This study was supported by Parks Canada / Les parcs nationaux jouent un rôle central à la fois dans la politique de conservation de la biodiversité et dans l'accès du public à la nature. Donc, la gestion de ces espaces est loin d'être simple. Représentant le premier service de parcs au monde avec l'un des budgets les plus substantiels pour la gestion des parcs à l'échelle mondiale, le système de parcs nationaux du Canada constitue un cas emblématique à explorer. Cette dissertation examine comment Parcs Canada gouverne les parcs nationaux, les raisonnements qui sous-tendent les processus décisionnels, les acteurs impliqués dans le processus de gouvernance, ainsi que les sujets qui sont régis. J'examine les points de vue des représentants de Parcs Canada, des organisations et des municipalités à différentes échelles, au niveau fédéral ainsi que dans deux études de cas spécifiques : le parc national Jasper en Alberta et le parc national de La Mauricie au Québec. À travers une série de stratégies de recherche qualitative déployées entre 2020 et 2023, mon étude adopte une analyse à plusieurs échelles pour explorer comment l'État négocie les tensions qui surgissent entre les différentes dimensions scientifiques, économiques et sociales qui sous-tendent la gouvernance des parcs. En m'appuyant sur 54 entretiens semi-structurés, une analyse d'archives et de documents ainsi que des supports visuels, ma thèse rassemble un cadre conceptuel ancré dans la construction sociale de la nature, la gouvernance de la conservation, le tourisme, la citoyenneté, l'espace public et l'inclusion. J'utilise une analyse de discours pour examiner les fondements des raisonnements qui sous-tendent la manière dont les scientifiques, les décideurs politiques, les planificateurs, les représentants municipaux et les chambres de tourisme comprennent et encadrent la gouvernance des parcs. Cette thèse aborde trois questions de recherche distinctes pour comprendre comment les parcs nationaux sont gouvernés. La première cherche à comprendre comment les différentes conceptualisations scientifiques de la Nature ont façonné la gouvernance des parcs nationaux. L'analyse interroge l'émergence du concept d'intégrité écologique en tant qu'élément central de la gestion scientifique contemporaine et des efforts de restauration d'écosystèmes particuliers. À travers les exemples de la gestion des arbres et des poissons, le chapitre illustre comment les scientifiques et les gestionnaires tentent de restaurer l'intégrité écologique dans des écosystèmes qui ont été historiquement transformés à la fois pour l'extraction capitaliste et l'utilisation récréative. La reproduction de l'idée de la nature sauvage, ou d'une nature vierge non habitée par les humains, sous-tend l'idée d'intégrité. En tant que tel, je soutiens que l'intégrité écologique ne reconnaît pas l'agence des humains dans les écologies passées et dans la restauration en tant que pratique scientifique. Ma deuxième question de recherche examine les motivations économiques qui influent sur la gouvernance des parcs, ainsi que la mesure dans laquelle le Canada a adopté des orientations néolibérales. Mes conclusions indiquent que, malgré les efforts récents pour augmenter les revenus basés sur la visite, Parcs Canada n'a pas pleinement adopté une logique de gouvernance néolibérale. À la place, d'autres rationales se sont développées, privilégiant l'accès gratuit à des groupes sociaux spécifiques, notamment les jeunes, les enfants, les nouveaux citoyens et les résidents permanents, afin de maintenir l'importance politique des parcs parmi les Canadiens. Bien que la pression pour étendre le rôle de l'industrie touristique persiste, je soutiens que Parcs Canada résiste à une plus grande marchandisation et privatisation. La troisième question de recherche examine comment les parcs nationaux sont conceptualisés en tant qu'espaces publics et pour qui ils sont gouvernés. Mon enquête révèle des asymétries de pouvoir dans la production des expériences de plein air, où l'accès est disponible pour certaines personnes tandis qu'il est limité pour d'autres. J'examine différentes dimensions de l'inclusion au sein des politiques des parcs nationaux, ainsi que leur mise en œuvre dans les deux études de cas. Mon argument affirme que la gestion des parcs doit encore pleinement intégrer une compréhension des besoins spatiaux et récréatifs des citoyens et des utilisateurs culturellement diversifiés. Par conséquent, les immigrants et d'autres groupes socioculturels ressentent un sentiment d'exclusion dans ces espaces publics. Les parcs nationaux sont de plus en plus considérés comme un espace clé dans la lutte pour un droit social à la nature. Mes conclusions montrent que les parcs nationaux sont des territoires où les efforts de l'État pour faire face à la perte de biodiversité ainsi que la demande collective croissante d'accès aux espaces verts publics convergent. En tant que tels, deviennent des sites