In this thesis I describe the transformation process of Tepito, the "brave neighbourhood" in Mexico City, from 1960 to the present day. In this microhistory, I intend to explore how the great socio-economic changes, that have occurred in Mexico in the last 60 years, have been reflected locally. I especially focus on the incorporation of the traditional Mexican society into the modern and globalized world; The process of corporatization of the popular sector into the politics of the single party; The transition from the stabilizing development economic model (characterized by the Import substitution industrialization) to neoliberalism; The gradual rupture of the social fabric hastened by the urban planning in the 60s and 70s, the 1985 earthquake and the proliferation of drug trafficking and armed violence; And the beginning of the digital era. I also try to explore the validity of the Culture of Poverty theory which was formulated by the anthropologist Oscar Lewis during his field research in Tepito in the late 50's of the last century and I describe which of the aspects of the theory have changed.

The aim of this study is to examine how different actors of the society speak about and portrays the Råslätt neighborhood.Further we study how using different terms to describe the area can come to affect the area and its residents. This study is done by using a qualitative method in the form of document analysis based on official documents from three different actors of the society and we also conducted three interviews with representatives from each actor. Different themes are examined that have been identified using a discourse analysis. Through the themes three different discourses were created and identified which are being used by the actors in describing Råslätt. The discourses are then compared with each other. The result shows that there are similarities and differences between the discourses in how Råslätt is described. The result shows that the terms used in the different discourses create different versions of the Råslätt neighborhood. The result also shows that, within the discourses the actors of society consciously relate to their use of languageand that the decision of using or not using a particular term has been made with insight to the risk of stigmatization that might emerge. In conclusion the result shows that the language used by the actors of society affect how they justify their own work.

Dans la plupart des sociétés développées, en France aussi, on assiste aujourd’hui à une augmentation des disparités sociales et économiques entre les territoires, à l’apparition et à la persistance de quartiers « en difficulté », concentrant les populations les plus fragiles. La « ségrégation spatiale » apparait comme une norme d’organisation urbaine et le territoire comme un enjeu de cohésion sociale. De nombreuses études issues de l’économie et de la sociologie ont cherché à expliquer les écarts de situations observés, notamment sur le marché du travail, entre ces populations. Trois mécanismes principaux expliquent l’impact du lieu d’habitation sur la réussite sur le marché du travail des individus : le spatial mismatch, l’environnement social et la discrimination en raison du lieu de résidence. Dans cette thèse de doctorat nous nous intéressons à ce dernier mécanisme à travers lequel le lieu de résidence affecte les performances sur le marché du travail des individus. Au travers de trois études couvrant trois chapitres, nous mettrons en évidence trois éléments importants dans l’analyse de la discrimination liée au lieu de résidence : le sentiment de discrimination, la discrimination salariale et la discrimination à l’embauche. Ceux-ci sont illustrés par des méthodologies différentes : une analyse de données d’enquêtes subjectives, une analyse de données d’enquêtes objectives et enfin une analyse de données expérimentales. Les résultats principaux sont les suivants. Nous avons montré qu’il y a des effets spécifiques du lieu de résidence sur le ressenti de discriminations des jeunes. Nous avons montré que le lieu de résidence a une influence directe sur la probabilité de trouver un emploi à la sortie des études ainsi que sur le salaire associé à cet emploi. A l’aide d’une décomposition des écarts salariaux nous avons montré qu’il existe une probable discrimination relative au lieu de résidence qui affecte notamment les jeunes femmes. Nous avons trouvé un effet déterminant du département de résidence sur les chances d’accès à l’embauche des individus. Le même effet existe aussi, de manière plus faible, au niveau de la réputation du quartier de résidence des candidats. Une analyse de l’ordre des réponses faites aux candidats a confirmé ces résultats et a même révélé une discrimination encore plus forte. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons des recommandations de politiques publiques liées aux différents aspects de la discrimination liée au lieu de résidence. / In most of the developed societies, in France too, we are now witnessing an increase of the social and economic disparities between regions, an occurrence and persistence of neighborhoods "in difficulty", concentrating the most vulnerable populations. "Spatial segregation" appears as a norm of urban organization and territory as an issue of social cohesion. Many economic and sociological studies have sought to explain the differentials observed between these populations, particularly in the labor market. Three main mechanisms explain the impact of the place of residence on the individuals' labor market achievement: the spatial mismatch, the social environment and the discrimination based on place of residence. In this doctoral dissertation we focus on this last mechanism through which the place of residence affects the individuals' labor market achievement. Across three studies covering three chapters, we highlight three important