CITY SPACE AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE FROM THE EYES OF CHILDREN FROM PRAHA - KUNRATICE ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to capture children's perception of the place of residence and the way they use it. The actual research has been done based on introduced cognitive processes during childhood, took place in Praha - Kunratice and there were several quantitative methods of investigation used. Using the participating and non-participating observation confirmed the assumption that children in their place of residence engage in activities away from their home. The half-stuctured interviews with selected target groups and mental maps creating followed. The child participants were sketching their ideas about the surroundings of their home. There opinions were thereafter clarified in the discussion. The analysis of the mental maps was done by comparison of age and tender.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / While several interventions have been implemented over the past decade to combat child mortality, under-five mortality remains a challenge especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Global-ly, child mortality has decreased to half from 12.7 million in 1990 to 5.9 million per year in 2015. Despite these remarkable gains, more than 16,000 children are dying daily in the world (World Health Organisation, 2015). Previous studies on child survival have examined the contributing factors of child deaths and HIV/AIDS epidemic and socio-economic differentials such as the level of education, type of place of residence,and mother’s occupational status were identified as the contributing factor towards the high rate of under-five mortality. How-ever, there is a paucity of studies focusing on the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality. Hence this study aims to explore the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on under-five mortality in South Africa. There are underlying factors or background determinants (including direct and indirect) of under-five mortality. These factors influence under-five mortality in South Africa, and the direct causes are called proximate determinants or demographic factors. The conceptual framework of Mosley and Chen (1984) was adopted to explore the ways of influence of the underlying factors on under-five mortality in their study of determinants of child survival.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among wellness, relationship status, gender, place of residence, and GPA among university prep-school students. The study was carried out on a sample of 506 prep-school students from BaSkent University. The students were asked to fill out Wellness Inventory and the demographic data sheet. In order to investigate the differences between wellness sub-scales&rsquo / scores (Relational Self, Social Interest and Empathy, Self Consistency, Mastery Orientation, Physical Wellness, Humor, Love, and Environmental Sensitivity) of the subjects with respect to gender, relationship status, place of residence, and GPA / four separate MANOVA&rsquo / s were conducted. The results of this study revealed significant gender differences in self-consistency, love, environmental sensitivity sub-scales&rsquo / scores in favor of male students, but in social interest and empathy sub-scales in favor of female students. The findings also showed that students who were in a committed relationship scored significantly higher in love sub-scale, whereas students who were not in a committed relationship scored significantly higher in physical wellness sub-scale. Results indicated no significant differences in terms of the place of residence. The results also revealed that students, whose GPA ranged between 90-100, scored significantly higher on mastery orientation sub-scale of Wellness Inventory than students, whose GPA level ranged between 50-70 and below 50.

