<p>Musical improvisation is an infinite artistic well. It helps the musician to make a personal performance and lets the music reflect the inner feelings. It is a language with which the performer can adapt the formulation to the specific situation. Yet so many have fear and respect when facing the phenomenon. In this study Dan Alkenäs discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using musical improvisation as a pedagogical method in school education. During a semester Alkenäs has, together with music teacher Bitten Löfgren and a group of pupils, studied what results are to be expected when teachers let musical improvisation have a leading role in music lessons. He discusses the creative working environment and the pupils’ ability to put theory into practice. One leading theme is the discussion of the common view of musicality. Alkenäs argues that it is important for a music teacher in a democratic school, with children from different kinds of cultures and backgrounds, to be flexible and adjust the lessons according to the individuals in the group. The study shows that this pedagogy, among other things, has a positive effect on interaction between students with different interest, levels of knowledge and potentials.</p>

Cette étude se déplie en deux temps. En premier lieu, nous explorons les conditions d’émergence d’une intégration du « total sonore » dans l’idiome musical au cours du vingtième siècle. Dans ce dessein, nous revisitons les écrits théoriques de Luigi Russolo, Edgar Varèse et Pierre Schaeffer, trois figures marquantes du paysage musical moderne. Cette démarche met en relief certains principes fondateurs d’une musicalité du sonore, permettant de concevoir un « art des bruits » (Russolo) fondé sur une « organisation sonore » (Varèse) dans une intention d’édifier des « structures musicales » (Schaeffer). En second lieu, nous confrontons ces notions à notre propre travail de conception sonore pour le film Qui va droit son chemin (Michèle Gauthier, 2010, 24 min 10 secs) en examinant chaque étape de la production – de l’écriture du scénario à la constitution des banques de sons jusqu’au montage son et au mixage – pour explorer les conditions de création qui permettent l’émergence d’une musicalité du sonore cinématographique. Ce faisant, à l’aide de conceptions théoriques diverses (Chion, Fano, Roy, Gallet), nous tentons de cerner et de décrire les fondements d’une esthétique du sonore musicalisé au cinéma. / This study is two-fold. To begin with, it explores the conditions that permitted the emergence and integration of “all sound” into the musical idiom of the twentieth century. With this end in mind, it revisits the theoretical writings of Luigi Russolo, Edgar Varèse and Pierre Schaeffer, three defining figures of the modern musical landscape. From their work, it extracts certain founding principles of the musicality of sound that permit us to conceive an “art of noise” (Russolo) based on the “organization of sound” (Varèse) in order to build “musical structures” (Schaeffer). Secondly, I bring these notions to bear on my own experience of designing the sound for the film Qui va droit son chemin (Michèle Gauthier, 2010, 24min 10secs) by examining each stage of production – writing the script, collecting sounds, sound editing and mixing – to explore the creative conditions which permit the emergence of musicality in the cinematographic acoustic environment. In doing so, with the help of various theoretical conceptions (Chion, Fano, Roy, Gallet), I attempt to discern and describe the foundations of an esthetic of musicalized sound in film.