d'expérimentation dirigés par l'État dans les approches envers la nature et la citoyenneté. Cette étude met en lumière les tensions et les complexités inhérentes à la gestion de ces sites, tout en explorant le processus imaginatif de création de relations alternatives entre les humains et la nature. / National parks are central to both the politics of biodiversity conservation and public access to nature. In light of this, managing these spaces is far from simple. Representing the world’s first park service with one of the most substantial budgets for park management at the global scale, Canada's national park system is an iconic case to explore. This dissertation examines how Parks Canada governs national parks, the rationales that underpin decision-making processes, the actors who are involved in the governance process, as well as the subjects who are governed. I examine the perspectives of Parks Canada representatives, organizations and municipalities at different scales, including at the federal level as well as two specific case studies: Jasper National Park in Alberta and La Mauricie National Park in Quebec. Through a range of qualitative research strategies deployed between 2020 and 2023, my study adopts a multi-scaled and multi-site analysis to explore how the state negotiates the tensions that arise between the different scientific, economic, and social imperatives that underpin park governance. Drawing on 54 semi-structured interviews, archival and document analysis as well as visual materials, my dissertation brings together a conceptual framework grounded in the social construction of nature, conservation governance, tourism, citizenship, public space, and inclusion. I use discourse analysis to examine the rationales that underpin the way diverse actors, scientists, policy makers, planners, municipal representatives, and tourism chambers understand and frame how parks are governed. This dissertation addresses three distinct research questions to understand how national parks are governed. The first seeks to understand how different scientific conceptualizations of Nature have shaped the governance of national parks. The analysis interrogates the emergence of the concept of ecological integrity as central to contemporary scientific management and efforts to restore particular ecosystems. Through the examples of tree and fish management, chapter 5 illustrates the ways scientists and managers attempt to restore ecological integrity in ecosystems that have been transformed historically for both capitalist extraction and recreational use. The reproduction of the idea of wilderness, or a pristine nature uninhabited by humans, underpins the idea of integrity. As such, I argue that ecological integrity fails to acknowledge the agency of humans in past ecologies and in restoration as a scientific practice. My second research question examines the degree to which neoliberalism has influenced financial governance of national parks in Canada. My findings indicate that, from their inception, Canadian national parks have been deeply rooted in capitalist structures. However, despite recent efforts to increase revenue based on visitation, Parks Canada has not fully embraced a neoliberal governance logic. Instead, other rationales have evolved which prioritize free access to specific social groups including youth, children, new citizens, and permanent residents as a means for sustaining the political importance of parks among Canadians. While pressure to expand the role of the tourist industry persists, I argue that Parks Canada is resisting further commodification and privatization. The third research question asks how national parks are conceptualized as public spaces and for whom they are governed. My investigation reveals asymmetries of power in the production of Canadian outdoor experiences, where access is available to some people while limited to others. I examine different dimensions of inclusion within national parks policies, as well as their implementation in the two case studies, Jasper and La Mauricie. My argument asserts that the management of parks has yet to fully embrace an understanding of the spatial and recreational needs of culturally diverse citizens and users. Consequently, immigrants and other sociocultural groups experience a sense of exclusion in these public spaces. National parks are increasingly viewed as a key space in the struggle for a social right to nature. My findings show that national parks are territories where state efforts to address both biodiversity loss as well as where an expanding collective demand for access to green public spaces converge. As such, national parks become sites of state-led experimentation in approaches towards nature and citizenship. This study illuminates the tensions and complexities inherent in managing these sites, while also delving into the imaginative process of generating alternative relationships between humans and nature.