Tėvai realizuodami savo tėvų valdžią, turi užtikrinti vaiko teisių ir pareigų įgyvendinimą, t.y. veikti vaiko interesais. Tačiau tėvams gyvenant atskirai ar nutraukiant santuoką iškyla klausimas, kuris iš tėvų galės suteikti tinkamesnes sąlygas savo vaikui. Svarbiausias kriterijus nustatant vaiko gyvenamąją vietą yra vaiko interesas – tai vaiko teisės ir pareigos, numatytos ir garantuotos įstatymuose, bendrieji ir individualieji vaiko poreikiai, kuriuos užtikrina vaiko tėvai (ar įstatyminiai vaiko atstovai) įgyvendindami savo tėvų (ar kitų įstatyminių atstovų) teises ir vykdydami pareigas vaikų atžvilgiu. Ši sąvoka nukreipia į kitus teisės aktus, kuriuose išdėstytos vaiko teisės ir pareigos – vaiko intereso sąvokos elementai. Sprendžiant vaikų gyvenamosios vietos klausimą nustatomi objektyvieji kriterijai: kiekvieno iš tėvų galimybės ir pastangos užtikrinti teisės normose įtvirtintų pagrindinių vaiko teisių ir pareigų įgyvendinimas, kiekvieno iš tėvų šeimos aplinkos sąlygos, vaiko norai ir pažiūros, kurių visuma įvertinama vaiko interesų atžvilgiu. Kadangi vaiko interesas individualizuojamas konkrečiu atveju konkrečiam vaikui, nustatant būtent jam svarbius jo turinio elementus, nėra galimybės sudaryti svarbiausių kriterijų katalogo, nes nustačius tokį kriterijų sąrašą gali būti pažeistas tas pats vaiko interesas, jeigu į šį sąrašą nepatektų aplinkybė užtikrinanti tik konkrečiam vaikui reikalingą intereso elementą. Nėra baigtinio sąrašo vaiko intereso elementų – nėra... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Parents should secure implementation of child’s liberties and duties using their parenting rights. It means to protect child’s interests and to be able to assure proper dwelling- place when they decide to separate or seek divorce. Child’s interests are the most important criterions deciding child’s dwelling-place. It involves responsibilities and duties guaranteed by law, general and individual children needs that have to be ensured by parents. This concept points to other law instruments where you can find responsibilities and duties setting elements. Child’s dwelling-place is appointed using objective criterions like parents ability to assure proper home environment, child’s wishes and opinions, parents’ ability to follow responsibilities dictated by law. Every child’s interests are personalized for each child based on important elements and no such catalog of criterion can be created and if such catalog would be created it could violate child’s interests if specific element would not be part of the catalog. There is no final list with elements of child’s interests and there is no catalog evaluating criterions. It is purposeful to use 2002 Lithuanian Supreme Court ruling number 35deciding child’s dwelling-place.

L’objectif de ce travail est de mieux saisir le concept de qualité de vie quand il est associé aux personnes âgées, afin de proposer un modèle et un outil d’évaluation facilement administrable. Si la qualité de vie est un concept clé dans la mise en œuvre et l’évaluation des solutions à destination des personnes âgées, les modèles et outils actuels permettant son évaluation n’intègrent pas les spécificités des modes de vie de cette population. Par ailleurs, il existe un manque de consensus quant aux dimensions à prendre en compte pour évaluer la qualité de vie des personnes âgées, et par extension, sa dimension environnementale, facteur pourtant majeur pour les individus âgés, est largement oubliée dans la littérature.Une première étape a mis en évidence la manière dont les séniors et les professionnels intervenant au domicile se représentent le vieillissement et l’habitat idéal pour personnes âgées. Ancrée dans l’approche structurale des représentations sociales, cette étape a permis de dégager des indicateurs issus du sens commun révélateurs de ce que devrait être l’habitat dans son caractère idéal et normatif, associé à la façon de penser le vieillissement. Une seconde étape a permis de proposer un modèle de qualité de vie spécifique aux personnes âgées, s’appuyant tant sur des éléments empiriques que théoriques et donnant une place significative à la dimension environnementale. Ce modèle a donné lieu à la construction et à la validation d’une échelle de mesure de la qualité de vie des individus de plus de soixante-cinq ans, vivant à domicile ou en logement institutionnel. Les analyses factorielles exploratoires et confirmatoires ont permis de mettre en avant une structure latente à quatre facteurs. La première dimension décrit l’environnement physique de l’individu, appréhendée à travers des critères objectifs et subjectifs. La seconde dimension renvoie au réseau social réel et perçu de l’individu ainsi qu’à son état émotionnel. La troisième dimension relève de l’autonomie, en évaluant les capacités fonctionnelles et décisionnelles du répondant, ainsi que le rôle social et le type d’habitat qui en découlent. Enfin, la quatrième dimension renvoie aux pathologies physiques rencontrées par le répondant et à ses conséquences sur la vie quotidienne. La validation statistique de l’échelle auprès d’un panel de 456 répondants a permis de valider ces quatre composantes et de mettre en avant de bonnes qualités psychométriques de