and recommendations are formulated, leading in particular to the elaboration of a strategic action plan for the actors of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how different welfare and production regimes may have structured individuals’ work orientations into cross-national patterns by the late 1990s and early 2000s. Three different aspects of work orientations are considered in the three studies. Study 1: Welfare Regimes, Production Regimes and Employment Commitment: A Multi-level analysis of Twelve OECD countries. Since the introduction of the first social insurance schemes, questions have been raised regarding the trade-off between the adequacy and equity of benefits, and their effects on individuals’ work orientations. This study examines the role of both welfare and production regime institutions for explaining cross-national patterns in individuals’ employment commitment across twelve OECD-countries in the late 1990s. Results from multi-level analyses show firstly how employment commitment is stronger within more generous welfare regimes as well as within more extensively coordinated production regimes. Secondly, institutions are found to be more important for structuring the attitudes of persons with less stable labour market attachment. Thirdly, for men, there are clear positive cross-level interaction effects between institutional structures and individuals’ socio-economic status, whereas institutions matter more equally regardless of socio-economic status for women. In relation to the concerns with the allegedly negative unintended consequences of welfare regime institutions for creating distortions, these seem to be unwarranted with regards to employment commitment. To the contrary, there appears to be a ‘paradox of employment commitment’: clearly earnings-related benefits of more generous welfare regimes appear to generate stronger commitment to take part in paid work.</p><p>Study 2: Unemployment Insurance and Work Values in Twenty-Three Welfare States. This study addresses the question of whether extended ‘social rights’, specifically in the form of unemployment insurance, is undermining people’s willingness to perform their ‘social duties’ in the form of productive work. Multi-level analyses is used to evaluate how three aspects of institutional design may explain cross-national patterns of work values across twenty-three industrialized countries in 2000. There is a consistent tendency for a positive relationship between more traditional work values with higher generosity of benefit levels as well as more demanding eligibility conditions. To the contrary, a negative relationship is found in relation to duration periods. The strength and significance of these relationships however differ across the three value dimensions studied. Firstly, the clearest pattern is found in relation to how work is valued as a ‘duty towards society’, where all institutional effects are significant. Secondly, in relation to valuations of how ‘unemployed persons should accept job offers or lose their benefits’, the positive effects of the eligibility factor are non-significant, and the negative duration effects are only significant among working men. Thirdly, in relation to how work is not valued as a ‘free choice’, institutional effects are only significant when working women within the sixteen ‘older’ welfare states are compared. The effects of economic development are inconsistent across value dimensions and in the opposite direction expected from modernization theory; more traditional work values are found to be stronger in countries with higher levels of economic development. Study 3: Continued Work or Retirement? Preferred Exit-age in Western European countries. The combination of greying populations, decreasing fertility rates and a marked trend in falling retirement age is profoundly challenging the sharing of resources and supporting responsibilities between generations in the developed world. Previous studies on earlier exit-trends have focused mainly on supply-side incentives and generally conclude that people will exit given available retirement options. Substantial cross-national variations in exit-ages however remain unexplained. This suggests that also normative factors such as attitudes to work and retirement might be of importance. Through multi-level analyses, this study evaluates how welfare regime generosity, as well as production regime coordination explains cross-national patterns of retirement preferences across twelve Western European countries. Analysis firstly shows how both men and women on average prefer to retire at 58 years, meaning on average approximately 7 or 5.5 years before statutory retirement age in the case of men and women respectively. Contrary to what is expected from previous research on supply-side factors, preferences for relatively later retirement is found within more generous welfare regimes and also within more extensively coordinated production regimes. For women, however, institutional effects do not remain once substantial cross-national differences in women’s statutory retirement ages are taken into account.</p>

