The aim of this thesis was to choose some types of investments and set the expected return using time series; furthermore to compare these possibilities using multi-dimensional assessment. I chose four types of investments, namely: mutual funds, life insurance, additional pension savings and building savings. I expected a monthly deposit of 1000 CZK for a period of 20 years in my thesis. In case the investor would keep this money cash or on a bank account, where he would not have to pay account fees and have a zero interest rate, he would save 240 000 CZK during this period. Based on published historical returns I modeled the expected return of the investment by means of methods of time series. For modeling the return I used the model of linear trend. The highest revaluation is expected with the additional pension savings, where the dynamic strategy brings the overall return of 414 214 CZK, the balanced strategy 379 874 CZK and the conservative strategy 333 209 CZK. The investment into mutual funds using conservative strategy brings 317 894 CZK, using balanced strategy brings the return of 314 986 CZK. When choosing the conservative strategy of life insurance the overall return is 296 071 CZK and when choosing the balanced strategy it is 292 614 CZK. The expected return of the building saving is 286 139 CZK. However, it is not recommended to opt for an investment only based on the expected return. We have to take into consideration as well the risk of the investment, input one-time fee and the overall fee (monthly or annual fees). For this reason I determined the category of the above mentioned criteria, which I set using scoring method. For the determination of the order I chose the TOPSIS method and the scoring method. Based on the carried out above methods it is certain that the best investment is investing in additional pension savings.

Submitted by Ramon Francisco Fernandez Gonzalez (ragonzalez82@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-29T01:08:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2016-05-02T13:22:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2016-05-06T20:17:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T12:18:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Completa - Dissertação Ramon F F Gonzalez - Os determinantes da não racionalidade dos investidores no mercado de fundos brasileiros.pdf: 1256743 bytes, checksum: 8aee8712ff228f642b076f195caf2fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-25 / In this paper we seek to identify the determinants of demand for mutual funds in Brazil through the logit model, which is widely used in the theory of industrial organizations. Whenever possible we perform 'links' with the main concepts of behavioral finance. Thus, we clarify the main variables that impact variations of 'market share' in the mutual funds industry. We conclude that the main indicators observed by investors at the time of decision-making, are the CDI, inflation, the real interest rate, the variation of the dollar and the stock market, on the other hand the accumulated return of the last three months is factor decisive for investors to apply or redeem an investment fund. Risk variables and expected return we thought to have a strong impact, not significant for variations of 'share'. / Neste trabalho buscamos identificar os principais determinantes da demanda por fundos de investimento no Brasil através do modelo Logit, que é bastante utilizado na teoria das organizações industriais. Sempre que possível realizamos 'links' com os principais conceitos de finanças comportamentais. Assim, conseguimos aclarar as principais variáveis que impactam as variações de 'market-share' na indústria de fundos de investimento. Concluímos que os principais indicadores observados pelos investidores no momento de tomada de decisão são o CDI, a inflação, a taxa real de juros, a variação do dólar e da bolsa de valores, por outro lado a rentabilidade acumulada dos últimos três meses é fator decisivo para que o investidor aplique ou resgate um fundo de investimento. Variáveis de risco e de retorno esperado que imaginávamos ter forte impacto, não se mostraram significativas para as variações de 'share'. / En este trabajo buscamos identificar los determinantes de la demanda de los principales fondos de inversión en Brasil através del modelo Logit, que es ampliamente utilizado en la teoría de las organizaciones industriales. Siempre que posible hemos realizado 'links' con los principales conceptos de las finanzas comportamentales. Por lo tanto, fue posible aclarar las principales variables a que las variaciones de impacto de 'cuota de mercado' en la industria de fondos de inversión. Llegamos a la conclusión de que los principales indicadores observados por los inversores en el momento de la toma de decisiones, es el CDI, la inflación, la tasa de interés real, la variación del dólar y el mercado de valores, por otro lado, la rentabilidad acumulada de los últimos tres meses es un factor decisiva para que los inversionistas invirtan o salgan de un fondo de inversión. Las variables de riesgo y rendimiento esperado que pensabamos tener un impacto fuerte, no se demonstraran significativas para las variaciones de las cuotas de mercado.

