Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka hur lärare som undervisar i årskurs 3-6 i grundskolan bedömer elevers multimodala texter i ämnet svenska, för att belysa vilka semiotiska modaliteter som framhålls som betydelsefulla och varför. Studien utgår ifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. För att besvara forskningsfrågorna i studien användes en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem lärare som undervisar i årskurs 3-6 intervjuades om sina erfarenheter av att bedöma multimodala texter i ämnet svenska. Resultatet visar att det är viktigt för lärarnas bedömning att elever kan skapa texter som kombinerar typografisk text och bild. Bedömningen av elevernas bilder varierar eftersom vissa av lärarna har bedömningskriterier för den semiotiska modaliteten bild medan andra inte har det.  När elever skapar multimodala texter som innehåller typografisk text blir den typografiska texten oftast den semiotiska modaliteten som är viktigast i lärarnas bedömning. Däremot när elevers multimodala texter kombinerar muntligt framförande och typografisk text är det den muntliga förmågan som får störst betydelse. Det stöd som lärarna beskriver sig få från läroplanen i svenska härrör främst till kriteriet att eleverna ska kunna kombinera typografisk text med bild och ljud. / The aim of this study is to investigate how teachers who teaches in grades 3-6 assess students' multimodal texts in the school subject Swedish, to highlight which semiotic modalities are emphasized as important in teacher assessments of students' multimodal texts and the reasons behind it. The study is based on a socio-cultural perspective. To answer the research questions of the study, a qualitative method was used in form of semi-structured interviews. Five teachers who teach in grades 3-6 were interviewed about their experiences of assessing multimodal texts in the school subject Swedish. The result shows that it is important for the teachers' assessments that the students could create texts that combine typographic texts and images. The assessment of the students' images varies, as some of the teachers have assessment criteria for the picture itself and others do not.  When students are instructed to create multimodal texts that contain typographical text, the typographic text is usually the semiotic modality that is most important in teacher assessments. However, when students' multimodal texts combine spoken language and typographical text, the oral ability is considered the most significant. The support that the teachers describe they receive from the Swedish curriculum derives from the criteria that students should be able to combine typographical texts with images and sounds.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-17T14:28:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 19177999 bytes, checksum: 1d75c3d00ebbb7e459cf21c25322c583 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-17T14:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 19177999 bytes, checksum: 1d75c3d00ebbb7e459cf21c25322c583 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research aims to analyze how the activities of reading multimodal texts, the textbook Portuguese 2nd year of elementary school, explore the multimodal reading way to contribute to the multimodal literacy. We selected for analysis, the verbal-image multimodal texts present in the textbook Portuguese, look at the activities of reading of selected texts and analyze how reading activities help to develop the specific reader capabilities for multimodal literacy. This research is characterized as a descriptive research-analytical nature, adopting a methodology of qualitative and quantitative approach. In the analysis we found four major categories to relate the images to texts: Category 1 when a text does not mention either directs the reading of an image, nor can we infer a relationship between the two, we say that the text does not refer to the image; this case, the image has no connection with the texts that surround it (the picture does not illustrate the text). When a text does not directly mention a picture, but we can infer their relationship with it, we say that the text refers indirectly to the image: Category 2 - The picture is related to the text, but does not add any information (image only illustrates the text) and Category 3 the image, besides illustrating assists in the understanding of a given text (illustrates and influences the understanding of the text). We still have a Category 4 when a text makes explicit mention of an image say that this text refers directly to the image, so this is required for which shows meaning of a text (the image interacts with the text). As a result, we find that the 23 texts analyzed, 17 (74%) do not exploit the image / illustration. And these 17 texts, 8, and do not exploit the image / illustration in its activities, the LD does not offer suggestions for actions to such exploitation. This means that the image takes merely illustrative function in 34.8% of