Increasing urbanization is pressing and degrading our ecosystems and compromising future generations. This scenario is expected to worsen unless significant action is scaled up. At the same time, the urban areas have the opportunity to be part of the solution, leading to a more resilient and sustainable future. Bringing nature back to cities is a powerful instrument that provides the opportunity to address sustainability challenges and benefit people and the environment. Hence, the aim of this study, framed on the REPLAN project, was to explore the integration of greening practices in the planning process in Upplands Väsby municipality during the last decade. Through a systematic literature mapping, this study investigated the integration of greening concepts in the municipality’s Detailed Development Plans. Furthermore, in-depth analysis and interpretation of the relevant Detailed Development Plans were conducted to explore which green and blue elements and structures were integrated, the drivers and instruments that foster its implementation and the actors involved in their planning process. The results show that the integration of greening concepts in the Detailed Development Plans presents a turning point in 2016, coincident with the introduction of Upplands Väsby’s Development plan for Ecosystem Services, revealing that political support at the municipal level enables the integration of greening concepts. Likewise, ecosystem services was the most integrated greening concept, pointing out a strong focus of the planning practice on ecosystem services. The most planned green and blue elements and structures are yards, courtyards and street trees and plants, whilst parks are generally integrated from the nearby environment. Moreover, the most protected green and blue elements and structures are street trees and plants. Water management, public health and well-being and biodiversity conservation are the main drivers for planning and protecting green and blue elements and structures, being also addressed by both the highest quantity and diversity of green and blue elements and structures. However, climate change mitigation and adaptation is barely the driver for planning green and blue elements and structures. Thus, this calls for the inclusion of a climate perspective in the planning processes. The key actors in planning green and blue elements and structures are the municipality, the developers and consulting companies. Besides, an innovative planning process that includes neighbours and other stakeholders in the early stages and financial incentives for implementing green and blue elements and structures was studied. The findings indicate that regulatory frameworks and binding instruments foster the integration of green and blue elements and structures in the planning practice. The outcomes also suggest that collaborative planning processes and hybrid market-driven approaches may contribute positively to integrating green and blue elements and structures.

There is an urgent need to mitigate carbon emissions to the atmosphere to reduce the negative effects of climate change. Countries have pledged national strategies to reach their climate change mitigation goals in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). In the case of Colombia, the country envisions becoming carbon neutral by 2050.  A pathway to reach this goal is emission reduction through nature-based solutions (NBS). Biochar is an NBS with the potential to be used as a land-based emission mitigation technology. Records indicate that it was first used by indigenous communities in the Amazon about a thousand years ago. Biochar can be obtained through thermochemical conversion by slow pyrolysis of residual biomass. The original organic carbon present in the biomass is sequestered in the biochar as it is pyrolyzed and thus, CO2 emissions are prevented. Biochar is not yet considered in Colombia´s carbon neutrality strategy. The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the potential of biochar production in Colombia as a land-based mitigation technology (LMT). Therefore, a comprehensive assessment is performed with the purpose of identifying the status of biochar in the country. The motivation behind the assessment is to gain an understanding of the variables involved in biochar production. Factors such as the production sectors involved, feedstocks, production technologies, project costs and emission mitigation are of interest. The study explores these factors by following five methodological steps. First, the current research on the technology is mapped to understand biochar’s status at a national level. Second, experts are interviewed to collect their views regarding biochar and a PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal) analysis is employed based on their point of view on the technology. Third, the potential sources of residual biomass which could be used to produce biochar in the agricultural sector are quantified. The approach to biochar’s potential is enriched with a focused in-person case study of biochar production from oil palm residues. Fourth, these residual biomass sources are subsequently employed to estimate the emissions sequestered in their biochar production. Lastly, project feasibility implementation is evaluated