The cultural and historical construction of African American identity in the United States has been closely tied to the dialectical relationship formed between sound and silence. This thesis examines the modernist and postmodernist representation of sound and silence in the African American novels Passing (1929), by Nella Larsen, and Jazz (1992), by Toni Morrison, as indicators of African American identity and racial oppression during the Harlem Renaissance. I analyze the soundscapes of both texts to expose the mobility of language, power, and space, especially as these soundscapes relate to the production of sound (both musical and non-musical) by African Americans, and the surveillance of these sounds by white audiences. Through my analysis of repetitive sound-images and embodied silence in Passing and Jazz, as well as textual representations of oral performance, I argue that there is harm in restricting African American voices to approved modes of audibility and/or limiting African American voices to one a singular narrative. This thesis introduces critics and theories from the disciplines of sound studies and African American studies, and applies the widely known theory of double consciousness, established by critic and author W.E.B. Du Bois, as the foundation for my literary and cultural analysis of sound in print. / Graduation date: 2013

This thesis explores the citation of documents in the modernist novel. From contracts to newspaper articles, telegrams to reports, documents are invoked as interleaved texts in ways that, to date, have not been critically interrogated. I consider a range of novels, including works by Ford Madox Ford, Virginia Woolf, Nella Larsen, and Willa Cather, which are selected, in part, as a litmus of Anglo-American modernism, though they can more productively also be understood as coalescing around the example set by Joseph Conrad. Replete with allusions to documents, Conrad’s oeuvre is developed across the thesis as a meta-commentary on the document in modernist literature. In placing the document at the centre of analysis, and in using Conrad as a diagnostic of the document in modernity, the manifold ways in which authors use interpolated texts to perform denotative and connotative “work” in their narratives emerge, with the effect of revising our understanding of documents. These authors reveal the power of mass produced documents to lay claim to novelistic language; the historical role of documents in reifying inequality; on the level of narrative, the thematic potential of the document as a reiterable text; and finally, the capacity of the document, in its most depersonalized form, to realize social collectivity and community. This project therefore asks us to rethink and relocate the document as central to the modernist novel.

Texts such as Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Nella Larsen’s Quicksand each present a different understanding and perspective of relationships based on their time periods and social statures. The type of relationship Stowe focuses on in her novel is that of friendship. Friends, defined as people with whom have a bond of mutual affection, and friendships, the state of mutual trust and support (Merriam-Webster), anchor the relationships that Eva and Eliza create with members on the plantation. These female protagonists turn to friendship as a way to live each day more normally – that is, to somehow alleviate the brutal cruelty of living through slavery. Despite varying odds, trials, and tribulations, seeking friendships that had preservative and supportive qualities allowed the female protagonists in Stowe’s novel to survive their own lives. The friendships Eva and Eliza formed discredit what many paternalist pro-slavery authors used as evidence to justify the institution of slavery. In the paternalist proslavery mindset, slave-owner and slave friendships revealed the benefits of slavery – that the two groups would be happier together rather than apart. Stowe discredits this mentality by relating to her 19th century reader’s emotions, representative of the sentimental genre in which she writes. However, in writing about slavery from a white woman’s perspective, Stowe isn’t fully exempt from the paternalist genre. As I will examine later, many of her statements about slavery and the friendships she narrates embody implicitly racist stereotypes and caricatures that complicate the abolitionist approach to her novel. In this way, she falls under the category of paternalist abolitionism, rather than paternalist proslavery. Stowe also highlights the fleeting nature of these friendships. Many, if not all, of the friendships Eva and Eliza form are not able to last, which is one way Stowe argues against the institution of slavery. Following Stowe, my discussion of Jacobs will introduce a slave’s perspective to female relationships in slavery. The relationships in Jacobs’ narrative are centered on family, and the power of relying on one’s own blood or close-knit community to survive slavery. Writing also within the sentimental mode, Jacobs focuses on her reader’s emotions in order to propel her anti-slavery argument. The female relationships Jacobs details are grounded in literal and metaphorical motherhood. She highlights these relationships as an emotional and familial, particularly motherly, survival method. Jacobs’ text showcases the importance of family, rather the relationships or friendships formed with strangers– thereby differentiating her argument from Stowe’s. Nella Larsen’s Quicksand draws on the emotional and social difficulties one biracial woman faced in a world affected by the legacy of slavery and World War I. As a biracial woman, Helga develops relationships with men and women she hopes will support her progressive way of thinking and sense of selfhood. Helga’s relationships are more aptly defined as partnerships – given that “partners” may involve sexual, non-sexual, and business-like dynamics between two people. Helga must find authentic, or non-hypocritical, people to assist in her journey for selfhood and kin. But similarly to the relationships in Stowe and Jacobs, the friendships Helga creates often fail her. The question of why they fail in Quicksand connects directly to the question the novel itself is asking: is the search for selfhood more important than the search for kin? The argument all three works make with these failures represents a call to action – not just for the time period in which their novels were written, but also for future American communities. The continuing consequences of racial and gender discrimination exposed by Stowe, Jacobs, and Larsen show us that real social change must come from people – from the relationships we form.