Submitted by Diego de Aragão (diegodearagao@gmail.com) on 2011-09-05T18:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A Eficiência da Precificação e os Erros de Aderência dos ETFs do Mercado Brasileiro final.pdf: 570730 bytes, checksum: 3ba1b8eb71026ac807dc531f68512bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-05T18:43:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 A Eficiência da Precificação e os Erros de Aderência dos ETFs do Mercado Brasileiro final.pdf: 570730 bytes, checksum: 3ba1b8eb71026ac807dc531f68512bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-05T18:57:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 A Eficiência da Precificação e os Erros de Aderência dos ETFs do Mercado Brasileiro final.pdf: 570730 bytes, checksum: 3ba1b8eb71026ac807dc531f68512bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-05T19:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A Eficiência da Precificação e os Erros de Aderência dos ETFs do Mercado Brasileiro final.pdf: 570730 bytes, checksum: 3ba1b8eb71026ac807dc531f68512bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-17 / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficiência da precificação e os erros de aderência dos Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), conhecidos no mercado de capitais como fundos de investimentos abertos listados e comercializados em bolsas de valores. Para esta avaliação, são realizados testes sobre hipóteses acerca da significância estatística dos mispricings entre (1) os valores das cotas patrimoniais e os preços de fechamentos destes ETFs e (2) sobre a diferença entre os preços de fechamento dos ETFs e dos seus índices de referência. A amostra utilizada é dos oito ETFs comercializados no mercado brasileiro de capitais durante o período de realização do trabalho. Como resultado do esforço de pesquisa realizado, o último capítulo mostra uma tendência a distintos níveis de eficiência da precificação e erros de aderência nos ETFs brasileiros. Enquanto alguns ETFs mais líquidos apresentam prêmios/descontos insignificantes estatisticamente, os prêmios/descontos de outros ETFs se mostraram razoavelmente consideráveis. No que tange aos erros de aderência, a média dos erros do ETFs listados localmente mostrou-se em um patamar intermediário entre aqueles ETFs listados no mercado americano e os de uma seleção de ETFs listados em mercados emergentes. / The objective of this study is to evaluate the pricing efficiency and tracking error of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), known in the capital market as mutual funds listed and traded on stock markets. For this evaluation, tests are performed on assumptions about the statistical significance of mispricings between (1) the values of equity shares and the closing prices of the ETFs and (2) on the difference between the closing prices of the ETFs and their reference indexes closing prices. The sample is compounded by the eight ETFs that were traded on the Brazilian capital market during the period of the work. As a result of the research effort carried out, the last chapter shows a tendency to different levels of pricing efficiency and tracking errors on Brazilian ETFs. While a few more liquid ETFs presents premium/discounts that are statistically insignificant, some other ETFs’ premium/discounts have proved considerable. With respect to tracking errors, the errors average of ETFs listed locally showed to be in an intermediary level between those ETFs listed in the U.S. market and a selection of ETFs listed in emerging markets.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This article analyzes the effect of decisions on resource allocation among items of operating expenses, administrative and otherwise, in the unilateral moments of the distribution of returns on Brazilian stock mutual funds. We follow methodologically Chambers, Chung and Fare (1996, 1998), using the Directional Distance Function (DDF) technique, which allows us to measure the behavior of the average value, and semicurtose semivariance of returns of funds, together with inputs associated with the internal allocation of resources. The boundary of "production" was constructed from the observation of the accounting entries monthly and daily returns for a panel of 59 mutual funds within the class of Ibovespa Activity during 2005 to 2009. We are able to evidence a high level of persistence in terms of efficiency, corroborating the evidence reported in Castro and Matos (2012). The more efficient funds have higher levels of cumulative return, except in 2008, lower levels of undesirable products associated with the risk and composition of operating expenses, such that the value of