through a techno-economic to identify the project’s main cost drivers. The results are then discussed using a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, and Opportunities & Threats) analysis. The existing studies and the local experts’ opinion indicate that biochar potential is in the agricultural sector and that it can be thought of for soil adaptation. Biochar’s emission mitigation is considered an added value. In 2021, the agricultural sector produced near 73 million tonnes of agricultural products. The residues from agriculture could be used for biochar production. If the residues from the most produced agricultural products are transformed into biochar, about 1 to 2,2 tonne of CO2 per tonne of biochar could be avoided. The published literature and the in-person study visit confirmed that the largest advance in biochar production and use in Colombia is in the oil palm sector. Palm kernel shell, fibre and empty fruit bunches are the oil palm residues that could be used to produce biochar. From 1 tonne of these three oil palm residues, about 60 kg of biochar can be obtained. The results show that currently there is no market for trading with biochar in Colombia. High investments, transport and feedstock costs are identified obstacles. An Advanced Technology pyrolizer cost can cost around 330.000 USD while a Basic Technology one can be around 100 USD. Taxes associated with revenue from the biochar trade can negatively impact a biochar project’s feasibility. In this study, a price for biochar is estimated using break-even analysis. Under the assumptions used, the biochar price per tonne is around 200 to 1.000 USD. Price variability is explained in the technologies used for production, feedstock biomass availability and variable revenues from biochar sales. / Koldioxidutsläppen till atmosfären behöver minskas för att undvika de negativa effekterna av klimatförändringar. Olika länder har presenterat på sina nationellt fastställda bidrag (NDC) hur sina mål för begränsning av klimatförändringarna skulle kunna uppnås. I Colombia är planen att uppnå koldioxidneutralitet år 2050. Ett sätt att uppnå detta mål är att minska utsläpp genom naturbaserade lösningar (NBS). Biokol är en NBS som kan användas som landbaserade åtgärder för att minska växthusgasutsläpp eller öka koldioxidupptag. Forskning har bevisat att biokol användes i Amazonas för ungefär tusen år sedan. Biokol framställs genom långsam pyrolys av restprodukter av biomass. Kolet i biomassan binds i biokolet genom pyrolysis, vilket förhindrar koldioxidens utsläppning till atmosfären. Biokol inkluderas ännu inte i Colombias strategi för koldioxidneutralitet. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka biokolets produktionspotential i Colombia son ett landbaserade åtgärder (LMT). En analys gjordes för att identifiera statusen av biokol runt om i landet. Faktorer såsom berörda produktionssektorer, råvaror, produktionstekniker, projektkostnader och koldioxidutsläppen var av intresse. Studien undersöker faktorerna ovan genom att tillämpa en femstegsmetod. Först identifierades den aktuella forskningen om biokol i Colombia. Sedan intervjuades experter för att samla in deras åsikter om biokol och en PESTEL analys (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal) användes. Nästa steg i metoden var att kvantifiera potentialen av restprodukter inom jordbrukssektorn. Detta steg kompletterades med en fallstudie som fokuserade på biokolproduktion från rester från oljepalmer och sedan beräknades utsläppen som binds i biokol. Till sist utvärderades projektets genomförbarhet genom en teknoekonomisk analys som identifierade viktigaste drivkrafterna bakom kostnaderna. Resultaten diskuterades med hjälp av en SWOT analys (Strength, Weaknesses, and Opportunities & Threats). Experter och forskningsresultat om biokol i Colombia anger att det finns stor potential nom jordbrukssektor där biokol skulle kunna användas för jordförbättring, medan utsläppsminskningar endast anses vara en ytterligare fördel. År 2021 Colombias jordbrukssektor producerade nästan 73 millioner tonne av jordbruksprodukter och restprodukter från jordbruket kan användas för produktion av biokol. För varje ton biokol som produceras undviks ungefär 1 till 2,2 tonne koldioxid. Litteraturen och studiebesöket bekräftade att största framsteget inom produktion och användning av biokol i Colombia händer inom oljepalmssektorn. Palmkärnor, fibrer och tomma fruktknippar är restprodukterna som kan användas för att producera biokol. En ton av dessa tre typer av oljepalmsrester ger cirka 60 kg biokol. Resultaten visar att det inte finns en marknad för biokol i Colombia. Höga investeringskostnader, transport-och råvarukostnader är främsta hindarna som identifierades. En pyrolysanläggning med avancerad teknik kostar cirka 330 000 US-dollar, medan en pyrolysanläggning med grundläggande teknik kostar cirka 100 US -dollar. Skatter på inkomster från biokolsförsäljning kan ha en negativ effekt på genomförbarhet. Studien uppskattas ett pris för biokol med hjälp av en break-even-analys och visar att cirka 200 till 1.000 USD per tonne biokol vore ett möjligt prisintervall. Prisvariationerna förklaras av tekniken som används för produktion, tillgång på biomassa som råvara och varierande intäkter från biokolförsäljning.