Submitted by Glauber Assunção Moreira (glauber.a.moreira@gmail.com) on 2018-08-28T13:27:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 4279010 bytes, checksum: 9e298cb6046d5914da891aa18f5fc2ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ednaide Gondim Magalhães (ednaide@ufba.br) on 2018-08-28T13:36:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 4279010 bytes, checksum: 9e298cb6046d5914da891aa18f5fc2ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T13:36:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 4279010 bytes, checksum: 9e298cb6046d5914da891aa18f5fc2ae (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a reflexão sobre a improvisação como procedimento criativo no espetáculo teatral Dias de Folia. O interesse em observar e construir reflexões sobre este espetáculo, que tem os atores como co-criadores, impulsionou a análise do percurso da criação, identificando as escolhas feitas para chegar à produção da obra artística. A escolha da Teoria da Formatividade, a partir dos estudos do filósofo italiano Luigi Pareyson (1997), como ponto de mirada, se dá pelo fato de que esta teoria analisa a obra de arte como a tentativa de dar forma a uma ideia, como uma invenção que se realiza enquanto é criada, e é no por-fazer que se dão as leis desse fazer. O olhar sobre o processo criativo permitiu refazer o percurso, identificando as leis que nortearam esta criação, algo que se pode ver com clareza depois que a obra é dada como pronta. Por tratar-se de um espetáculo teatral que tem como via criativa a improvisação, e que não parte de um texto dramático, mas do movimento dos corpos e sua relação com o espaço e com a musicalidade das cenas propostas, Dias de Folia constitui uma obra artística que tem em seu processo criativo um foco de interesse e uma amostra de algo que, contemporaneamente, é recorrente no teatro brasileiro: o atorcriador (também chamado de ator-compositor) e o seu trabalho realizado dia a dia, em sala de ensaio. Neste ambiente de discussão da arte como produção, onde o ator é agente dessa produção, e não apensas um intérprete das indicações de um texto dramático ou das idéias de um diretor, encontrei o pensamento de outros filósofos e artistas que vieram somar, trazendo suas contribuições na elaboração de um olhar sobre o processo criativo em artes, além de refletir, especificamente, sobre a improvisação neste contexto. Foram eles: Fayga Ostrower (1977), Suzanne Langer (2006), Edith Derdyk (2001), Matteo Bonfitto (2006 e 2009), Jean-Pierre Ryngaert (2009), Jacques Lecoq (2010), Yoshi Oida (2007), Keith Johnstone (1990), Sonia Machado de Azevedo (2009), Viola Spolin (2005), Renato Ferracini (2003), Dario Fo (2004), Josette Féral (1995) e Ariane Mnoukchine (2009). A Crítica Genética, a partir da obra Gesto Inacabado, Processo de Criação Artística (SALLES, Cecília Almeida, 2004), ofereceu um instrumental metodológico, no que tange a análise do processo criativo e as operações inerentes a ele. Nesta pesquisa, o espetáculo foi analisado do ponto de vista da atriz-pesquisadora, que também é atriz-criadora desta obra, na tentativa de identificar as leis (chamadas aqui de elementos fundamentais) que nortearam a criação, debruçando-se atentamente à improvisação como método de criação. / This research has as its object the creative process of theatrical spectacle Dias de Folia, held in Salvador, Bahia, in 2010. The interest in observing and reflecting on this composition, which has the actors as co-creators, boosts the analysis of the creation course, identifying the choices made to reach the final result of the work. The choice of the Theory of Formativeness, from studies of the Italian philosopher Luigi Pareyson (1997), as a point of gaze, is given by the fact that it analyzes the work of art as an attempt of shaping an idea, like an invention that is realized while being made, and is in the "being done" that you find the laws of doing. The look on the creative process allows for redoing the route identifying the laws that coordinated and underpinned this creation, something that can be seen more clearly after the work is given as done. Since it is a play which has improvisation as means of creation, and which does not start from a text but from the movements of the bodies and their relationship with the space and the musicality of the proposed scenes, Dias de Folia becomes an artistic work which has in its creative process a focus of interest and a sample of something that is recurrent in contemporary Brazilian theater: the actor-creator (also referred to as actor-composer) and their their work done day by day in the rehearsal room. In this environment of discussion of art as production, where the actor is an agent of this production, and not just an interpreter of the indications of a dramatic text or the ideas of a director, I found the thought of other philosophers and artists who were added, bringing their contributions in developing a glimpse into the creative process in art, in addition to thinking, specifically, about the improvisation in this context. They were: Fayga Ostrower (1977), Suzanne Langer (2006), Edith Derdyk (2001), Matteo Bonfitto (2006 e 2009), Jean-Pierre Ryngaert (2009), Jacques Lecoq (2010), Yoshi Oida (2007), Keith Johnstone (1990), Sonia Machado de Azevedo (2009), Viola Spolin (2005), Renato Ferracini (2003), Dario Fo (2004), Josette Féral (1995) and Ariane Mnoukchine (2009). The Genetic Criticism, from the work Gesto inacabado, processo de criação artística (SALLES, Cecília Almeida, 2004), comes to offer methodological tools when it comes to the analysis of the creative process and operations inherent to it. In this research the performance is analyzed from the perspective of the researcher, who is also an actress-creator of the work, in an attempt to identify the laws that guided the creation, and will focus more closely on the most remarkable of them: improvisation as means of creation.