the ratio of non administrative expenses/ administrative expenses is approximately half of the observed for the most inefficient funds. / Este trabalho estuda os nÃveis de eficiÃncia do processo produtivo dos fundos de investimento em aÃÃes no Brasil, visando acomodar as crÃticas de Murthi et al. (1997) e Basso e Funari (2001). Analisa-se o efeito das decisÃes em termos de alocaÃÃo de recursos dentre rubricas de despesas especificamente operacionais ou administrativas nos nÃveis de ganho e de risco mensurado pela semivariÃncia e semicurtose, a partir da FunÃÃo DistÃncia Direcional proposta por Chambers, Chung e FÃre (1996, 1998). A observaÃÃo do comportamento conjunto dos inputs e outputs e a construÃÃo da fronteira de produÃÃo para um painel de 59 fundos mÃtuos de investimento em aÃÃo, categoria Ibovespa Ativo, durante 2005 a 2009, permitem evidenciar um elevado nÃvel de persistÃncia em termos de eficiÃncia, corroborando a evidÃncia de persistÃncia de performance reportada em Matos e Castro (2012). Os fundos sistematicamente eficientes sÃo todos administrados por instituiÃÃes financeiras privadas, possuem uma tendÃncia de alocar proporcionalmente mais em cotas de outros fundos que os fundos ineficientes e atendem essencialmente clientes institucionais, private ou de alta renda, enquanto os fundos ineficientes sÃo direcionados essencialmente para o pÃblico em geral. A eficiÃncia està associada ainda a maiores nÃveis de retorno acumulado, exceto em 2008, menores nÃveis de produtos indesejÃveis associados ao risco e a uma composiÃÃo dos gastos tal que, o valor da razÃo de gastos nÃo administrativos/gastos administrativos à aproximadamente a metade do evidenciado para os fundos sistematicamente ineficientes. Os resultados parecem robustos quando comparados aos tradicionais rankings de performance risco-retorno. Evidencia-se uma maior heterogeneidade de eficiÃncia no turbulento ano de 2008, caracterizada por uma maior quantidade de fundos na fronteira, quase 30%, e pelos maiores nÃveis de ineficiÃncia.

nÃo hà / Esta dissertaÃÃo visa contribuir ao mainstream da Teoria de ApreÃamento de Ativos, ao analisar o desempenho dos fundos de investimento em aÃÃes no Brasil, a partir de um painel composto por 75 fundos do tipo ANBIMA Ibovespa Ativo, sobreviventes no perÃodo de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2008, identificando aqueles cujo resultado se deve simplesmente à sorte ou ao azar e aqueles cujo resultado se deve à habilidade ou à falta de habilidade dos seus gestores. Seguindo a metodologia desenvolvida em Fama & French (1992, 1993) e o trabalho elaborado por Matos e Silva (2010), construÃram-se fatores, os quais consistem em zero cost equal weighted portfolios compostos apenas por fundos, capazes de captar os efeitos tamanho e ganho acumulado destes ativos, sendo os mesmos usados em diversas aplicaÃÃes em uma versÃo estendida do Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Os efeitos tamanho e ganho acumulado, evidenciados pela inadequaÃÃo do CAPM em modelar fundos com maior patrimÃnio lÃquido e ganhos acumulados muito altos ou baixos, parecem ser muito bem acomodados quando da incorporaÃÃo dos fatores, os quais se mostraram significativos conjuntamente em 50% dos 75 fundos analisados. As principais evidÃncias obtidas a partir de regressÃes temporais individuais sÃo corroboradas quando do teste em painel com efeitos aleatÃrios em que ambos os efeitos sÃo indispensÃveis na explicaÃÃo dos retornos dos fundos de investimento em aÃÃes no Brasil. Para a anÃlise de performance dos fundos, seguiu-se a metodologia proposta por Fama & French (2010), na qual, por meio de tÃcnicas de bootstrap, modela-se o estudo transversal do desempenho dos fundos de investimento. Para a maioria dos fundos que apresentaram outperformance significativa, com base nos alfas estimados nas regressÃes individuais, identificou-se desempenho devido ao acaso. No modelo de fatores proposto, somente trÃs fundos apresentaram real desempenho superior devido à habilidade de seus gestores, todos esses vinculados a instituiÃÃes financeiras privadas. O modelo de fatores se mostrou mais criterioso na caracterizaÃÃo da aleatoriedade de performance. / This dissertation aims to contribute to the mainstream in Asset Pricing Theory, to analyze the performance of stock mutual funds in Brazil, for a panel with 75 mutual funds type ANBIMA Active Ibovespa which have survived during the period between Jan-1998 and Dec-2008, identifying those whose result is simply due to good luck or bad luck and those whose result is due to the skill or lack of skill of their managers. Following the methodology developed in Fama and French (1992, 1993), we built two factors, mutual