multimodal texts analyzed, i.e, beyond these texts do not exploit the image / illustration in their activities, there are no suggestions of actions to this exploitation by the LD. Therefore, with reference to the mobilization of habilities visual readers, from reading activities, we can say that the effective teaching material not in its fullness, although pointing to a work in which the visual language for consideration. Finally, we conclude that this research will contribute to the improvement of teaching as encourage teachers to explore multimodal texts, developing skills in reading these texts for students in a more comprehensive and enriching way, allowing their interaction in different social environments to use different languages in a meaningful and consistent manner. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar como as atividades de leitura dos textos multimodais, do livro didático de Português do 2º ano do Ensino Fundamental, exploram a leitura multimodal de maneira que contribuam para o letramento multimodal. Para isso, selecionamos, para análise, os textos multimodais verbo-visuais presentes no livro didático de Português, observamos as atividades de leitura dos textos selecionados e analisamos como as atividades de leitura contribuem para desenvolver as capacidades leitoras específicas para o letramento multimodal. Esta investigação é caracterizada como uma pesquisa de cunho descritivo-analítico, adotando uma metodologia de abordagem quali-quantitativa. Na análise encontramos quatro grandes categorias para relacionar as imagens aos textos: Categoria 1- quando um texto não menciona nem direciona a leitura de uma imagem, nem podemos inferir uma relação entre os dois, dizemos que o texto não remete à imagem; neste caso, a imagem não possui ligação com os textos que a cercam (a imagem não ilustra o texto). Quando um texto não menciona diretamente uma imagem, mas podemos inferir sua relação com ela, dizemos que o texto remete indiretamente à imagem: Categoria 2 - a imagem possui relação com o texto, mas não lhe acrescenta nenhuma informação (a imagem apenas ilustra o texto) e Categoria 3- a imagem, além de ilustrar, auxilia no entendimento de um determinado texto (ilustra e influencia no entendimento do texto). Ainda temos a Categoria 4- quando um texto faz menção explícita a uma imagem dizemos que esse texto remete diretamente à imagem, portanto, esta é necessária para que se depreenda sentido de um texto (a imagem interage com o texto). Como resultados, encontramos que dos 23 textos analisados, 17 (74%) não exploram a imagem/ilustração. E desses 17 textos, 8, além de não explorarem a imagem/ilustração em suas atividades, o LD não oferece sugestões de ações voltadas a essa exploração. Isso significa que a imagem assume função meramente ilustrativa em 34,8% dos textos multimodais analisados, ou seja, além desses textos não explorarem a imagem/ilustração em suas atividades, não há sugestões de ações voltadas a essa exploração por parte do LD. Portanto, com referência à mobilização das capacidades leitoras visuais, a partir das atividades de leitura, podemos afirmar que o material didático não as efetiva em sua plenitude, embora apontem para um trabalho em que a linguagem visual seja levada em consideração. Por fim, podemos concluir que esta pesquisa irá contribuir para a melhoria do ensino, pois incentivará os professores a explorarem os textos multimodais, desenvolvendo habilidades na leitura desses textos pelos alunos, de maneira mais abrangente e enriquecedora, possibilitando sua interação em diferentes ambientes sociais ao utilizarem diferentes linguagens de forma significativa e coerente.

This dissertation aims to explore how we, as teachers, can use texts and develop ways of working with texts in an English classroom with an eighth grade class. The syllabus states that different texts should be implemented but it does not express how this could or should be done. In this particular study we engaged in action research where we planned, carried out and evaluated a lesson series involving three different texts related to the same content, namely the story of Pay It Forward. The evaluation took the form of a triangulation of observations, a questionnaire and four interviews. We engaged a class from the eighth grade in the evaluation of the project since teaching and learning are intertwined.The evaluation of this project indicated that it might be beneficial to use three different texts and text types, related to the same content. It might also be beneficial to take the students‟ literary repertoires into consideration when choosing what texts to use. Another factor that we think should affect the choice of texts is the students‟ thoughts on their preferred way of input. Through the evaluation of the project we have also seen possible benefits of working with assignments in connection to the texts. To include a variety of assignments might help the students to develop the four different skills, reading, listening, speaking and writing.

