Thesis (M. of Military Art and Science)--U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2007. / "A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Military Art and Science, General Studies." Title from cover page of PDF file (viewed: May 29, 2008).

O presente trabalho desenvolve um estudo acerca das consequências humanitárias frente à degradação do meio ambiente, bem como da atenção dada pela comunidade internacional nos últimos anos a essa problemática. Desse modo, observa-se a interação em particular do impacto dos riscos e desastres ambientais de origem naturais ou tecnológicos, com os movimentos migratórios humanos dentro de países ou internacionalmente, os quais ainda são pouco explorados e estudados. Analisa também a busca por um sistema jurídico de cooperação internacional dos países, na proteção aos direitos humanos dessas populações que se deslocam devido a causas ambientais, garantindo-lhes com isso o acesso aos direitos humanos fundamentais à vida, saúde, moradia, dignidade humana, entre outros. A partir disso e da constatação da existência de problemas ambientais associados à migração humana, examina que os riscos ambientais não são equitativamente distribuídos, o que preconiza o movimento da justiça ambiental. Fatores como a pobreza, associados à vulnerabilidade de populações e comunidades inteiras, estão no centro da distribuição desses riscos. Devido a isso, pode-se constatar que a exposição de pessoas vulneráveis aos riscos e desastres ecológicos contribui para uma maior exposição à violação dos direitos humanos. Esta dissertação tem como desafios analisar a relação entre meio ambiente, riscos, desastres ambientais e migração humana, decorrente dos riscos e desastres ecológicos. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-30T16:28:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vanessa Vergani.pdf: 878131 bytes, checksum: 0d83f6d697f88f51469e31fb9a15c1af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-30T16:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Vanessa Vergani.pdf: 878131 bytes, checksum: 0d83f6d697f88f51469e31fb9a15c1af (MD5) / The present work develops a study concerning the humanitarian consequences as far as environmental degradation is concerned, as well as the attention given to it by the international community over the last years. Thus, it observes, particularly, the interaction between the impact of both risks and natural or technological environmental disasters and the human migratory movements within the countries or abroad, which have been little explored and studied so far. It also analyzes the quest for a legal system of international cooperation of the countries aiming at the protection of the human rights of these populations which are forced to flee due to environmental causes, granting themselves access to the basic human rights such as , life, health, housing and human dignity, among others. From that, and considering the existence of environmental problems associated to the human migration, this work examines that environmental risks are not equitably distributed, therefore professing the Environmental Rights Movement. Factors as the poverty associated to the vulnerability of populations and entire communities are in the core of this risk distribution. Owing to that, the exposure of vulnerable people to environmental risks and disasters contribute to a greater feasibility for human rights violation. This essay holds as challenges to analyze the relation among environment, risks, environmental disasters and human migration caused by ecological risks and disasters.

O presente trabalho desenvolve um estudo acerca das consequências humanitárias frente à degradação do meio ambiente, bem como da atenção dada pela comunidade internacional nos últimos anos a essa problemática. Desse modo, observa-se a interação em particular do impacto dos riscos e desastres ambientais de origem naturais ou tecnológicos, com os movimentos migratórios humanos dentro de países ou internacionalmente, os quais ainda são pouco explorados e estudados. Analisa também a busca por um sistema jurídico de cooperação internacional dos países, na proteção aos direitos humanos dessas populações que se deslocam devido a causas ambientais, garantindo-lhes com isso o acesso aos direitos humanos fundamentais à vida, saúde, moradia, dignidade humana, entre outros. A partir disso e da constatação da existência de problemas ambientais associados à migração humana, examina que os riscos ambientais não são equitativamente distribuídos, o que preconiza o movimento da justiça ambiental. Fatores como a pobreza, associados à vulnerabilidade de populações e comunidades inteiras, estão no centro da distribuição desses riscos. Devido a isso, pode-se constatar que a exposição de pessoas vulneráveis aos riscos e desastres ecológicos contribui para uma maior exposição à violação dos direitos humanos. Esta dissertação tem como desafios analisar a relação entre meio ambiente, riscos, desastres ambientais e migração humana, decorrente dos riscos e desastres ecológicos. / The present work develops a study concerning the humanitarian consequences as far as environmental degradation is concerned, as well as the attention given to it by the international community over the last years. Thus, it observes, particularly, the interaction between the impact of both risks and natural or technological environmental disasters and the human migratory movements within the countries or abroad, which have been little explored and studied so far. It also analyzes the quest for a legal system of international cooperation of the countries aiming at the protection of the human rights of these populations which are forced to flee due to environmental causes, granting themselves access to the basic human rights such as , life, health, housing and human dignity, among others. From that, and considering the existence of environmental problems associated to the human migration, this work examines that environmental risks are not equitably distributed, therefore professing the Environmental Rights Movement. Factors as the poverty associated to the vulnerability of populations and entire communities are in the core of this risk distribution. Owing to that, the exposure of vulnerable people to environmental risks and disasters contribute to a greater feasibility for human rights violation. This essay holds as challenges to analyze the relation among environment, risks, environmental disasters and human migration caused by ecological risks and disasters.