funds zero cost equal weighted portfolios, able to accommodate the size and performance effects observed for these assets, which are used in some applications in an extended version of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Both effects, which seem to play a relevant role due to the inefficiency of the CAPM model to price big funds with huge relative performance (very high or very low), are partially accommodated when one adds factors, which are significant jointly in 50% of the 75 funds analyzed. The main evidences obtained running individual time series regressions are corroborated if one uses the panel technique estimation with random effects, where both factors seem to be vital if one intends to better understand the returns of the mutual funds in Brazil. To analyze the performance of the funds, the methodology developed in Fama and French (2010) was used, in which, by bootstrap techniques, the cross-section of the performance of investment funds are modeled. For most of the funds that had significant outperformance, based on the estimated alphas in individual regressions, performance due to chance was identified. In the factors model proposed, only three funds really outperformed due to the ability of their managers, all those linked to private financial institutions. The factor model proved to be more accurate in characterizing the randomness of performance with the appropriate criteria.

Submitted by Osmar Camilo (oc.camilo@gmail.com) on 2013-02-26T21:39:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Osmar_Cesar Camilo_n311531_vFinal.pdf: 490286 bytes, checksum: ffbe41b1673d62eba3647fd98f9d5797 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-02-26T21:45:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Osmar_Cesar Camilo_n311531_vFinal.pdf: 490286 bytes, checksum: ffbe41b1673d62eba3647fd98f9d5797 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-26T21:47:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Osmar_Cesar Camilo_n311531_vFinal.pdf: 490286 bytes, checksum: ffbe41b1673d62eba3647fd98f9d5797 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-29 / A indústria brasileira de fundos de investimento cresceu significativamente nos últimos anos. A revitalização do mercado de ações no final dos anos 1990 e início dos 2000 incentivou a procura e a abertura de muitos fundos de investimento em ações. Usualmente, os investidores procuram identificar os gestores mais habilidosos por meio de seu desempenho passado. A literatura internacional sobre o tema é vasta em estudos sobre persistência de desempenho passado e habilidade do gestor. No entanto, parte dos esforços dos pesquisadores da área tem se direcionado para investigação da relação entre fluxo de recursos e desempenho passado e o que tal relação tem a dizer sobre o comportamento do investidor. Conceitos de Finanças Comportamentais como viés de representatividade e aversão a perdas são normalmente associados ao comportamento de investidores individuais de ações. Mas o que se pode dizer sobre os investidores de fundos de ações? Eles apresentam vieses similares aos dos investidores individuais? Com base numa amostra mensal de 447 fundos de investimento em ações entre janeiro de 1996 e agosto de 2012, esse trabalho procurou identificar vieses comportamentais apresentados pelos investidores. Foram encontradas evidências da presença do viés de representatividade para o mercado brasileiro, por meio da estimação da relação fluxo-desempenho passado, o que representa a principal contribuição desse trabalho à literatura. / Brazilian mutual funds industry has grown significantly in recent years. The revival of the stock market in the late 1990s and early 2000s boosted demand and the opening of many equity mutual funds. The international literature on the subject is vast in studies on the persistence of past performance and skill of the manager. However, part of the efforts of researchers has been directed to investigate the relationship between money flows and past performance and what this relationship has to say about investor behavior. Behavioral Finance concepts as representativeness bias and loss aversion are usually associated with the behavior of individual equity investors. But what can be said about equity mutual fund investors? Do they present the same biases individual investors do? Based on a monthly sample of 447 equity mutual funds between January 1996 and August 2012, this study sought to identify behavioral biases presented by investors. Through the estimation of the flow-performance relationship, evidence of the presence of representativeness bias was found, which corresponds to the main contribution of this working paper to the literature.