elements in the analysis of discrimination related to place of residence: the feeling of discrimination, wage discrimination and employment discrimination. These are illustrated by different methods: an analysis of subjective survey data, an analysis of objective survey data and, finally, an analysis of experimental data. The main results are as follows. We have shown that there are specific effects of place of residence on the feeling of discrimination among young people. We have shown that the place of residence has a direct influence on the probability of finding a job after the school as well as on the salary associated with the job. Using a decomposition of wage differentials we have shown that there is a potential discrimination related to the place of residence that affects especially young women. We found a major impact of the residential county on the individuals’ chances of access to hiring. The same effect also exists, more weakly, at the level of the neighborhood reputation. An analysis of the order of answers to job candidates confirmed these results and revealed an even stronger discrimination. On the basis of these results, we propose policy recommendations related to different aspects of discrimination based on place of residence.

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo justifica-se, inicialmente, pela elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na infância em nosso país e por suas consequências a curto e longo prazo. Porto Alegre possui 34 escolas infantis com cerca de 4.000 crianças, que permanecem na instituição em turno integral. A grande maioria dessas escolas situa-se em locais de grande vulnerabilidade social e praticamente a totalidade das crianças reside próximo às escolas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a prevalência de excesso de peso em pré-escolares de escolas públicas e condições socioeconômicas da região de localização das escolas. MÉTODOS: As medidas de peso e altura foram provenientes de avaliação antropométrica realizada em todas as crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas de educação infantil de Porto Alegre em 2011. O excesso de peso foi definido como índice de massa corporal para idade > 1 escore z das curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO, 2006). Os dados socioeconômicos da região de moradia (alfabetização e renda mensal) foram coletados do Censo IBGE 2010, definidos a partir do setor censitário onde se localiza a escola e todos os setores que o circundam. Análise multinível foi utilizada para verificar as associações entre o desfecho e as variáveis de exposição. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 3.756 crianças, com média de idade de 51,6 meses (dp = 16,4). A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,5%. Em nível individual, maior idade esteve associada a um efeito protetor, uma vez que a cada incremento de 12 meses de vida, as chances de IMC-para-idade acima do adequado foram 7% menores (RC ajustada = 0,93; IC 95% 0,89-0,98). Em relação à região de moradia, o incremento de ¼ de salário mínimo na renda per capita média da região esteve associado a um aumento de 7% nas chances de excesso de peso (RC ajustada = 1,07; IC 95% 1,03-1,11). CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo apresenta elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na população de crianças atendidas em escolas municipais de educação infantil, particularmente naquelas mais jovens e com maior renda. Assim, percebe-se a necessidade de planejamento de políticas públicas de educação alimentar infantil e familiar, promoção de aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável considerando aspectos socioeconômicos do território. / INTRODUCTION: This study is justified due to the high prevalence of overweight in children in our country and its consequences in short and long term. Porto Alegre has 34 elementary schools with about 4,000 children, who remain in the institution fulltime. The vast majority of these schools are located in neighborhood of high social vulnerability and almost all children live near the school. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between socioeconomic conditions of the region of location of schools and the prevalence of overweight among preschool children in public schools. METHODS: Measurements of weight and height are from anthropometric measurements performed in all children enrolled in public child care centers in Porto Alegre in 2011. Overweight was defined as body mass index for age > 1 z score of the growth curves of the World Health Organization. The socioeconomic data of the region of residence (literacy and monthly income) were collected from the IBGE Census 2010, defined as the census tract where the school is located and the all the census tracts that surround it. Multilevel analysis was used to determine associations between the outcome and exposure variables. RESULTS: There were evaluated 3,756 children with an average age 31,6 months (SD 16.4). The prevalence of overweight was 35.5%. At the individual level, higher age was associated with a protective effect, once for each 12 months, 7% lower were the chances of being above appropriate BMI-for-age (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98). With regard to region of residence, the increment of 1/4 of minimum wage in average per capita income in the region was associated with a 7% increase in the odds of overweight (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 -1.11). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of overweight in children enrolled in public schools in early childhood education, particularly those younger and with higher income. These results show the necessity of planning specific actions as public education policies for infant and family feeding, promotion of breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding.