En application de l'article 33 de la loi du 16 septembre 1807 relative au dessèchement des marais, la responsabilité du maintien et du contrôle de la bonne sécurité des digues relève du propriétaire de la digue. Au fil des ans, plusieurs textes sont venus préciser et renforcer les obligations en matière de gestion et d'entretien des digues contribuant au sentiment de sécurité que peuvent conférer ces ouvrages. Toutefois, alors qu’elles sont censées protéger les populations, les digues ont progressivement été qualifiées d’« ouvrages de danger » du fait du risque inhérent à leur rupture, conduisant à l’émergence d’un « risque digue » qui reconnaît juridiquement les limites des travaux de protection et de correction des cours d’eau et des rivages, et même leur contribution involontaire à la production de désastres. Les inondations et submersions marines qui sont survenues au cours des deux dernières décennies ont en effet illustré une importante situation de défaut d’entretien des digues sur l’ensemble du territoire métropolitain dont l’origine a pu être identifiée au travers d’une structure de la propriété des digues complexe, avec de multiples intervenants, l’absence pour de nombreux propriétaires riverains de volonté ou de moyens d’investir les sommes nécessaires pour la protection des digues, dont les enjeux dépassent souvent la protection de leurs biens et, en conséquence, pour pallier les carences des propriétaires de digues, une substitution des collectivités territoriales, sans que fût nécessairement mis en œuvre des moyens financiers suffisamment conséquents, et sans que celles-ci mesurent toujours à quel point elles engageaient leur responsabilité / In accordance with article 33 of the 16 september 1807 act relating to the draining of marshes, owners of dams are legally responsible for maintaining and monitoring the dams’ security. Various laws have clarified and strengthened the management and maintenance duty of dams over time to provide a sense of security. Despite the fact that the dams are built to protect people’s security, they have been considered as “hazardous structures” due to the potential risk of collapse. In addition, the legal concept of ‘dams disaster’ has emerged and been established, recognizing the limits of water proofing works as well as improvement and maintenance works and legally recognizing even unexpected disasters. Flooding and submersions occurred during last two decades demonstrated a significant lack of adequate maintenance for dams throughout the mainland France. The cause of lack of maintenance can be attributed to a complicated structure of ownership, which include many stakeholders and also to the owners’ unwillingness or lack of funding to make investments required for improvement and maintenance works. But, these stakes often go beyond the protection of their property. Furthermore, the responsibility of dam owners has been allocated to local authorities to offset deficiencies, but it was done so without preparing financial measures necessary for maintenance works and fully assessing the level of funds needed

The aim of this research was to understand what elements should be considered in the construction of a pre-disaster recovery plan in order to move society towards sustainability during post-disaster recovery after a natural hazard event. A conceptual framework for Pre-disaster recovery planning (Pre-DRP) based on the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (FSSD) was developed and critiqued by professionals in disaster management, resilience thinking, and sustainability in order to collect qualitative data to make the tool more rigorous and applicable to its intended audience. The revised framework, called the Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development (Pre-DRP FSSD), includes a broad set of principles, planning strategies and guidelines, specifically designed to help communities become more resilient to disasters and move towards sustainability through Pre-DRP. As such, the Pre-DRP FSSD may help emergency planners at various levels of government to implement some of the strategic guidelines set out in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.