Behovet av klimatanpassning i kustområden är stort, och fortsätter öka världen över. Naturbaserade lösningar (NBS) är flexibla och multifunktionella åtgärder som samverkar med naturliga processer, vilket gör dem anpassningsbara till förändrade förhållanden, till skillnad från hårda kustskydd. Genom denna studies kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra skånska kustkommuner har förutsättningar för NBS att främja klimatanpassning visats vara på god väg. Kustkommunerna ser NBS som ett självklart förstahandsval inom kustskydd. NBS har fått större genomslag i och med ökat samarbete på lokal, regional, nationell och internationell nivå genom nätverk och projekt, vilket har möjliggjort stort utbyte av praktiska lärdomar och kunskap om NBS, naturliga processer och klimatförändringars effekt i kustområden. Samverkan är en viktig del i klimatanpassningsarbetet där samlad expertis bidrar till gemensam förståelse för NBS funktion och mervärden. Idag finns konsensus om ett naturbaserat arbetssätt, där tjänstepersoners och eldsjälars kunskap, intresse och engagemang spelar en avgörande roll för det kommunala arbetet med NBS. Deltagande i NBS-projekt ger mer praktisk erfarenhet och synliggör åtgärdernas positiva effekter, vilket i sin tur kan skapa lokala politiska incitament för att integrera och använda NBS ytterligare i klimatanpassningsarbetet. Dock påträffas flertalet svårigheter, i huvudsak gällande förlegad lagstiftning som inte är kompatibel med NBS flexibilitet, tidskrävande och komplicerade tillståndsprocesser samt frånvaron av uttalat tillvägagångssätt gällande gränsöverskridande åtgärder för hur kommuner, myndigheter samt enskilda fastighetsägare ska samarbeta och dela på ansvaret. För att kunna normalisera och skala upp implementering behöver NBS bli inkluderade som standardalternativ vid beslut om olika kustskyddsåtgärder. Svenska kustkommuner kommer behöva ta ställning och diskutera acceptansen för klimatförändringars olika grad av påverkan i kustområden, där obekväma beslut och övervägandet av andra strategier såsom förändrad markanvändning och planerad reträtt väntas bli mer påträngande. Studiens resultat kan förhoppningsvis uppmuntra naturbaserade insatser inom svenskt klimatanpassningsarbete ytterligare, för att säkerhetsställa levande kustområden där natur och samhällen kan bevaras och klimatsäkras för dagens och framtida klimatförändringar. / The need for climate adaptation in coastal areas is great, and continues to increase worldwide. Nature-based solutions (NBS) are flexible and multifunctional measures that interact with natural processes, which makes them adaptable to changing conditions, as opposed to hard coastal protection. Through this study's qualitative interviews with four southern Swedish coastal municipalities, the conditions for NBS to promote climate adaptation have been shown to be on the right track. The coastal municipalities see NBS as an obvious first choice in coastal protection. NBS have had a greater breakthrough by increased cooperation at local, regional, national and international level through networks and projects, which has enabled a great exchange of practical lessons and knowledge about NBS, natural processes and the effect of climate change in coastal areas. Collaboration is an important part of the climate adaptation work, where collective expertise contributes to a common understanding of NBS' function and co-benefits. Today, there is consensus on a nature-based approach, where the knowledge, interest and commitment of officials and champions play a crucial role in the municipal work with NBS. Participation in NBS projects provides more practical experience and highlights the positive effects of the measures, which in turn can create local political incentives to further integrate and implement NBS in climate adaptation work. However, many difficulties are encountered, mainly regarding outdated legislation that is not compatible with NBS flexibility, time-consuming and complicated permit processes, and the absence of a stated approach regarding cross-border measures for how