l’instrument de mesure. Sa bonne acceptation par la population âgée et sa rapidité de passation en fait un outil facilement utilisable sur le terrain. / The aim of our research is to better understand the concept of quality of life among senior citizens, in order to propose a model and an easy-to-use measurement scale. Although quality of life is a central issue in finding and evaluating solutions for the elderly, current models and tools used to evaluate it omit the specificities of their lifestyles. Furthermore, the dimensions to be considered to evaluate senior citizens’ quality of life are not consensual, and by extension, environmental factors, which are central for the elderly, are largely forgotten in the literature.First, we explored how senior citizens and professionals intervening at their homes perceive aging and the ideal habitat for the elderly. Drawing on the structural approach to social representations, this first phase provided indicators based in common sense that revealed what a home should be in ideal and normative terms, which we associated with social thinking about aging. Next, we proposed a quality of life model specifically designed for the elderly, which is both empirically and theoretically based and places significant importance on environmental factors. This model led to the development and validation of a measurement scale intended for individuals over 65 years of age who live either at home or in an institution. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a latent structure composed of four factors. The first describes the individual’s physical environment using objective and subjective criteria. The second factor refers to the individual’s real and perceived social network as well as his/her emotional state. The third factor deals with autonomy by evaluating participants’ functional and decisional skills in relation to their social role and type of home. Last, the fourth factor deals with physical problems the respondent may encounter and their consequences on everyday life. These four factors and the psychometric quality of the scale were statistically validated with a sample of 456 senior citizens. It was well received by the elderly and was fast to administer, making it an easy-to-use scale.

The title of the essay is “I associate Stockholm with career focused, that you want to become something. That you’re not satisfied with the predetermined way of life that we are in Skellefteå” and is written by Erika Lundström and Josefin Möller. The purpose of this essay is to examine how the place of residence affects the individuals identity. The study is based on ten qualitative interviews with individuals residing and growing up in two different communities called Skellefteå kommun and Stockholms kommun in Sweden. A number of theories within identity creation, from for example Bauman (2004) and Pripp (2001), are used to understand the phenomena. The results demonstrate that the respondents experience a pride in living in each community. The respondents attitudes are reflected by their place of residence and how they experiences expectations to live by the community valuations to fit in. The respondents from Stockholms kommun experienced an expectation to have an education and a growing career while the respondents from Skellefteå kommun experienced an expectation to start a family and have a stable job. Their own identity is strengthened when the respondents talks about themselves in a relation to the other community which creates a kind of power imbalance between the communities. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur individens identitet och självbild påverkas av bostadsorten. Studiens empiri har samlats in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio individer uppväxta och bosatta i Stockholms kommun samt Skellefteå kommun. Ett flertal teorier om identitetsskapande, från exempelvis Bauman (2004) och Pripp (2001), har använts för att förstå fenomenet. Resultatet av studien visar hur intervjupersonerna upplever en stolthet över att bo i respektive kommun, samt att individens identitetsskapande påverkas av förväntningarna som är kopplade till platsen. Intervjupersonerna från Stockholms kommun upplevde en förväntning på att ha en utbildning och en växande karriär, medan intervjupersonerna från Skellefteå kommun upplevde en förväntning på att bilda familj tidigt samt ha ett stabilt arbete. Den egna identiteten stärktes när intervjupersonerna talade om sig själva i relation till den andra gruppen, vilket skapar en slags maktobalans mellan de två kommunerna.