Caio Fernando Abreu (1948-1996) tem sua obra constituída predominantemente por contos, forma literária pela qual é reconhecido no cenário da literatura brasileira do final do século XX. Por essa razão, esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo os livros, compostos pelo gênero citado, Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso (1988) e sua tradução para a língua inglesa Dragons... (1990), primeiro trabalho de Caio Fernando Abreu publicado em língua inglesa e a primeira publicação estrangeira do autor. Inicialmente tratamos da fundamentação teórica por meio de um breve levantamento sobre o conto como forma literária, o ritmo da prosa poética e as ideias de estudiosos da tradução que lidam com tradução literária, ritmo e prosa poética, a saber: Ana Cristina César (1999), Antoine Berman (2007) e Henri Meschonnic (2010). Em seguida, há uma apresentação da vida e da obra de Caio Fernando Abreu, o enredo de cada narrativa e, junto com ela, um inventário musical do volume aqui estudado, já que sua obra é marcada por diversas citações de canções e indicações para que seus textos sejam lidos ao som de determinado cantor ou canção e sua prosa trazer uma série de elementos sonoros comuns à linguagem poética. As referências à música são retomadas e separadas em grupos com trechos seguidos de suas traduções para a língua inglesa. A pesquisa mostrou que há na prosa de Abreu uma poética da alusão, processo intertextual ora marcado e ora não marcado, na qual se fazem presentes muitas camadas de leituras a serem descobertas e desvendadas, que podem tencionar, dinamizar e adensar determinados fatos e efeitos da narrativa. Quanto a refletir sobre a tradução para a língua inglesa de Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso, ficou claro o grau de dificuldade sempre presente na tradução literária, na necessidade de compreender a escolha efetuada no texto fonte, das impossibilidades de equivalência e da necessidade de tomada de decisão e as escolhas a serem feitas, que sempre acontecem no processo tradutório / The work of Caio Fernando Abreu (1948-1996) consists predominantly of short stories, the literary genre for which he is known in Brazilian literature of the late twentieth century. Therefore, this research aims to study the book, written in the aforementioned genre, Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso (1988) and its translation into English, Dragons (1990), which is Caio Fernando Abreus first book published in English and his first publication abroad. First, we will address the theoretical basis through a brief discussion on short story as literary genre, the rhythm of prose poetry and the view of translation scholars who deal with literary translation, rhythm and prose poetry, namely: Ana Cristina César (1999), Antoine Berman (2007) and Henri Meschonnic (2010). Then we will introduce the life and work of Caio Fernando Abreu, as well as the plot of each story and, along with it, a music inventory of the book studied in this dissertation, since his work is marked by many references to songs and indications that his texts should be read to the sound of a particular singer or song, and his prose brings a series of sound elements common to the poetic language. Then we resume the references to music and divide them into groups, with excerpts followed by their corresponding translations in English. The research has shown that there is a poetic allusion in Abreus prose, an intertextual process marked at times and unmarked in others, in which there are many layers of readings to be discovered and unraveled, which are able to produce tension, dynamize and densify certain facts and effects of the narrative. As for the reflection on the translation into English of Os dragões não conhecem o paraíso, we could clearly see the degree of difficulty common to literary translation, expressed by several factors such as the need to understand the choice made in the source text, the impossibilities of equivalence and the need to make decisions and choices, which always during the translation process