Racial identifications are continually influenced by and constructed through one’s environment. Building on Jean Baudrillard’s “The Precession of Simulacra” and Gaston Bachelard’s The Poetics of Space, this thesis argues that houses and clothing are the material objects that allow characters Birdie Lee from Danzy Senna’s Caucasia and Helga Crane from Nella Larsen’s Quicksand to construct their mixed race identities. Birdie Lee’s childhood home is the place where she develops a mixed race identity. When she leaves that home, she is forced to take on simulacra in order to pass for white. Without a stable childhood or adult home, Helga Crane’s wardrobe becomes the space where she unconsciously develops a mixed race identity. Her clothing choices allow her to simulate an entirely black identity that masks her mixed race heritage. Ultimately, the fates of Birdie and Helga are determined by whether or not they can occupy a space that is accepting of their mixed race identities. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Le présent mémoire s'intéresse aux représentations de la colère dans la littérature des femmes africaines-américaines du 20e siècle. Il cherche à comprendre de quelles manières cette émotion taboue et honteuse investit Passing de Nella Larsen, Sula de Toni Monison et Push de Sapphire, trois œuvres écrites à différentes époques-clés de l'histoire littéraire noire états-unienne au féminin (les années 1920 et la Renaissance de Harlem; les années 1970 et l'émergence du féminisme noir et de sa critique littéraire; les années 1990 et la consécration institutionnelle des black women's studies). Il s'agit de voir comment, dans ces romans où prédominent des enjeux liés aux oppressions de sexe, de race et de classe, la colère joue le rôle de moteur textuel, d'émotion-source : elle dirige les actions et propos des personnages, dirige les intrigues, dirige l'écriture. Elle semble ainsi constituer une impulsion, un paradigme traversant la tradition littéraire féministe noire. L'étude d'un corpus diachronique permet d'entrevoir une évolution singulière : le passage d'une colère nommée et thématisée à une colère-discours. La colère constituant une émotion du désordre et du spectaculaire, j'analyse les stratégies narratives qui permettent de faire surgir l'excès et le théâtral dans les œuvres à l'étude. Ma réflexion se décline en quatre temps. Je me penche dans un premier chapitre sur les articulations entre rapports d'oppression et colère. J'interroge les liens entre sexe et colère, puis entre race et colère, pour enfin présenter les fondements théoriques du féminisme noir et les écrits de féministes noires sur la question. Les trois autres chapitres sont consacrés aux romans analysés : le deuxième traite de Passing et de la colère qui prend possession de l'intrigue grâce à quelques stratégies du double; le troisième montre que la colère, dans Sula, se manifeste selon deux mouvements simultanés (une transmission entre plusieurs générations de personnages et un détournement dans la narration) et par le recours à la métaphore du feu; le quatrième s'intéresse à Push et à son esthétique de l'excès, laquelle imprègne à la fois les corps des protagonistes et la narration. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : colère, excès, violence, littérature afro-américaine, littérature américaine, féminisme noir, Nella Larsen, Toni Morrison, Sapphire.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 1997. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-195).

No description available.