A fim de auxiliar usuários durante o consumo de produtos, sistemas Web passaram a incorporar módulos de recomendação de itens. As abordagens mais populares são a baseada em conteúdo, que recomenda itens a partir de características que são do seu interesse, e a filtragem colaborativa, que recomenda itens bem avaliados por usuários com perfis semelhantes ao do usuário alvo, ou que são semelhantes aos que foram bem avaliados pelo usuário alvo. Enquanto que a primeira abordagem apresenta limitações como a sobre-especialização e a análise limitada de conteúdo, a segunda enfrenta problemas como o novo usuário e/ou novo item, também conhecido como partida fria. Apesar da variedade de técnicas disponíveis, um problema comum existente na maioria das abordagens é a falta de informações semânticas para representar os itens do acervo. Trabalhos recentes na área de Sistemas de Recomendação têm estudado a possibilidade de usar bases de conhecimento da Web como fonte de informações semânticas. Contudo, ainda é necessário investigar como usufruir de tais informações e integrá-las de modo eficiente em sistemas de recomendação. Dessa maneira, este trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar como informações semânticas provenientes de bases de conhecimento podem beneficiar sistemas de recomendação por meio da descrição semântica de itens, e como o cálculo da similaridade semântica pode amenizar o desafio enfrentado no cenário de partida fria. Como resultado, obtém-se uma técnica que pode gerar recomendações adequadas ao perfil dos usuários, incluindo itens novos do acervo que sejam relevantes. Pode-se observar uma melhora de até 10% no RMSE, no cenário de partida fria, quando se compara o sistema proposto com o sistema cuja predição de notas é baseada na correlação de notas. / In order to support users during the consumption of products,Web systems have incorporated recommendation techniques. The most popular approaches are content-based, which recommends items based on interesting features to the user, and collaborative filtering, which recommends items that were well evaluated by users with similar preferences to the target user, or that have similar features to items which were positively evaluated. While the first approach has limitations such as overspecialization and limited content analysis, the second technique has problems such as the new user and the new item, limitation also known as cold start. In spite of the variety of techniques available, a common problem is the lack of semantic information to represent items features. Recent works in the field of recommender systems have been studying the possibility to use knowledge databases from the Web as a source of semantic information. However, it is still necessary to investigate how to use and integrate such semantic information in recommender systems. In this way, this work has the proposal to investigate how semantic information gathered from knowledge databases can help recommender systems by semantically describing items, and how semantic similarity can overcome the challenge confronted in the cold-start scenario. As a result, we obtained a technique that can produce recommendations suited to users profiles, including relevant new items available in the database. It can be observed an improvement of up to 10% in the RMSE in the cold start scenario when comparing the proposed system with the system whose rating prediction is based on the correlation of rates.