Submitted by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2019-02-25T13:09:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Dayse Pestana (dayse.pestana@unipampa.edu.br) on 2019-02-25T15:57:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-25T15:57:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Diss Flávia Alves 2018 (1).pdf: 2763085 bytes, checksum: a2c3ca0748696279c19c0187a5f73725 (MD5) Prod. Edu. Flávia Alves 2018.pdf: 776809 bytes, checksum: 104a7eaca7c63eb8d2460b7dbf27c14c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-12-14 / O objetivo dessa pesquisa é investigar a relação entre a explicitação de inferências e uma leitura proficiente e crítica em textos multimodais. Para isso, nos ancoramos em Vargas (2012, 2015, 2017, 2018), que entende inferências como a criação de algo inédito a partir da relação entre conhecimento prévio e informações selecionadas no texto. Também nos ancoramos em Kleiman (2001) para justificar nossa escolha pelo trabalho com inferências, já que para a autora são as inferências que fazemos durante a leitura que retemos na memória e não informação literal. Também é fundamental discutir o que entendemos por metainferência, que, para Díaz (2003), é a reflexão sobre o processo inferencial. Com relação à metodologia, realizamos uma pesquisa-ação que tem por objetivo analisar uma intervenção feita em uma turma de terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola pública da cidade de Bagé, por meio de uma WebQuest, uma pesquisa orientada na internet que tinha como temática a representação da mulher em textos mutimodais, em especial, músicas e videoclipes. A temática escolhida se relaciona com o objetivo de que os alunos tenham uma leitura crítica. Além disso, apesar dos avanços, é possível perceber que a mulher ainda enfrenta muita opressão em nossa sociedade e entender como ela é representada na mídia ajuda a entender essa opressão. Os resultados apontam que os alunos passaram a valorizar seu conhecimento prévio na relação com o texto, além de perceberem o papel do estabelecimento de objetivos e hipóteses para a leitura. Além disso, os alunos foram capazes de falar explicitamente sobre inferências e avaliar quando perguntas são inferenciais ou não; isso indica que o trabalho com a explicitação de inferências auxiliou para que os alunos se tornassem mais proficientes. Houve uma mudança em relação ao conceito de texto, que foi ampliado. Os alunos passaram a perceber outras possibilidades de texto, não só o verbal escrito, o que ampliou a ideia de texto mutimodal, que conjuga diferentes semioses. Por fim, os alunos mostraram maior criticidade em relação à temática trabalhada, representação da mulher, assim como o número de respostas inferenciais aumentou. Apesar dos resultados positivos encontrados, foi possível perceber que estes poderiam ser ampliados a partir de um trabalho contínuo com a metainferência em leitura. Além das mudanças em relação à leitura, foi possível perceber uma mudança em relação ao comportamento com os colegas: conseguimos construir uma comunidade, em que os alunos aprenderam a se ouvir e se respeitar. / This research investigates the relation between the exposition of inferences and the students’ levels in proficiency and critical reading of texts. Having that in mind, we anchor ourselves in Vargas (2012, 2015, 2017, 2018), which studies inferences on the creation of something previously inexistent based on the link between prior knowledge and selected information from a text. We resort to Kleiman (2001) to justify our choice on working with inferences, as for the author it’s the inferences we make while reading that we retain in memory and not literal information. It is also fundamental to discuss what we understand by meta-inference, which, for Díaz (2003), is the reflection on the inferential process. Regarding the methodology, we analyzed a conducted intervention made in a third-year high school class at a public school in the city of Bagé, through a WebQuest, an internet-oriented research on the representation of women in mutimodal texts, especially music and video clips. The choice of this thematic is related to the objective of the research, that students have a critic reading. Besides that, although the advances, it is possible perceive that woman faces oppression in our society and the understanding how she is represented in midia, helps to understand this oppression. The results show that the students began to use their previous knowledge in relation to the text, in addition to perceiving the role of establishing goals and hypotheses for reading. In addition, students were able to speak explicitly about inferences and evaluate when questions are inferential or not; this indicates that the work with the explanation of inferences helped on augmenting the students proficiency. There has been a change on their concept of text, which has been expanded. The students began to perceive other possibilities of text, not only the written or verbal, which extended the idea of mutimodal text, that conjugates different semioses. Finally, the students showed greater criticality in relation to the themed work, representation of the woman, as well as the number of inferential answers increased. Despite the positive results found, it was possible to perceive that these could be amplified by a continuous work with the meta-inference in reading. In addition to the changes in relation to reading, it was possible to perceive a change in relation to the behavior with the colleagues, we were able to build a community, in which the students learned to listen and to respect.