The years 2010 and 2011 recorded a number of incidents of natural disasters around the globe. These disasters resulted in death, injuries and loss of family members. Children, a vulnerable group of persons, found themselves caught up in the chaos of the natural disasters. Some children lost family members, others became separated from their families and caregiver(s) as a result of the disaster, and those who were "alone" prior to the natural disasters became completely exposed to serious physical and psychological harm. Yet, every child has the right to a family. States have a duty to protect separated and unaccompanied children. Such protection involves prevention of separation, assessment of the child's situation, registration, documentation, family tracing, verification and reunification, emergency care arrangements, and permanent care arrangements. Based on the premise that every child has a right to grow up in a family environment this dissertation attempts to answer the question: How can separated children and unaccompanied children, in the African context, be protected in the event of natural disasters such that their right to a family is promoted and protected? In so doing, it presents an explanation of the concepts of separated children and unaccompanied children through investigation xii into the practical effects of separation on children. It also presents discussions on the concept "natural disasters" and some of the effects of natural disasters on separated children and unaccompanied children. There is an attempt at defining the concept "family" based on its internal and external constitution and function, and a consideration of the needs which a family should satisfy in a child. Familial rights enjoyed by children are presented and analysed as rights which exist under the canopy of the "right to a family". In line with the Interagency Guiding Principles, the different stages of protection in natural disasters are highlighted and particular attention is given to intercountry adoption and the implications of placing moratoriums on intercountry adoptions at different stages of the intercountry adoption process, following events of natural disasters. The study stresses the need to balance the importance of protecting the child with the need to provide the child with a permanent family. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Private Law / unrestricted

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux effets macroéconomiques des envois de fonds des migrants dans les paysen développement. La première partie de la thèse analyse l’effet causal des envois de fonds surplusieurs indicateurs de bien-Être, tandis que la deuxième partie examine l’effet des envois de fondssur la politique publique des pays receveurs. Plusieurs résultats émergent. Premièrement, les envois defonds des migrants réduisent significativement la part des individus travaillant pour moins de 2 dollarset cet effet apparaît renforcé dans un contexte de faible développement financier, forte instabilitémacroéconomique et forte prévisibilité des envois de fonds (Chapitre 1.). Deuxièmement, les envoisde fonds réduisent l’instabilité de la consommation privée et cet effet est d’autant plus important quele niveau de développement financier est faible et que le niveau des envois de fonds est faible. Parailleurs, les envois de fonds absorbent différents types de chocs (Chapitre 2.). Troisièmement, lesenvois de fonds atténuent significativement les effets des catastrophes naturelles sur l’output agrégé,cependant cet effet stabilisateur diminue avec le niveau d’envois de fonds reçus (Chapitre 3.). Ladeuxième partie de la thèse analyse l’impact des envois de fonds des migrants sur la politiquepublique. Premièrement, il apparaît que la contracyclicité des envois fonds contribue à réduire le rôled’assurance joué par la consommation publique dans les pays ouverts sur l’extérieur (Chapitre 4.).Deuxièmement, les envois de fonds réduisent significativement la part des dépenses publiques socialesdans les pays caractérisés par une mal gouvernance (Chapitre 5.). Troisièmement, les envois de fondscontribuent à accroître à la fois le volume et la stabilité du taux de recettes fiscales dans les pays ayantadopté une taxe sur la valeur ajoutée (Chapitre 6.). / This thesis focused on the consequences of remittance inflows in developing countries. The first partexplored the causal impacts of remittances on some indicators of aggregate welfare while the secondpart examined the effects of remittances on public policy. Several results emerged. First, remittanceinflows help reduce the proportion of individuals selling low wages and this effect is stronger in acontext of low level of financial development, high macroeconomic instability and less unpredictableremittances (Chapter 1). Second, remittances have a robust stabilizing impact on the privateconsumption. However, this effect tends to decrease with the levels of remittance inflows and financialdevelopment. Moreover, remittance-Dependent economies seem to be strongly sheltered against thedamaging effects of various types of shocks affecting consumption (Chapter 2). In Chapter 3, theresults highlighted that remittance inflows dampen the positive effect of natural disasters on the outputgrowth volatility. However, this impact was strongly reduced as the level of remittances increased.The second part of the thesis revealed interesting results regarding the effects of remittance inflows onpublic policy. First, remittance inflows reduce the insurance role played by the governmentconsumption in more open economies and this effect is more likely to hold when remittances exhibit acountercyclical behavior (Chapter 4). In Chapter 5, the results showed that the fiscal retrenchmentinduced by remittance inflows, is particularly marked for the public education and health spending incountries characterized by various types of governance problems. Finally, the thesis showed that theeffects of remittances do not only concern the expenditure side but also the revenue side. Remittancesare more likely to increase the fiscal space in receiving economies that rely on the value added taxsystem. In these countries, remittance inflows help increase both the level and the stability of thegovernment tax revenue ratio (Chapter 6).