The field of behavioural finance remains to be a major criticizer to the efficient market hypothesis, claiming all humans of being rational. Some argues for the lack of behavioural aspects of investors being a main cause to the financial crisis of 2008, due to tendencies of them following same investment paths. Understanding investors’ sights and approaches is important as behavioural differences can contribute to further enhancements in the financial markets. This study examines the approaches towards the financial markets of managers of actively managed mutual funds in Sweden. By interviewing six managers of actively managed mutual funds, representative conclusions could be drawn, although, not statistically significant as for the lack of supporting numbers of significance. Representatively for the participants in this thesis, the overall estimation of the markets is considered to be efficient to some extent, but do occasionally indicate for having flaws, of which the managers are taken advantage of. Behaving rationally was found to be representative when deciding what and when to invest. Confidence have been proven to be a common attribute among the managers influencing their decisions and investments. You obtain less without confidence than you would have with it. Although, too much confidence can be damageable. There is no point of thinking of hindsight as afterthoughts does not change your past decision. / Beteendefinansiering som ämne är än idag en stor del av kritiken mot den effektiva marknadshypotesen som antar att alla människor är rationella i sitt beteende. Vissa påstår att de bristande beteendemässiga aspekterna är nästintill en huvudanledning till varför finanskrisen 2008 blev som det blev på grund av tendensen av att flertalet investerare följer samma spår. Att förstå hur investerare ser och angriper finansiella marknader är viktigt då det vidare kan möjliggöra för förbättringar på dem marknaderna. Denna studie undersöker förvaltares angreppssätt mot marknader för aktivt förvaltade fonder i Sverige. Genom att intervjua sex förvaltare för aktivt förvaltade fonder har representativa slutsatser kunnat dras, dock inte signifikanta, då metodologin brister i signifikanta siffror som stöd. Respondenternas syn på marknaden antas vara effektiv överlag, men som emellanåt indikerar för ineffektivitet. Att bete sig rationellt resulterade även det för att vara representativt gällande i vad och när man ska investera. Självförtroende i det man som förvaltare sysslar med på en daglig basis är viktigt att ha och är bevisat, dock inte med signifikant stöd av siffror, vara ett gemensamt attribut bland förvaltarna. Har man inte självförtroende som fondförvaltare kan det leda till brister, likt om man har för gott sådant. Det är heller ingen idé att tänka på vad man borde göra i efterhand då sådana eftersläpande tankar inte kan påverka dåtida beslut.