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>

Multimodala texter är den vanligaste textformen som elever möter idag (Björkvall, 2009:8f). Traditionella texter utmanas nu av multimodala texter och hur texter kan produceras och läses har förändrats. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur sex lärare i årskurserna 1–3 uppfattar arbetet med multimodala texter i svenskundervisning. Följande frågeställningar har formulerats utifrån syftet: Hur säger sig lärare använda olika multimodala texter i svenskundervisningen? Hur säger sig lärare använda olika digitala hjälpmedel i arbetet med multimodala texter? Vilka möjligheter och utmaningar ser lärarna med multimodala texter i svenskundervisningen? Studien utgår från det sociokulturella perspektivet med utgångspunkt i att texter skapas i sociala kontexter och att texten får sin status genom lärarens undervisning. Materialet samlas in genom intervjuer. Resultaten visar att lärare främst arbetar med skrift och muntliga former i sin svenskundervisning. Skriften framställs även som den viktigaste modaliteten och komponenten itexter. Digitala hjälpmedel anses vara ett stöd som hjälper elever att komma framåt i textarbetet, exempelvis genom skrivstöd. Lärarna upplever dock att tekniken med digitala hjälpmedel är stressande och tidskrävande. Lärarna är osäkra på begreppet multimodala texter och vad det innefattar. Ett tecken på osäkerheten är att digitala texter automatiskt ses som multimodala. Lärarna behöver få tid att fortbilda sig inom det multimodala textarbetet för att bli mer säkra, vilket ligger på rektorns ansvar att se till.

In the age of network communication, texts have assumed multimodal and digital formats, in which several languages interact and project different meanings in the digital medium, requiring the transfiguration of the reader. Considering this connection dynamics and the horizon of expectations of the youngsters, we developed this research in a municipal school, located in the city of Lagarto-SE, where students are identified with Hip Hop Culture. In this context, we evolved an intervention practice to the 8th and 9th grade classes, from elementary school, aiming at the formation of the critical reader, based on the study of rap as a hybrid text, because within the new media space, the performance and the engaged discourse of this frontier genre give voice to peripheral identities. This practice comes from multiliteracies approach, discussed by R. Rojo (2012), and "screen reader", by R. Chartier (2002). In the second moment, we base the concepts of semiotic interpretation, taking into account the conception of subjective reading of A. Rouxel (2013a) and the cultural model of reading of C. Gomes (2014). Giving support to multimodal analysis, we will explore multiple meanings of performance, by Zumthor (2014). According to these theories, this didactic proposal was realized through three workshops: 1) Performative reading of rap, exploring its multimodalities and the identities brought by the text; 2) Reading of critical poetry, a study based on the intertextual perspective of the cultural model, to broaden the horizon of expectations of reader; and 3) Video production, valuing the subjectivity of the critical reader, the appropriation of aesthetic language issues and the manipulation of technological tools. After conclusion of this work, we understand that bringing the familiar universe of the students with the rap collaborated to the reception of poetry of the literary memory and stimulated the subjective reading. In addition, the recognition of the ideological places of the text has developed the critical perception of the reader, arousing sensitivity to the appreciation of diversity. / Na era da comunicação em rede, os textos têm assumido formatos multimodais, nos quais diversas linguagens interagem e projetam diferentes significados no meio digital, exigindo a transfiguração do leitor. Considerando essa dinâmica de conexão e o horizonte de expectativas dos jovens, desenvolvemos esta pesquisa numa escola municipal, situada na cidade de Lagarto-SE, onde os alunos são identificados com a Cultura Hip Hop. Nesse