La sélection d’un modèle approprié est l’une des tâches essentielles de l’apprentissage statistique. En général, pour une tâche d’apprentissage donnée, on considère plusieurs classes de modèles ordonnées selon un certain ordre de « complexité». Dans ce cadre, le processus de sélection de modèle revient `a trouver la « complexité » optimale, permettant d’estimer un modèle assurant une bonne généralisation. Ce problème de sélection de modèle se résume à l’estimation d’un ou plusieurs hyper-paramètres définissant la complexité du modèle, par opposition aux paramètres qui permettent de spécifier le modèle dans la classe de complexité choisie. L’approche habituelle pour déterminer ces hyper-paramètres consiste à utiliser une « grille ». On se donne un ensemble de valeurs possibles et on estime, pour chacune de ces valeurs, l’erreur de généralisation du meilleur modèle. On s’intéresse, dans cette thèse, à une approche alternative consistant à calculer l’ensemble des solutions possibles pour toutes les valeurs des hyper-paramètres. C’est ce qu’on appelle le chemin de régularisation. Il se trouve que pour les problèmes d’apprentissage qui nous intéressent, des programmes quadratiques paramétriques, on montre que le chemin de régularisation associé à certains hyper-paramètres est linéaire par morceaux et que son calcul a une complexité numérique de l’ordre d’un multiple entier de la complexité de calcul d’un modèle avec un seul jeu hyper-paramètres. La thèse est organisée en trois parties. La première donne le cadre général des problèmes d’apprentissage de type SVM (Séparateurs à Vaste Marge ou Support Vector Machines) ainsi que les outils théoriques et algorithmiques permettant d’appréhender ce problème. La deuxième partie traite du problème d’apprentissage supervisé pour la classification et l’ordonnancement dans le cadre des SVM. On montre que le chemin de régularisation de ces problèmes est linéaire par morceaux. Ce résultat nous permet de développer des algorithmes originaux de discrimination et d’ordonnancement. La troisième partie aborde successivement les problèmes d’apprentissage semi supervisé et non supervisé. Pour l’apprentissage semi supervisé, nous introduisons un critère de parcimonie et proposons l’algorithme de chemin de régularisation associé. En ce qui concerne l’apprentissage non supervisé nous utilisons une approche de type « réduction de dimension ». Contrairement aux méthodes à base de graphes de similarité qui utilisent un nombre fixe de voisins, nous introduisons une nouvelle méthode permettant un choix adaptatif et approprié du nombre de voisins. / The selection of a proper model is an essential task in statistical learning. In general, for a given learning task, a set of parameters has to be chosen, each parameter corresponds to a different degree of “complexity”. In this situation, the model selection procedure becomes a search for the optimal “complexity”, allowing us to estimate a model that assures a good generalization. This model selection problem can be summarized as the calculation of one or more hyperparameters defining the model complexity in contrast to the parameters that allow to specify a model in the chosen complexity class. The usual approach to determine these parameters is to use a “grid search”. Given a set of possible values, the generalization error for the best model is estimated for each of these values. This thesis is focused in an alternative approach consisting in calculating the complete set of possible solution for all hyperparameter values. This is what is called the regularization path. It can be shown that for the problems we are interested in, parametric quadratic programming (PQP), the corresponding regularization path is piece wise linear. Moreover, its calculation is no more complex than calculating a single PQP solution. This thesis is organized in three chapters, the first one introduces the general setting of a learning problem under the Support Vector Machines’ (SVM) framework together with the theory and algorithms that allow us to find a solution. The second part deals with supervised learning problems for classification and ranking using the SVM framework. It is shown that the regularization path of these problems is piecewise linear and alternative proofs to the one of Rosset [Ross 07b] are given via the subdifferential. These results lead to the corresponding algorithms to solve the mentioned supervised problems. The third part deals with semi-supervised learning problems followed by unsupervised learning problems. For the semi-supervised learning a sparsity constraint is introduced along with the corresponding regularization path algorithm. Graph-based dimensionality reduction methods are used for unsupervised learning problems. Our main contribution is a novel algorithm that allows to choose the number of nearest neighbors in an adaptive and appropriate way contrary to classical approaches based on a fix number of neighbors.