Dans la plupart des sociétés développées, en France aussi, on assiste aujourd’hui à une augmentation des disparités sociales et économiques entre les territoires, à l’apparition et à la persistance de quartiers « en difficulté », concentrant les populations les plus fragiles. La « ségrégation spatiale » apparait comme une norme d’organisation urbaine et le territoire comme un enjeu de cohésion sociale. De nombreuses études issues de l’économie et de la sociologie ont cherché à expliquer les écarts de situations observés, notamment sur le marché du travail, entre ces populations. Trois mécanismes principaux expliquent l’impact du lieu d’habitation sur la réussite sur le marché du travail des individus : le spatial mismatch, l’environnement social et la discrimination en raison du lieu de résidence. Dans cette thèse de doctorat nous nous intéressons à ce dernier mécanisme à travers lequel le lieu de résidence affecte les performances sur le marché du travail des individus. Au travers de trois études couvrant trois chapitres, nous mettrons en évidence trois éléments importants dans l’analyse de la discrimination liée au lieu de résidence : le sentiment de discrimination, la discrimination salariale et la discrimination à l’embauche. Ceux-ci sont illustrés par des méthodologies différentes : une analyse de données d’enquêtes subjectives, une analyse de données d’enquêtes objectives et enfin une analyse de données expérimentales. Les résultats principaux sont les suivants. Nous avons montré qu’il y a des effets spécifiques du lieu de résidence sur le ressenti de discriminations des jeunes. Nous avons montré que le lieu de résidence a une influence directe sur la probabilité de trouver un emploi à la sortie des études ainsi que sur le salaire associé à cet emploi. A l’aide d’une décomposition des écarts salariaux nous avons montré qu’il existe une probable discrimination relative au lieu de résidence qui affecte notamment les jeunes femmes. Nous avons trouvé un effet déterminant du département de résidence sur les chances d’accès à l’embauche des individus. Le même effet existe aussi, de manière plus faible, au niveau de la réputation du quartier de résidence des candidats. Une analyse de l’ordre des réponses faites aux candidats a confirmé ces résultats et a même révélé une discrimination encore plus forte. A partir de ces résultats, nous proposons des recommandations de politiques publiques liées aux différents aspects de la discrimination liée au lieu de résidence. / In most of the developed societies, in France too, we are now witnessing an increase of the social and economic disparities between regions, an occurrence and persistence of neighborhoods "in difficulty", concentrating the most vulnerable populations. "Spatial segregation" appears as a norm of urban organization and territory as an issue of social cohesion. Many economic and sociological studies have sought to explain the differentials observed between these populations, particularly in the labor market. Three main mechanisms explain the impact of the place of residence on the individuals' labor market achievement: the spatial mismatch, the social environment and the discrimination based on place of residence. In this doctoral dissertation we focus on this last mechanism through which the place of residence affects the individuals' labor market achievement. Across three studies covering three chapters, we highlight three important elements in the analysis of discrimination related to place of residence: the feeling of discrimination, wage discrimination and employment discrimination. These are illustrated by different methods: an analysis of subjective survey data, an analysis of objective survey data and, finally, an analysis of experimental data. The main results are as follows. We have shown that there are specific effects of place of residence on the feeling of discrimination among young people. We have shown that the place of residence has a direct influence on the probability of finding a job after the school as well as on the salary associated with the job. Using a decomposition of wage differentials we have shown that there is a potential discrimination related to the place of residence that affects especially young women. We found a major impact of the residential county on the individuals’ chances of access to hiring. The same effect also exists, more weakly, at the level of the neighborhood reputation. An analysis of the order of answers to job candidates confirmed these results and revealed an even stronger discrimination. On the basis of these results, we propose policy recommendations related to different aspects of discrimination based on place of residence.