Cette étude est consacrée à la dynamique des relations intergouvernementales en Afrique du Sud et aux interactions des acteurs participant de manière directe ou indirecte à la définition et à la mise en oeuvre de la politique de sécurité alimentaire. Par l'analyse de l'approche de politiques publiques, nous exemplifions ces dynamiques sur la base d'une étude comparative des politiques de sécurité alimentaire entre les provinces du Limpopo et du KwaZulu-Natal, en Afrique du Sud. Nous rendons compte des allers-retours qui se produisent entre les différents niveaux du gouvernement sud-africain mais aussi entre les divers acteurs et les instances internationales et nationales en ce qui concerne la conception et la mise en oeuvre des politiques. À l'aide de la métaphore de l'« effet prismatique », notre analyse identifie les divergences qui se dégagent de ces allers-retours entre acteurs et souligne que leurs perceptions de l'enjeu alimentaire sont influencées et façonnées par un ensemble de circonstances sociales, économiques et politiques qui vont « envoyer » une ou plusieurs interprétations de ce problème. Ceci conduit à un effet de dispersion de l'idée de départ de « sécurité alimentaire » par rapport aux représentations et aux référentiels que chaque acteur se fait à ce sujet, complexifiant ainsi la définition et la mise en oeuvre des politiques publiques. Cette étude, loin deformuler des conclusions catégoriques, soulève des questionnements nouveaux. Elle révèle notamment trois difficultés que l'approche des politiques publiques et la dynamique multi-level governance posent aussi bien au niveau théorique qu'au niveau de la praxis : (1) l'opposition des propositions empiriques ; (2) l'opposition entre les instances du gouvernement local et celles du gouvernement national dans l'identification de problèmes publiques ; et (3) le questionnement sur le rôle de l'approche multi-level governance dans la définition et la mise en oeuvre de politiques publiques. Ceci nous invite à explorer de nouveaux chemins pour aborder les faits sociaux et tracer les contours d'un ordre social et politique encore incertain.

<p>This thesis presents the design of a broadband and high speed dc-coupled AGC amplifier for multi-level (4-PAM) signaling with a symbol rate of 1-GS/s ( 2-Gb/s ) . It is a high frequency analog design with several design challenges such as high -3 dB bandwidth ( greater than 500 MHz ) and highly linear gain while accommodating a large input swing range ( 120 mVp-p to 1800 mVp-p diff.) and delivering constant</p><p>differential output swing of 1700 mVp-p to 50-ohm off-chip loads at high speed. Moreover, the gain control circuit has been designed in analog domain. The amplifier incorporates both active and passive feedback in shunt-shunt topology in order to achieve wide bandwidth. This standalone chip has been implemented in AMS 0.35 micron CMOS process. The post layout eye-diagrams seem to be quite satisfactory.</p>

<p>In spite of Sweden´s lack of formal regions, the country is evolving towards regional administrations. The regional level are to a growing extent viewed as important bases for economic growth and development. The concept of the triple helix implies that interaction between the public sector, the industry and universities is a source to economic and social development. Research has though implied that the interaction between the triple helix actors could be problematic from a multi-level governance perspective. It has been shown that since the institutional setting is horizontal and vertical fragmented, cooperation between different institutions and actors becomes difficult. In year 2005-2006 the Värmland region was one of fourteen regions in twelve countries that was included in a OECD project, that was a response to the multiplicity of initiatives across the OECD countries concerning regional development. In the report that evolved from the project actors in Värmland was recommended to improve the cooperation concerning regional development in the county. This thesis investigates the cooperation between the triple helix actors for regional growth and development in the Värmland region 1998-2008. My research questions are: Is there evidence of a lack of cooperation between the university, the public sector and the industrial actors in Värmland? And if this is the case, could these problems be related to the fragmentation of the institutional setting? The thesis is a qualitative case study, conducted through elite-interviews and document analysis. My findings implies that the cooperation between the triple helix actors in Värmland has developed dramatically the last decade. From a strive for coordination that was pervaded by institutional fragmentation to an increased closeness and mutual involvement that has come to over-bridge the institutional fragmentation on the regional level. Although, it seems like the vertical fragmentation between the regional and national level, which could impede growth and development in the region, to a great degree remains.</p>