(in English) The diploma thesis "Who are we for the contemporary French poetry?" Searching for identity in poetry collection La Chute des temps by Bernard Noël aims to explore the contemporary - in this case primarily French - poetry. The first part is asking about the causes of poetry decline in sense of readership and popularity of such genre and seeks for an answer to the question what contribution does the poetry reading bring for a contemporary reader. Based on analysis of texts by literary critics, theoreticians and poets, the paper comes to conclusions, which are applied in the second part on the analysis of particular text by French poet Bernard Noël - La Chute des temps. The paper analyses the search for an identity "I" of the author and the reader, the musicality in verses as subconscious signature of the author, the relationship between the body of the poet, the reader and the poem itself and, last but not least, the metaphor of skin as the boundary between the inside and the outside. Key words: contemporary French poetry, literality, new lyric, Bernard Noël, identity of a subject, poetic space, musicality, flesh

In today's fast changing world, global development of information and communication technology significantly affects many fields of human activity including music and education. As a result, questions concerning effective using of modern technology in musical education have become a major topic within the pedagogical community. Presented dissertation thesis examines utilization of notation software as a modern teaching tool. The software was specifically used to further improve musical creativity of pupils at secondary school (grades 6 to 9). The very first part of the thesis focuses on research framework, contemporary musical technologies, and available notation software tools. A special attention was drawn to MuseScore software that was used in the research. Last but not least, this part of the thesis outlines vital facts connected with musical creativity field of knowledge. Second part of the thesis is dedicated to author's research and starts with determination of project scope, goals, and basic working hypothesis. The actual research was carried out in several phases with subsequent real-life verification of acquired results. Main research work included development of experimental musical teaching methodology for children in sixth grade. Here, the notation software was used as a tool for stimulated...

The diploma thesis is devoted to the development of music and musical movement activities at a younger school age. It consists of theoretical and practical part. The first parts acquaints the reader with the characteristics of younger school age and with the somatic- physiological, psychological and social characteristics of this period. It also describes the means that affect the child's musicality. This work lists the basic music-movement activities and their important aspects. The conclusion of this part is focused on expertise publications focusing on piano playing,where the authors in their works use movement elements or musical-movement activities to directly improve the influence of playing the piano. The practical part is based on theoretical knowledge. We chose a pedagogical experiment with the technique of one-group and we used piano compositions fot this purpose. The issue of qualitative research is focused on the connection of piano playing with musical- movement activities. There are objectives, research methods, the subject and its organization described in the research part. For children involved in the research there was developed a thematic program called Traveling with Little prince, which describes methodological steps supporting the expression of music content and understanding...

Cette étude se déplie en deux temps. En premier lieu, nous explorons les conditions d’émergence d’une intégration du « total sonore » dans l’idiome musical au cours du vingtième siècle. Dans ce dessein, nous revisitons les écrits théoriques de Luigi Russolo, Edgar Varèse et Pierre Schaeffer, trois figures marquantes du paysage musical moderne. Cette démarche met en relief certains principes fondateurs d’une musicalité du sonore, permettant de concevoir un « art des bruits » (Russolo) fondé sur une « organisation sonore » (Varèse) dans une intention d’édifier des « structures musicales » (Schaeffer). En second lieu, nous confrontons ces notions à notre propre travail de conception sonore pour le film Qui va droit son chemin (Michèle Gauthier, 2010, 24 min 10 secs) en examinant chaque étape de la production – de l’écriture du scénario à la constitution des banques de sons jusqu’au montage son et au mixage – pour explorer les conditions de création qui permettent l’émergence d’une musicalité du sonore cinématographique. Ce faisant, à l’aide de conceptions théoriques diverses (Chion, Fano, Roy, Gallet), nous tentons de cerner et de décrire les fondements d’une esthétique du sonore musicalisé au cinéma. / This study is two-fold. To begin with, it explores the conditions that permitted the emergence and integration of “all sound” into the musical idiom of the twentieth century. With this end in mind, it revisits the theoretical writings of Luigi Russolo, Edgar Varèse and Pierre Schaeffer, three defining figures of the modern musical landscape. From their work, it extracts certain founding principles of the musicality of sound that permit us to conceive an “art of noise” (Russolo) based on the “organization of sound” (Varèse) in order to build “musical structures” (Schaeffer). Secondly, I bring these notions to bear on my own experience of designing the sound for the film Qui va droit son chemin (Michèle Gauthier, 2010, 24min 10secs) by examining each stage of production – writing the script, collecting sounds, sound editing and mixing – to explore the creative conditions which permit the emergence of musicality in the cinematographic acoustic environment. In doing so, with the help of various theoretical conceptions (Chion, Fano, Roy, Gallet), I attempt to discern and describe the foundations of an esthetic of musicalized sound in film.