Bakgrund; Mångfald har under en lång tid varit ett högaktuellt begrepp inom näringslivet. Senaste åren har mångfalden i näringslivet fått mer uppmärksamhet, inte minst i bolagsstyrelser. En växande global marknad har lett till att mångfalden uppmärksammas alltmer. Förespråkarna för mångfald menar att det bidrar till bättre bolagsprestationer medan kritikerna menar att mångfald kan leda till försämrad kommunikation och försämrad konkurrensförmåga. Idag är Sverige ett heterogent land, kan heterogeniteten återfinnas i svenska styrelser och kan olika ägartyper förklara mångfalden i styrelsen.  Syfte; Uppsatsens syfte är att förklara om och i så fall hur olika ägartyper kan påverkamångfalden i bolagsstyrelser på den svenska börsmarknaden. Metod; Uppsatsen har en deduktiv forskningsansats, där en modell är grunden som förklarar hur mångfalden utgår ifrån agentteorin, resursberoendeteorin, upper echelon teorin, legitimitetsteorin och gruppkonfliktteorin. Kvantitativa forskningsmetoden bygger på svenskstyrelse-, ägar- och finansiell data från 2021.  Slutsatser; Uppsatsen kan konstatera att ägartyper inte kan förklara mångfalden i styrelsen. Uppsatsen ser istället homosocial reproduktion och upper echelon teorin som en möjlig förklaring till att styrelser ser ut som de gör. Styrelser i Sverige är homogena och det krävs stora förändringar för att de skall spegla svenska samhället på bättre sätt. / Bakground; Diversity has for a long time been a topic of discussion. In recent years, diversity in the business community has received more attention, not least in company boards. A growing global market has led to increasing attention to diversity. Proponents of diversity believe that it contributes to better corporate performance, while critics believe that diversity can lead to impaired communication and impaired competitiveness. Today, Sweden is a heterogeneous country, the question is if heterogeneity can be found in Swedish boards and if different types of ownership can explain the diversity of the board. Purpose; The purpose of the thesis is to explain if and how different types of owners can explain the diversity of board of directors in the Swedish stock market. Method; The thesis has a deductive research approach, where a theoretical model is the basis that explains how diversity is based on agent theory, resource dependency theory, upper echelon theory, legitimacy theory and group conflict theory. The quantitative research method is based on Swedish board-, ownership- and financial data from 2021. Conclusion; The thesis can state that ownership types can not explain the diversity of the board. The thesis instead sees homosocial reproduction and the upper echelon theory as a possible recruitment to make boards look the way they do. Boards in Sweden are homogeneous and major changes are required for them to reflect Swedish society in a better way.

Objective: To examine systematically the literature on the effect of geographical location variation on breast cancer stage at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Methods. Eight electronic databases were searched using combination of key words. Of the 312 articles retrieved from the search, 36 studies from 12 countries were considered eligible for inclusion. Results. This review identified 17 (47%) of 36 studies in which breast cancer patients residing in geographically remote/rural areas had more late-stage diagnosis than urban women. Ten (28%) studies reported higher proportions of women diagnosed with breast cancer resided in urban than rural counties. Nine (25%) studies reported no statistically significant association between place of residence and stage at diagnosis for breast cancer patients residing in rural and urban areas. Conclusions. Cancer patients residing in rural and disadvantaged areas were more likely to be diagnosed with distant breast metastasis. Efforts to reduce these inequalities and subsequent mortality are needed.

Магистерская диссертация «Профилактика экстремизма в молодежной среде в клубах по месту жительства (на примере ГО Верхняя Пышма)» состоит из 2 глав, введения, заключения, библиографического списка и приложений. Целью диссертационной работы являлась разработка и внедрение программы по профилактике экстремизма в молодёжной среде в клубах по месту жительства и проведение социологического исследования среди молодёжи клубов по месту жительства. Объектом диссертационного исследования является процесс профилактики экстремизма в подростково-молодежной среде в клубах по месту жительства. Предметом диссертационного исследования - организация работы клубов по месту жительства ГО Верхняя Пышма Свердловской области по профилактике экстремизма в молодежной среде. Объем работы составил 75 страниц. В работе содержатся 2 приложения, 2 таблицы. В библиографическом списке представлено 56 источников. / Master's thesis "Prevention of extremism among the youth in clubs at the place of residence (on the example of Verkhnyaya Pyshma)" consists of 2 chapters, introduction, conclusion, bibliographic list and appendices. The purpose of the dissertation work was to develop and implement a program for the prevention of extremism among the youth in clubs at the place of residence and conduct a sociological study among the youth of clubs at the place of residence. The object of the dissertation research is the process of preventing extremism among adolescents and youth in clubs at the place of residence. The subject of the dissertation research is the organization of the work of clubs at the place of residence of the municipality Verkhnyaya Pyshma of the Sverdlovsk region for the prevention of extremism among the youth. The volume of work was 75 pages. The work contains 2 applications, 2 tables. The bibliographic list contains 56 sources.