Since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Moldovan government has become both fragile and unpredictable. With a high susceptibility to external pressures, the country has fallen into a limbo between democracy and autocracy and is today classified as a hybrid regime. Since Moldovas entry to the EU's Neighborhood Policy and the Eastern Partnership in 2008, the country's sensitivity to social and political change has become evident. The EU has acted as a normative power in the country in several ways by pursuing a neighborhood policy that seeks to consolidate European norms. This study aims to explain how the EU can be seen as a normative power in Moldova through the theoretical framework of Normative Power Europe (NPE). The thesis also aims to descripture how the EU uses the five basic principles of NPE regarding peace, freedom, democracy, human rights and the rule of law as normative guidelines for influencing the country's political direction. A conclusion can be drawn that the EU appears to be using the neighborhood policy tools to consolidate European norms through sanctions, association agreements and treaties, thus keeping Moldova's political development in an iron fist.

Verglichen mit der Entwicklung in Westeuropa und Nordamerika ist die Gentrification in Ostdeutschland ein junges Phänomen. Anfang der 1990er Jahre setzte in vielen ostdeutschen Altbauquartieren eine schnelle bauliche Aufwertung und ein umfangreicher Bevölkerungsaustausch ein. Doch verliefen die Aufwertungsprozesse insgesamt deutlich langsamer und ‚sanfter‘ als anfangs erwartet. Die Aufwertungsprozesse wurden zudem nur in größeren Städten Ostdeutschlands beobachtet und in diesen Städten wiederum nur in einigen wenigen, zum Teil sehr kleinen Quartieren. Die Dresdner Äußere Neustadt zählt zu den ostdeutschen Altbauquartieren, die als ‚Inseln des Aufstiegs‘ bezeichnet werden können. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den seit 1989 in der Äußeren Neustadt verlaufenden Quartierswandel zu untersuchen und herauszufinden, ob dieser Wandel als Gentrification bezeichnet werden kann und ob die Begriffe und Konzepte der Gentrificationforschung auf die Äußere Neustadt anwendbar sind. Die als Einzelfallstudie angelegte Untersuchung basiert auf einem breiten Methodenspektrum, zu dem u.a. eine mündlliche Bewohnerbefragung, Gebäude- und Nutzungskartierungen sowie eine Inhaltsanalyse lokaler Printmedien zählen. Zentrales Ergebnis der Arbeit ist, dass sich seit 1990 ein Gentrificationprozess vollzogen hat, der als sanfte Gentrification eines ehemaligen kleinbürgerlichen Mischgebietes zum Szeneviertel des ‚bohemian chic‘ bezeichnet wird. Die spezifische Ausprägung der Gentrification in der Äußeren Neustadt, d.h. deren Dynamik und Typik, wurde anhand der vier Dimensionen des Wandels (bauliche, soziale, kommerzielle, symbolische Gentrification), dem Entwicklungsverlauf der Gentrification und eines Vergleichs mit der Entwicklung anderer ostdeutscher Aufwertungsquartiere vorgenommen. Die bauliche Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt ist weit fortgeschritten und entspricht dem Wandel vom baulich verfallenen zum fast vollständig sanierten Gründerzeitquartier. Träger der baulichen Aufwertung waren ‚landlord developer‘, die an einer renditeorientierten Bewirtschaftung interessiert sind. Die soziale Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt ist ein von Pionieren vorbereiteter Wandel vom Quartier mit geringem sozioökonomischen und soziokulturellen Status zu einem Viertel mit mittlerem sozioökonomischen und hohem soziokulturellen Status. Die an der sozialen Gentrification Beteiligten wurden in die sechs Akteursgruppen Pioniere, Nachzügler, A-Gentrifier, B-Gentrifier, Aufsteiger und Andere unterschieden, wobei die Nachzügler und die B-Gentrifier neue, bislang nicht unterschiede Akteure darstellen. Die kommerziellen Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt vollzog sich als Wandel von einem Quartier des traditionellen Kleingewerbes zu einem Standort privater Kleinbetriebe des ‚bohemian chic‘. Die symbolische Gentrification ist durch einen Imagewandel vom ‚verrufenen Viertel‘ zum ‚bunten Kneipen- und Szeneviertel‘ geprägt. Der Verlauf der Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt wurde anhand eines induktiv abgeleiteten Entwicklungsmodells generalisiert. Fasst man dieses Modell, welches aus sechs Phasen besteht, auf einem höheren Abstraktionsniveau zusammen, lassen sich vier Hauptphasen der Gentrification unterscheiden, die auch für die Aufwertung anderer ostdeutscher Quartiere charakteristisch sind: eine frühe Pionierphase, eine Pionierphase mit prognostizierter Gentrification, eine Phase der gespaltenen Gentrification und eine Phase der sanften Gentrification. Im zeitlichen Verlauf der Gentrification wurde eine Vielzahl von Einflussfaktoren in unterschiedlicher Intensität und zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten wirksam, u.a. finanzielle Förderungen, Gewinnerwartungen, symbolische Bewertungen, Selbstverstärkungseffekte, Wohnungsmarktentwicklungen, sozialstrukturelle und soziodemographische Faktoren. Der Verlauf der Entwicklung ist teilweise auf den Einfluss politischer Entscheidungen und rechtlicher Rahmensetzungen (z.B. Restitution, Mietenüberleitung, Sanierungsgebietsstatus) zurückzuführen. Es handelt sich dabei nicht um eine Steuerung des Prozesses, sondern eher um Weichenstellungen und Interventionen. Die Gentrification gilt als multikausaler Prozess, der sich nicht auf eine Erklärungsebene reduzieren lässt, sondern aus dem Zusammenspiel mehrerer Faktoren zu erklären ist.:EINLEITUNG Zielstellung der Arbeit Aufbau der Arbeit 1 ZUM STAND DER GENTRIFICATIONFORSCHUNG 1.1 Definition und Abgrenzung der Gentrification 1.2 Eine ‚kleine Geschichte‘ der Gentrification und deren Erforschung 1.2.1 Die erste Gentrificationwelle und der Beginn der Gentrificationforschung 1.2.2 Die zweite Gentrificationwelle und der Boom der Gentrificationforschung 1.2.3 Die dritte Gentrificationwelle und die Wiederbelebung der Gentrificationforschung 1.3 Gentrification in Ostdeutschland 1.3.1 Die Entwicklung der ostdeutschen Altbauquartiere bis 1989 1.3.2 Aufwertungsvorbereitung und prognostizierte Gentrification 1.3.3 Sanierungsphase und Quartiere mit gespaltener Gentrification 1.3.4 Mietermarkt und Quartiere mit sanfter Gentrification 2 KONZEPT UND METHODIK DER UNTERSUCHUNG 2.1 Untersuchungskonzept 2.1.1 Dimensionen der Gentrification 2.1.2 Erklärungen und Entwicklungsphasen der Gentrification 2.2 Messung der Gentrification in der Äußeren Neustadt 2.2.1 Untersuchungsgebiet Äußere Neustadt 2.2.2 Erhebung und Analyse der baulichen Gentrification 2.2.3 Erhebung und Analyse der sozialen Gentrification 2.2.4 Erhebung und Analyse der kommerziellen Gentrification 2.2.5 Erhebung und Analyse der symbolischen Gentrification 2.2.6 Rekonstruktion der zeitlichen Entwicklung 3 DIMENSIONEN DER GENTRIFICATION IN DER ÄUßEREN NEUSTADT 3.1 Vorgeschichte der Gentrification 3.1.1 Von der Vorstadtsiedlung zum Gründerzeitquartier 3.1.2 Die ‚real existierende Neustadt‘ der DDR-Zeit 3.2 Bauliche Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt 3.2.1 Installierung des Sanierungsgebietes Äußere Neustadt 3.2.2 Wandel der Eigentumsstrukturen 3.2.3 Erneuerung des Gebäude- und Wohnungsbestandes und Wohnumfeldgestaltung 3.2.4 Wohnungsmarktsegmente und Mietpreisentwicklung 3.2.5 Zusammenfassung der baulichen Gentrification 3.3 Soziale Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt 3.3.1 Einwohnerentwicklung und Wohnmobilität 3.3.2 Alters- und Haushaltsstruktur 3.3.3 Bildung und berufliche Tätigkeit 3.3.4 Einkommenssituation 3.3.5 Gentrificationproteste und Verdrängung der Bewohner 3.3.6 Erlebnismilieus in der Äußeren Neustadt 3.3.7 Die Akteure der Gentrification 3.3.8 Zusammenfassung der soziale Gentrification 