La relation entre le capital et le pouvoir dans la société anonyme libanaise est régie par le principe de proportionnalité qui veut que chaque actionnaire puisse exercer un pouvoir dans la société proportionnel à sa participation au capital. Ce principe est expressément consacré par la loi, et résulte de cette relation entre l’action et le droit de vote. Sa préservation est aussi assurée par des dispositions législatives. A travers cette construction, le législateur fait de la société anonyme le fief d’une démocratie actionnariale. Cette règle de principe n’est, toutefois, pas absolue. Elle connaît des limites. Cependant, ces limites n’entraînent pas une remise en cause de ce lien de proportionnalité, d’autant plus qu’elles sont justifiées. Or, l’apparence est parfois trompeuse. La société anonyme est bien loin de constituer une véritable démocratie, et le législateur qui a adopté ce principe n’a pas réussi à le préserver complètement. En effet, à examiner de plus près les dispositions du droit libanais, l’on se rend compte de l’ampleur des atteintes dues, pour l’essentiel, à de nombreuses lacunes de la loi, qui ôtent aux actionnaires leur pouvoir, ou font obstacle à son exercice, entraînant le déséquilibre de ce lien, voire sa rupture totale. Aujourd’hui, le rétablissement de la relation entre le capital et le pouvoir devient une exigence pour le développement des sociétés anonymes. Ceci ne peut se réaliser qu’à travers la participation des actionnaires à la vie sociale. Cette participation devra être adaptée à la taille de la société, pour redonner au pouvoir actionnarial toute son efficacité. Le droit libanais offre, en principe, les moyens nécessaires pour opérer le rétablissement. / The relation between the social capital and the power in the lebanese joint stock company is governed by the principle of proportionality that means each shareholder can have a power that is proportional to his participation in the capital. This principal is expressly dedicated from the law, and results from the relation between the share and the voting right. Its preservation is also ensured by the laws. Through this structure, the legislator has made the corporation the stronghold of the shareholder’s democracy. But, this rule is not absolute, it has limits. However, such limits do not lead to a questioning of the link of proportionality, especially that they are justified. Though, the appearance can be misleading. The corporation is far from being a true democracy, and the legislator, who has adopted this principle, has failed to preserve it. Indeed, a closer look at the provisions of the lebanese law, shows the extent of damage that is mainly due to the numerous gaps in the law, and that deprive the shareholders from their power, or impede its exercise, causing an imbalance in this relationship or even its complete break. Today, restoring the relation between the capital and the power has become a requirement for the development of the corporations. This can only be achieved though the participation of shareholder. Such participation should be tailored to the size of the company so to restore the full effect of the shareholder’s power. The Lebanese law offers, in principle, the means to restore such relation.

In recent times, the popularity of hedge funds has undoubtedly increased. There are shared opinions on whether hedge funds generate absolute rates of returns and whether they provide a strong alternative investment to mutual funds. This thesis aims to examine whether hedge funds with different investment strategies create absolute returns and if certain investment strategies outperform others. This thesis compares hedge funds risk-adjusted rate of return towards mutual funds, such as mutual funds, to see if certain investment strategies are more lucrative than the corresponding investments in terms of excess returns to corresponding indices. An econometric approach was applied to search for significant differences in risk-adjusted returns of hedge funds in contrast to mutual funds. Our results show that Swedish hedge funds do not generate as high risk-adjusted returns as Swedish mutual funds. In regard to the best performing hedge fund strategy, the results are inconclusive. Also, we do not find any evidence that hedge funds violate the effective market hypothesis. / Hedgefonder har den senaste tiden ökat i popularitet. Samtidigt finns det delade meningar huruvida hedgefonder genererar absolutavkastning och om de fungerar som bra alternativ till traditionella fonder. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka huruvida hedgefonder skapar absolutavkastning samt om det finns investeringsstrategier som presterar bättre än andra. Denna uppsats jämför hedgefonders riskjusterade avkastning med traditionella fonder, för att på sätt se om en viss investeringsstrategi ar mer lukrativ i termer av överavkastning i förhållande till motsvarande index. Vi har använt ekonometriska metoder för att söka efter statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan avkastningen för hedgefonder och traditionella fonder. Våra resultat visar att svenska hedgefonder inte genererar högre risk-justerade avkastningar än svenska aktiefonder. Våra resultat visar inga signifikanta skillnader vad gäller avkastning mellan olika strategier. Slutligen finner vi heller inga bevis för att hedgefonder går emot den effektiva marknadshypotesen