La thèse, inscrite en octobre 2009, a été rattrapée par l’actualité, suite aux submersions liées à la tempête Xynthia de février 2010. En raison du changement climatique et de la pression foncière toujours plus forte sur le littoral, la vulnérabilité des activités humaines à la submersion marine ne fera que croître, en fonction de l’élévation du niveau marin. Les outils juridiques doivent donc se renouveler : non seulement ils doivent garantir que cesse l’urbanisation sur les zones vulnérables du littoral, mais ils doivent également accompagner la relocalisation de certains biens ou activités déjà menacés en associant acteurs publics et assureurs. L’anticipation nécessaire aujourd’hui doit permettre de réfléchir de façon participative aux notions de solidarité, d’équité, ainsi qu’à l’acceptabilité des solutions à mettre en œuvre à l’avenir. La thèse porte sur les moyens juridiques et assurantiels qui peuvent être mis en œuvre pour réduire la vulnérabilité des biens et des activités humaines face aux submersions marines, et sur la mise en œuvre de moyens de protection, de prévention, et/ou d’adaptation pour réduire les conséquences humaines et économiques de ce risque. L’observation des outils existants et de leurs limites conduit à rechercher et proposer de nouveaux mécanismes juridiques innovants. Parallèlement à la question du rôle des acteurs publics, étatiques ou locaux, se pose celle de l’assurabilité de ce risque émergent et de l’impact qu’il peut avoir sur les enjeux financiers des assureurs. De fait, le rôle que ces derniers peuvent jouer dans l’élaboration de stratégies de prévention ou de mitigation de ces risques peut s’avérer important / This thesis, registered in October 2009, has been effected by recent revents; the floods that were caused by the storm, Xynthia, in February, 2010. Due to the climate change and to the land pressure still stronger on the coast, the vulnerability of the human activities in the flooding will only increase, according to the rise of the marine level. The legal tools thus have to be renewed: they have not only to guarantee the stop of the urbanization on the vulnerable zones of the coast, but they also have to accompany the relocation of some properties or activities already threatened by associating public actors and insurers. Today, the necessary anticipation has to allow to think in a participative way about the notions of solidarity, equity, and also the acceptability of the solutions to be implemented in the future. This thesis concerns the implementation of legal and insurance means to reduce the vulnerability of the properties and human activities in front of the floodings, and of the means of protection, prevention, and/or adaptation to reduce the human and economic consequences of this risk. The observation of the existing tools and their limits, leads to look for and to propose new innovative legal mechanisms. At the same time, as the question of the role of the public, state or local actors, settles the insurability of this emergent risk and the impact he can have on the financial stakes of the insurers. Actually, the role which the insurers can play in the elaboration of strategies of prevention or mitigation of these risks can become important