The overall success of the products related to Italy in the economy of the food sector and the one concerning “luxury” is well renowned, but I believe that, as years go by, even in the economy of the culture (or culture industry) there has been an ongoing process, a phenomenon of similar characteristics, namely: • The global spread of Italianness (‘Italianicity’ in Barthes’ terms) in mass culture, meant not only as a geographical setting of the works, but also as the presence of characters related to Italy, or as a narrative element, both principal and secondary, or in general as a cultural reference; • The appropriation of these topics, fascinations, characters, by the global cultural industry, managed mainly by American companies. The purpose behind this research is to document the phenomenon of diffusion of the Italian dream in the global culture, and investigate the causes through an analysis of the recent paraliterature. The beginning of the eighties has been defined as the “Italian rebirth” period. In those years, overcoming the negative stereotypes, the Italians have been able to redefine the image of themselves and of their country, providing a new and definitely positive connotation to the artifacts of their own economy, now proudly defined as Made in Italy. But how and why has this shift occurred? Not only Italy had changed, but even the United States needed something different. If there has been a radical change in the perception of Italy and Italianness in the USA and more generally in the Western world since the end of the 1970s, we must turn our attention to the countries that began looking at Italy with “different eyes”. Which needs did American culture consumers had and why did these needs change in the second half of the 1970s? If these new visions have grown to a global extent, if Italy has become the country of the dolce vita for the whole world, it is due, in large part, to a change in the attitude of foreign countries, the United States and Northern Europe in the first place, which began to perceive Italy as a desirable “The Other”: because, in countries culturally and geographically distant from Italy, a new awareness of their own cultural identity was rising with a new need for otherness. Due to this new articulation in the perception of the Italian spirit this research considers above all, the literary works published starting from the second half of the seventies. The highly successful literary works concerning Italy, written by American authors during the sixties, are completely different from those of the following decades, and not only for stylistic reasons. The vision of Italy, still very traditional, was fundamentally anchored to two aspects: Italy as a country of the Great Culture, and Italy as a country linked to the Catholic Church. Irving Stone and Morris West were two successful authors who wrote about Italianness by adopting this type of perception, and consequently satisfying a certain type of social function. It is true that Puzo published The Godfather in 1969: but it was perhaps the ability to anticipate a great change in the social needs of the audience that earned its author an incredible commercial success. Part II analyzes the social function of Italian-themed literature. The basic question is: “Why is the American reader interested in the idea of Italy?” I started explaining why a certain degree of activism, power of choice and influence on the cultural industry is attributable to the consumer. In this first part two texts from the early sixties based on the vision of Italy as a country of the Great Tradition will be analyzed; later on (Chapter 10) the “dream of saving authenticity” will be explored, starting from two texts of the nineties, the period in which the Italian dream began to spread globally. In the paragraph dedicated to the 2000s, we will observe that the fascination aroused by the Italian dream has now become so pervasive as to have originated a sort of pattern, a consolidated one in the mass literature. Following, a paragraph dedicated to three mainstream works, in order to highlight how much the Italian dream has globally spread even outside of the genre. Finally, in the last paragraph, I will deal with some of the recently published texts, to try to answer the question: Is the Italian dream still fashionable among consumers of global culture? Part III Before addressing the representation of stereotypes through texts, I will remind five great thinkers who have dealt with the theme of ideology in relation to mass culture. With Michail M. Bachtin I linger on the social and ideological component of every word and every speech; Ferruccio Rossi-Landi provides a research program for the unmasking of ideologies in art; Pierre Bourdieu analyzes the internal functioning of social structures related to art; Stuart Hall invites us to consider popular culture in its dual essence of conditioning by the field of power and of resisting and assimilating; Finally, Edward Said invites us to set the research in counterpoint terms, to understand how stories and cultures develop together with their geographical opposites. Chapter 12 illustrates the most important stereotypes about Italy through the use made of it in successful literary works. Even positive visions, if standardized, are to be considered stereotypes. The Italian identity, according to my perspective, is built socially and is so supranational that the same identity problems in reaction to cultural representations are felt, even amplified, in the worldwide Italian communities. Last chapter and conclusions deal with transculturation and with “most visible Italy”, to show how, in many cases, even “Italy told by Italians” is related with the construction of the national character originating from the global media system.