In the midst of climate change and growing concern about social aspects, investors want to make informed sustainable choices regarding their consumption and investments. Many companies are trying to stay ahead of the curve by engaging in Corporate Social Responsibility. Mutual funds have noticed this trend and subsequently have started to offer ethical mutual funds as a result. These ethical claims are difficult to scrutinize for investors creating a problem of asymmetric information. This study analyses how ethical claims and how eco-labels, in this case, the Nordic Swan Ecolabel relate to demand for equity mutual funds. In a world where more investors are seeking ethical investments, how is ethical commitment communicated in a trustworthy way? Data on daily Net Asset Value (NAV) and monthly Total Net Assets (TNA) between 2016-01-01 and 2019-12-31, for 217 equity mutual funds sold on the Swedish market were collected from Thomson & Reuters database Eikon. These mutual funds were categorized into three groups, conventional, non-labelled ethical, and eco-labelled mutual funds. The data was structured as panel data and both random effect and fixed effect models were used to estimate the factor loadings. The study shows that Nordic Swan Ecolabelled mutual funds tend to experience higher demand than both non-labelled ethical mutual funds and conventional mutual funds. In other words, the Nordic Swan Ecolabelled group distinguishes itself from the other mutual fund groups. Hence, the results of the study suggest that the Nordic Swan Ecolabel sends a signal that relates positively to the demand for mutual funds. Further, the results implicate that mutual fund companies that aim to introduce mutual funds that are truly ethical or sustainable should consider acquiring the Nordic Swan Ecolabel to signal their sustainability commitment since the results suggest that Nordic Swan Ecolabelled mutual funds have a positive relation to demand, both compared to conventional mutual funds and non-labelled ethical mutual funds. / I en tid präglad av klimatförändring och ökande medvetenhet om sociala aspekter vill investerare ta informerade beslut angående sin konsumtion och angående sina investeringar. Många företag försöker ligga i framkant för en hållbar utveckling genom att ägna sig åt Corporate Social Responsibility. Fondföretag har märkt av denna trend och har därför börjat erbjuda etiska fonder till sina kunder. Huruvida dessa fonder faktiskt är etiska kan vara svårt för investerare att undersöka vilket skapar asymmetrisk information mellan fondföretag och investerare. Denna studie analyserar hur aktiefonders påståenden om att investera etiskt relaterar till efterfrågan på dessa aktiefonder och hur eko-märkningar, i detta fall Svanen-märkningen relaterar till aktiefonders efterfrågan. Hur ska fonders etiska åtaganden kommuniceras på ett trovärdigt sätt i en värld där mer och mer investerare söker sig till etiska investeringar? Dagligt nettoandelsvärde (NAV-kurs) och månatlig fondförmögenhet (TNA) för 217 aktiefonder sålda på den svenska marknaden under tidsperioden 2016-01-01 och 2019-12-31 samlades in från Thomson & Reuters databas Eikon. Dessa fonder delades in i tre grupper, dessa var konventionella, icke-märkta etiska fonder samt eko-märkta fonder. Datan strukturerades som paneldata och både random effects och fixed effects modeller användes för att estimera faktorerna i regressionen. Studien visar att Svanenmärkta fonder tenderar att ha högre efterfrågan än både icke-märkta etiska fonder och konventionella fonder. Med andra ord så utmärker sig de Svanen-märkta fonderna jämfört med de andra grupperna. Resultatet av studien tyder därför på att Svanen-märkningen sänder en signal som relaterar till efterfrågan för en fond. Resultatet av studien implicerar även att fondföretag som ämnar att introducera fonder som faktiskt uppfyller de etiska och hållbara krav de påstår sig göra, bör överväga att förvärva Svanen-märkningen för att signalera sina etiska och hållbara åtaganden, då resultatet föreslår att Svanenmärkta fonder har en positiv relation till efterfrågan, både jämfört med konventionella fonder och icke-märkta etiska fonder.