Cotutelle / La présente thèse propose de traverser l’ensemble de l’œuvre cinématographique de Johan van der Keuken (1938-2001) en suivant le fil de la collection. Partant d’une reconnaissance de curieuses configurations d’objets et de corps rappelant les chambres de merveilles de la Renaissance et les entresorts du 19ème siècle, elle élabore un cadre théorique original fondé sur des travaux de Stanley Cavell, Gilles Deleuze et Siegfried Kracauer, afin d’analyser ce qui dans ce cinéma réfléchit le devenir filmique d’objets et d’êtres vivants saisis à même la vie ordinaire. Cette analyse s’enracine dans la pratique d’une forme d’ekphrasis qui veut épouser les rythmes, mouvements et inflexions de ce cinéma et de ses personnages, dont l’écriture répète les collections musicales. La thèse expose ainsi les responsabilités du cinéaste aux prises avec diverses formes de difformités, de marginalité et d’exclusion dues au colonialisme et à la logique réifiante du monde capitaliste, et montre comment les images qu’il réalise par les moyens propres au médium cinématographique manifestent un regard qui à la fois assume la violence inhérente à ce médium et parvient à en faire un instrument d’émerveillement. Ce regard collectionneur et merveillant affronte résolument l’exhibition, le voyeurisme, la stigmatisation, le sensationnalisme, l’accumulation, l’abstraction, la dispersion, la réification, pour en dégager une ligne de fuite au lieu d’en reconduire la violence. Tout en les heurtant, il suscite dans notre regard et notre écoute un amour du monde tel qu’il est. Van der Keuken met ainsi en œuvre, jusque dans le dernier film qu’il réalise alors qu’il est mis devant l’inévitabilité de sa propre mort, une éthique du cinéma dans l’oscillation entre merveille monstrueuse et merveille merveilleuse. / This dissertation offers a path through the complete œuvre of filmmaker Johan van der Keuken (1938-2001), guided by the notion of collecting. Highlighting the curious configurations of objects and bodies that call to mind Renaissance-era Wunderkammern and nineteenth century freak shows, this dissertation formulates an original theoretical framework based on the works of Stanley Cavell, Gilles Deleuze and Siegfried Kracauer. This framework enables the dissertation to analyze how van der Keuken’s cinema thinks through the filmic becoming of objects and living beings plucked out of ordinary life. This analysis is rooted in an ekphrastic practice that seeks to mold itself to the rhythms, movements, and inflections of this filmic universe and its characters, whose composition repeats musical collections. The dissertation thus demonstrates the filmmaker’s responsibilities as he grapples with diverse forms of deformity, marginalization and exclusion due to colonialism and the objectifying logic of a capitalistic world, and shows how the images he creates through the means unique to the medium of cinema manifest a gaze that both acknowledges the inherent violence of the medium and manages to turn it into an instrument of wonder. This collecting and wondering gaze resolutely confronts the risks of exhibition, voyeurism, stigmatization, sensationalism, accumulation, abstraction, dispersion, and objectification, in order to open a line of flight rather than reproducing violence. Even while shocking our eyes and ears, van der Keuken elicits in our gaze and in our listening a love of the world just as it exists. He thus experiments, up through his final film, directed as he faces his inevitable death, a film ethics that oscillates between monstruous wonder and wonderous wonder.

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