3.4 Kommerzielle Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt 3.4.1 Deindustrialisierung 3.4.2 Der Neustadt neue Kleider – Wandel der Bekleidungsbranche 3.4.3 Dresdens längster Tresen – Wandel der Gastronomiebranche 3.4.4 ‚Kulturindustrie‘ 3.4.5 Soziokulturelle Einrichtungen und ‚kreative Dienste‘ 3.4.6 Zusammenfassung der kommerziellen Gentrification 3.5 Symbolische Gentrification der Äußeren Neustadt 3.5.1 Der Entstehungsmythos der Äußeren Neustadt 3.5.2 Geschichten über die Äußere Neustadt 3.5.3 Zusammenfassung der symbolischen Gentrification 3.6 Die Geschichte der Gentrification in der Äußeren Neustadt 3.6.1 Pionierkulturen in der ‚real existierenden Neustadt‘ 3.6.2 Bunte Republik Neustadt 3.6.3 Postsozialistische Transformation und Verdrängungsangst im Goldstaubviertel 3.6.4 Sanierungsflucht und Widerstand 3.6.5 Sanierungsboom im Kneipenviertel 3.6.6 ‚bohemian chic‘ im Szeneviertel 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG – GENTRIFICATION IN DER ÄUßEREN NEUSTADT 4.1 Dimensionen und Phasenverlauf der Gentrification in der Äußeren Neustadt 4.2 Gentrification in Ostdeutschland und der Fall Äußere Neustadt 4.3 Die Zukunft des Falls Äußere Neustadt 4.4 Die Zukunft der Gentrificationforschung LITERATUR VERZEICHNISSE ANHANG

The master thesis deals with the study of the relation between man and his surroundings. The thesis solves the issue of the place identity and the process of identification with the example of the Prague housing estate Solidarita. It analyses the surroundings from the perspective of a concept of identity which has a multidimensional character. For this reason, the case study approach has been chosen to allow a comprehensive study of space from a variety of perspectives. It deals with the history of the housing estate, its residents, social connections and the perception of space. Because of the presence of green vegetation and public facilities, the Solidarita housing estate is presented as a place which provides a high-quality space and supports the production of social interactions. Surrounding of Solidarita housing estate respects human scale and provides stronger social interactions. The thesis also accents the importance of sociological and anthropological research of a space, that should be a part of urban processes. Key words Architecture, Identity, Housing Estate, Neighborhood, Place, Place Attachment, Place Identity, Solidarita Housing Estate, Space, Urbanism

Syftet med studien var att generera en förståelse för hur polisens NOS-projekt kan verka brottsförebyggande. Vi undersökte även hundägare som är delaktiga i projektet och deras inställning till att uppmärksamma och förebygga brott. Studien grundar sig i teorin om neighborhood watch, med delar av teorin om social kontroll samt rutinaktivtetsteorin. Utifrån sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare från Nospatrullen fick vi en förståelse för hur NOS-projektet fungerar brottspreventivt genom hundägares förmåga att uppmärksamma avvikande aktiviteter i sitt lokalområde. Resultatet visade att samtliga intervjupersoner hade en positiv inställning till NOS-projektet vilket vi anser kan ha bidragit till projektets möjlighet till att förebygga brott. / The aim of this study was to form a understanding for how a project by the police, the Nos-project, may work to prevent crime. We also examined dog owners that are involved in the NOS-project and their attitude towards crime prevention. The study is based on the theory of neighborhood watch and features the theory of social control and the theory of routine activity. Through six semi structured interviews we learned how the NOS-project may prevent crime through dog owners’ observations of unusual activity in their district. The results also show how all our participants had a positive attitude towards the NOSproject which we regard likely contributes to the projects ability to prevent crime.