contexto, elaboramos uma prática de intervenção voltada para turmas de 8º e 9º ano, do ensino fundamental, visando à formação do leitor crítico, a partir do estudo do rap enquanto texto híbrido, tendo em vista que, dentro do ambiente das novas mídias, a performance e o discurso engajado desse gênero fronteiriço dão voz a identidades periféricas. Metodologicamente, esta prática parte da abordagem de multiletramentos, discutida por R. Rojo (2012), e de “leitor de telas”, de R. Chartier (2002). No segundo momento, fundamentamos os conceitos de interpretação semiótica, levando em conta a concepção de leitura subjetiva de A. Rouxel (2013a) e do modelo cultural de leitura de C. Gomes (2014). Dando sustentação à análise multimodal, exploraremos os múltiplos sentidos de performance, de P. Zumthor (2014). De acordo com essas teorias, esta proposta didática foi realizada através de três oficinas: 1) Leitura performática do rap, explorando suas multimodalidades e as identidades trazidas pelo texto; 2) Leitura de poesias críticas, um estudo baseado na perspectiva intertextual do modelo cultural, para a ampliação do horizonte de expectativas do leitor; e 3) Produção de videoclipe, valorizando a subjetividade do leitor crítico, a apropriação de questões estéticas da linguagem e a manipulação de ferramentas tecnológicas. Diante das conclusões deste trabalho, compreendemos que trazer o universo familiar dos alunos com o rap colaborou para a recepção de poesias da memória literária e estimulou a leitura subjetiva. Além disso, o reconhecimento dos lugares ideológicos do texto desenvolveu o olhar crítico do leitor, despertando a sensibilidade para a valorização da diversidade. / Itabaiana, SE

Magister Educationis - MEd / Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 – ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners’ writing skills. The research also analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to onstruct and convey meaning. The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s) available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing learners’ writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and factors which build on learners’ prior experiences and creativity. / South Africa

This thesis presents young British readers? engagement with manga regarding literary, aesthetic, social, and cultural dimensions. The study explores young readers? points of views of their reading preference ? manga. I investigated how children interpreted manga, with respect to the artistic techniques, the embedded ideologies, and the cultural elements therein. I also looked into children?s participation in manga fandom and its social meanings. This allowed me to explore what attracted British readers to this exotic text. This study involved 16 participants from two schools, aged between 10 and 15, with genders represented equally. The participants were grouped by gender in each school. Each group of students received three group interviews based on three manga that they were required to read in advance. Individual interviews with each student followed the group interviews, and all the students were asked to keep reading reflections. The findings show that the attraction of participants to manga includes at least five dimensions. First, manga is a visually rich text, which not only had great power in rendering vicarious experiences to the students, but also allowed the struggling students to grasp the meanings of the text better. Second, both the verbal and the visual storytelling were characterised as fragmentary, which inspired the students? imagination to join the creation of the story. Third, manga provided a temporary shelter where the participants could forget a stressful and frustrating reality. In addition, they felt that they gained renewed hope, refreshed energy, and insights to face potential challenges and difficulties in their lives. Fourth, the elements of Japaneseness and otherness made manga reading a rich experience of an exotic culture. Fifth, manga afforded collective pleasures in fan communities where the students could express their passion and gained a sense of identity.