Title: Humanitarian Supply Chain: Improvement of lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. A multiple case study on the preparedness stage of humanitarian organizations with their partners. Authors: Ester Lisnati Jayadi, Hugo Richit, Najmus Sadat. Background: 315 natural disasters events were reported, causing 11,804 deaths, affecting 68 million people, and costing US$131.7 billion in economic losses worldwide. This fact emerges the importance of humanitarian organizations (HOs) to act in reducing suffering and improving peoples’ life. However, the greater donations and support to HOs still do not solve this enormous issue at all which forces HOs to pursue greater accountability by improving their effectiveness and efficiency in terms of time and cost in disaster activities, especially in preparedness activities. No single actors like HOs have sufficient resources to solve the disaster problem alone; thus, they need partners to work hand in hand to relieve the suffering. Performance measurement through integration called performance management process is the key to enabling HOs and their partners to achieve the lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Purpose: The purposes of the study are to explore which performance measurements are needed between humanitarian organizations with their partners and to explore how to integrate their relationship to improve lead time effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Then, the suggestions can be made by fulfilling the purposes. Method: A multiple case study by utilizing qualitative data through semi-structured interviews. Findings and Conclusions: RQ 1. What HSC (humanitarian supply chain) performance measurements are needed in the HSC’s preparedness stage in order to achieve the lead time effectiveness and cost efficiency? The performance required measurements in HSC’s preparedness stage to achieve lead-time effectiveness, and cost-efficiency are organizational procedures, learning and evaluation, HO’s mission, feedback, budgeting, fund management, sourcing, human and resource management, IT utilization, infrastructure utilization, human resources utilization, delivery time, knowledge management, information sharing, and employee management. RQ 2. How to integrate the HSC performance management process in the HSC’s preparedness stage to improve the lead time effectiveness and cost efficiency? By implementing a proposed performance management process, aligning vision and mission, trusting each other, utilizing IT technologies, improving the language, and applying standardization in HSC. Keywords: Humanitarian Supply Chain Management. Humanitarian Supply Chain. Preparedness Stage. Natural Disasters. Humanitarian Organizations. Partners. Dyads. Multiple Case Studies. Performance Measurements. Performance Management Process. Supply Chain Process Integration

Maps and models of seismic and tsunami risk are constructed from a variety of measurements taken in Indonesia, which have the potential to reduce loss of life and infrastructure. The first study uses the multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method to calculate the time-averaged shear wave velocity to 30 m depth (Vs30). These measurements were taken at 58 sites in the city of Pacitan, Java and on the islands of Lombok, Ambon, and the Banda Islands. Vs30 calculations are compared with local geologic maps to extrapolate site class for locations not measured directly. Site class maps are then compared with Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) observations for three earthquake events that impacted Lombok and Ambon to identify regions where the MMI and Vs30 do and do not corroborate one another. Consistent with other Vs30 studies, the lowest values are observed on coastal alluvial plains and the highest values on steeper hillsides underlain by volcanic deposits. The second study focuses on a potential sector collapse of the volcano Banda Api within the Banda Islands. A field survey of its summit identified a steeply dipping normal fault striking NNE-SSW. This, along with the fissure geometry of the volcano's most recent eruption, reveals a failure plane along which a future sector collapse could occur. The numerical model Tsunami Squares (TS) predicts that the tsunami produced by this landslide would inundate an estimated 63% of buildings on the Banda Islands with waves as high as 82 m. These findings highlight the importance of installing a GPS receiver array on Banda Api to monitor the motion of its slopes. The third study analyzes sediment from trenches on the Banda Islands and Ambon to test if historical tsunamis that have impacted the area are preserved in the geological record. Potential tsunami deposits were identified by the presence of marine sand and larger clasts of marine carbonate in an environment which otherwise lacks large storms to bring such material onshore. Several dating methods constrain the ages of at least seven candidate tsunami deposits found in trenches onshore. One of these historical tsunamis (the event of November 26, 1852) is described in significant detail from several locations across the Banda Sea, which enables modeling of the event using a Bayesian statistical approach. The posterior of this model predicts the most likely epicenter was SW of Seram with a mean magnitude of Mw 8.8. It also makes other predictions about fault parameters. The region exhibits a marked slip deficit based on instrumental records of earthquakes in the area.