municipalities, authorities and individual property owners should cooperate and share responsibility. To be able to normalize and scale up implementation, NBS needs to be included as a standard alternative when deciding on various coastal protection measures. Swedish coastal municipalities will need to take a stand and discuss acceptance of climate change's different level of impact in coastal areas, where uncomfortable decisions and the consideration of other strategies such as changed land-use and planned retreat are expected to become more intrusive. The results of the study can hopefully encourage nature-based initiatives in Swedish climate adaptation work further, to ensure living coastal areas where nature and communities can be preserved and climate-secured for current and future climate change.

Northern Canadian peatlands contain vast deposits of carbon. It is with growing urgency that we seek a better understanding of their assimilative capacity. Assimilative capacity and peat accumulation in raised bogs are linked to primary productivity of resident Sphagnum species. Understanding moisture-mediated photosynthesis of Sphagnum spp. is central to understanding peat production rates. The relationship between depth to water table fluctuation and spectral reflectance of Sphagnum moss was investigated using multispectral imaging at a recovering raised bog on the southwest coast of British Columbia, Canada. Burns Bog is a temperate oceanic ombrotrophic bog. Three ecohydrological indicator species of moss were chosen for monitoring: S. capillifolium, S. papillosum, and S. cuspidatum. Three spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) were used to characterize Sphagnum productivity: the normalized difference vegetation index 660, the chlorophyll index, and the photochemical reflectance index. In terms of spectral sensitivity and the appropriateness of SVIs to species and field setting, we found better performance for the normalized difference vegetation index 660 in the discrimination of moisture mediated species-specific reflectance signals. The role that spatiotemporal scale and spectral mixing can have on reflectance signal fidelity was tested. We were specifically interested in the relationship between changes in the local water table and Sphagnum reflectance response, and whether shifting between close spatial scales can affect the statistical strength of this relationship. We found a loss of statistical significance when shifting from the species-specific cm2 scale to the spectrally mixed dm2 scale. This spatiospectral uncoupling of the moisture mediated reflectance signal has implications for the accuracy and reliability of upscaling from plot based measurements. In terms of species-specific moisture mediated reflectance signals, we were able to effectively discriminate between the three indicator species of Sphagnum along the hummock-to-hollow gradient. We were also able to confirm Sphagnum productivity and growth outside of the vascular growing season, establishing clear patterns of reflectance correlated with changes in the local moisture regime. The strongest relationships for moisture mediated Sphagnum productivity were found in the hummock forming species S. capillifolium. Each indicator Sphagnum spp. of peat has distinct functional traits adapted to its preferred position along the ecohydrological gradient. We also discovered moisture mediated and species-specific reflectance phenologies. These phenospectral characteristics of Sphagnum can inform future monitoring work, including the creation of a regionally specific phenospectral library. It’s recommended that further close scale multispectral monitoring be carried out incorporating more species of moss, as well as invasive and upland species of concern. Pervasive vascular reflectance bias in remote sensing products has implications for the reliability of peatland modelling. Avoiding vascular bias, targeted spectral monitoring of Sphagnum indicator species provides a more reliable measure for the modelling of peatland productivity and carbon assimilation estimates. / Graduate