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma leitura do romance Passing, com o foco na caracterização e enredo a partir da perspectiva de duas questões inter-relacionadas. Primeiro, a leitura examina a questão da maternidade e a questão da raça na caracterização de duas protagonistas, considerando que ambas as questões sustentam uma importância histórica no contexto de vida das mulheres negras daquele período, como os biógrafos de autores testemunham. Segundo, a leitura enfatiza as correlações de enredo e desejo como uma forma de entender o que está em jogo na narrativa. O romance foi publicado em 1929 pela escritora Afro-Americana Nella Larsen durante o movimento estético e cultural chamado Harlem Renaissance, um movimento cujo apogeu na década de 20 do século passado causou um crescimento da consciência social e o surgimento da literatura moderna Afro-Americana. Em uma década, o tema ‘passing’ constituiu um dos tópicos privilegiados em vários romances por escritores Afro-Americanos. Minha análise se sustenta a partir de diferentes fontes: relações entre mãe/filha a partir de Marianne Hirsch e Nancy J. Chodorow; a questão da raça e conflitos de ‘passing’ a partir de Thadious M. Davis, Elaine K. Ginsberg e Martha J. Cutter, assim como enredo e desejo de Peter Brooks. Na interligação de elementos biográficos, psicológicos, culturais e literários, minha leitura apresenta como a novela dramatiza o conflito insolúvel de raça divida – branca e preta – que destaca as lutas e dificuldades dos personagens quando enfrentando o vazio do pertencimento que acompanha a experiência de ‘passing’. / The thesis presents a reading of the novel Passing, with a focus on characterization and plot from the perspective of two interrelated issues. First, the reading examines the question of motherhood and the question of race in the characterization of the two major female protagonists, considering that both questions bear historical importance in the context of black women’s lives of the period, as the author’s biographers testify. Second, the reading highlights the connections of plot and desire as a way of understanding what is at stake in the narrative design. The novel was published in 1929 by the Afro-American writer Nella Larsen during the cultural and aesthetic movement called the Harlem Renaissance, a movement whose heyday in the 20´s in the last century brought about the uplifting of racial consciousness and the emergence of modern Afro-American literature. In the decade, the theme of ‘passing’ constituted one of the privileged topics in several novels by Afro-American writers. My analysis draws support from different sources: mother/daughter relationships from Marianne Hirsch and Nancy J. Chodorow; the question of race and ensuing conflicts of ‘passing’ from Thadious M. Davis, Elaine K. Ginsberg and Martha J. Cutter; and plot and desire from Peter Brooks. In the interweaving of biographical, psychological, cultural and literary elements, my reading shows how the novel dramatizes the insoluble conflict of the racial divide – white and black - which underlies the characters´ struggles and difficulties when facing the void in belongingness that attends the experience of passing.

This dissertation suggests that burgeoning public discourse on contraception in Britain and the United States between 1915 and 1940 created a paradigm shift in perceptions of women’s sexuality that altered the ways that women could be represented in literary texts. It offers readings of texts by women on both sides of the Atlantic who responded to birth control discourse not only by referencing contraceptive techniques, but also by incorporating arguments and dilemmas used by birth control advocates into their writing. The introductory chapter, which frames the later literary analysis chapters, examines similarities in the tropes Margaret Sanger and Marie Stopes, the British and American “Mothers of Birth Control” used in their advocacy. These include images such as mothers dying in childbirth, younger children in large families weakened by their mothers’ ill-health, and sexual dysfunction in traditional marriages. In addition to this chapter on birth control advocates’ texts, the dissertation includes four chapters meant to demonstrate how literary authors used and adapted the tropes and language of the birth control movement to their own narratives and perspectives. The first of these chapters focuses on Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Herland, a 1915 political allegory about a nation populated only by women who have gained the ability to reproduce asexually. Gilman adopted pro-birth control language, but rejected the politically radical ideas of the early birth control movement. In addition to radical politics, the birth control movement was associated with racist eugenicist ideas, an association that the third chapter, on Nella Larsen’s 1928 novel Quicksand examines in detail by comparing birth control and African-American racial uplift rhetoric. Crossing the Atlantic, the fourth chapter looks at the influence of the English birth control movement on Irish novelist Kate O’Brien’s 1931 Without My Cloak, a novel that challenges Catholic narratives as well as the heteronormative assumptions of birth control discourse itself. The final chapter analyzes Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway (1925) and Three Guineas (1938), illuminating Woolf’s connections between feminist reproductive politics and conservative pro-eugenics agendas. Acknowledging the complexity of these writers’ engagements with the birth control movement, the project explores not simply the effects of the movement’s discourse on writers’ depictions of sexuality, reproduction, and race, but also the dialogue between literary writers and the birth control establishment, which comprises a previously overlooked part of the formation of both the reproductive rights movement and the Modernist political project.