D’abord cette thèse étudie la façon dont les Politiques d’Aide Sociale, en utilisant l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, fonctionnent sur la population d’aujourd’hui, et suivant examine quelles implications ces politiques produisent dans et à propos l’école contemporaine. De plus, étudie la provenence et l'émergence des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil et ses relations avec l'enseignement scolaire. Pour cela ils sont pris comme appui théorique et méthodologique les études de Foucault, en particulier ceux qui font référence aux notions de généalogie et de la gouvernementalité. La méthodologie a été organisée en trois étapes. La première a examiné les suivants documents officiels qui matérialisent y réglementent les Politiques d’Aide Sociale de l’actualité : la Constitution Brésilienne de 1988, la Loi Organique d’Aide Sociale/1993, le Plan Nationale d’Aide Sociale/2004, la Norma Operacional Básica-NOB-SUAS (Norme Essentielle Opérationnelle)/2005, le Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brésil sans Misère)/2011 et l’action Brasil Carinhoso (Brésil Solidaire)/2012. Avec l’intention d’observer de quelle manière ces politiques sont en train d’utiliser l’école en tant que lieu de réalisation, dans la deuxième étape un ensemble de documents qui légifèrent à propos du fonctionnement actuel du Programme Bolsa Família (Bourse Famille) a été examiné, surtout ceux qui réglementent les conditions exigées pour ce Programme. Dans la troisième étape, entretiens informels ont été réalisé avec cinq directeurs d’école publique d’une ville de la région métropolitaine de Porto Alegre, Brésil. Après cette analyse il était possible de diviser la Thèse dans deux grandes parties. Dans la première, qui a analysé le contexte contemporain, l’argumentation c’est qu’avec l’urgence du néolibéralisme Brésilien et de sa Constitution d'inclusion comme un impératif de l'État, nous pouvons regarder la prolifération des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil, en conjonction avec un phénomène qui peut être appelé "scolarisation du social". Ces politiques quand utilisent l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, produisent une redéfinition des rôles de l’école publique dans une société d’apprentissage, en élargissant considérablement ses fonctions de souligner fortement le gouvernement de conduite, pour produire un déplacement dans ce qui est entendu par connaissance scolaire. Ces connaissances se lient, inexorablement, à des contenus psychologiques en exprimant des formes contemporaines de manières de conduites, lesquelles présentent une centralité dans le rôle de chacun pour soi. La deuxième partie accentue des différents moments historiques, dès le XIX siècle jusqu’à présent, qui rapportent la compréhension de l'origine et les conditions d'urgence de la Politique d’Aide Sociale au Brésil. De cela, ils sont soulignés de plusieurs pratiques qui montrent des articulations produites entre l’Aide Sociale et l’Education tout au long de l’histoire. Sont aussi soulignées des pratiques d’aide liées aux ordres religieux et à la charité chrétienne développées jusqu’au milieu du XIX siècle ; passe pour l’structuration de l’Aide Sociale comme une politique d’État brésilien en 1930 et il arrive à l’émergence des politiques de déplacement de condition de rente, qui prolifèrent pour le pays, au sein des politiques et économies néolibérales. De ce fait, aussi dans les analyses du contemporain comme dans le parcours historique produite, il était possible de comprendre que les Politiques d’Aide Sociale rencontrent à l’école un outil efficace pour opérer, des différentes manières, à propos de la conduite des sujets, en administrant les risques produits par la misère, la famine, la déficience, l’exclusion sociale pour tenter d'assurerla sécurité de la population. / Esta Tese investiga, primeiro, de que forma as Políticas de Assistência Social, utilizando a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado para a sua efetivação, operam sobre a população na atualidade e, segundo, examina quais implicações tais políticas produzem na e sobre a escola contemporânea. Além disso, estudam-se a proveniência e a emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil e suas relações com a educação escolarizada. Para isso, tomam-se como sustentação teórico-metodológica os estudos de Foucault, principalmente os que remetem às noções de genealogia e governamentalidade. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa foi organizada em três etapas. A primeira analisou os seguintes documentos oficiais que materializam e regulamentam as Políticas de Assistência Social na atualidade: a Constituição 1988, a Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social/1993, o Plano Nacional de Assistência Social/2004, a Norma Operacional Básica - SUAS/2005, o Plano Brasil sem Miséria/2011 e a Ação Brasil Carinhoso/2012. Com o intuito de observar de que modo tais políticas vêm utilizando a escola como lugar de efetivação, na segunda etapa foi analisado um conjunto de documentos que legislam sobre o funcionamento atual do Programa Bolsa Família, sobretudo aqueles que regulamentam as condicionalidades impostas por esse Programa. Na terceira etapa, foram realizadas conversas informais com cinco diretores de escolas públicas de um município da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A partir da análise, foi possível dividir a Tese em duas grandes partes. Na primeira, a qual analisou o contexto contemporâneo, argumenta-se que, com a emergência do neoliberalismo brasileiro e a correlata constituição da inclusão como imperativo de Estado, podemos assistir à proliferação das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil, em articulação com um fenômeno que pode ser denominado educacionalização do social. Tais políticas, ao utilizarem a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado de efetivação, produzem uma redefinição das funções da escola pública em uma sociedade da aprendizagem, alargando consideravelmente suas funções que enfatizam fortemente o governamento das condutas, de modo a produzir um deslocamento no que se entende por conhecimentos escolares. Tais conhecimentos passam a se ligar, inexoravelmente, a conteúdos psicológicos, expressando formas contemporâneas de condução das condutas, as quais apresentam uma centralidade na condução de cada um por si mesmo. A segunda parte da Tese enfatiza momentos históricos distintos, desde o século XIX até Contemporaneidade, objetivando compreender a proveniência e as condições de emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil. A partir disso, destacam-se práticas diversas que mostram as distintas articulações produzidas entre Assistência Social e Educação ao longo da história. Destacam-se práticas assistenciais vinculadas às ordens religiosas e à caridade cristã, desenvolvidas até meados do século XIX; passa-se pela estruturação da Assistência Social como uma política do Estado brasileiro, na década de 1930 e se chega à emergência das políticas de transferência de renda condicionada, que proliferam pelo País, no interior do quadro político e econômico neoliberal. Dessa forma, tanto no decorrer das análises do contemporâneo quanto no percurso histórico produzido, foi possível compreender que as Políticas de Assistência Social encontram, na escola, um instrumento eficaz para operar — de modos distintos — sobre a conduta dos sujeitos, gerenciando os riscos produzidos pela miséria, pela fome, pela deficiência, pela exclusão social numa tentativa de garantir seguridade da população. / This dissertation first discusses how the Policies of Social Assistance utilize the schooled education as a privileged locus for its achievement with the current population. Second, it analyses which implications such policies produce in and about the contemporary school. In addition to that, it studies the origin and the emergence of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies and its relations with the schooled education. For this purpose, the studies of Foucault, especially the ones that are related to the ideas of genealogy and governmentality, are taken as theoretical and methodical basis. The method chosen for this research was organized in three stages. The first one has analyzed the following official documents, which fulfill and regulate the Actual Social Assistance Policies: the 1988 Constitution, Social Assistance Organic Law/1993, Social Assistance National Plan /2004, the Norma Operacional Básica (Norm of Basic Operations) - SUAS/2005, the Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brazil without extreme poverty)/2011 and the Action Brasil Carinhoso/2012. In order to observe how these policies have been using the school as a place of execution, the second part analyses a set of documents that legislate on the current functioning of the Bolsa Família Program, mainly those that regulate the conditions imposed by this program. In the third stage, informal conversations were carried with five public school principals from a city in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. From this analysis, it was possible to divide the dissertation in two big parts. In the first part, where the contemporary context was examined, the arguments are that with the emergence of the Brazilian neoliberalism and the correlate Constitution of inclusion as an imperative of the State, it is possible to watch the proliferation of Brazilian Social Assistance Policies, in conjunction with a phenomenon that can be called “social educationalization”. Such policies when using the schooled education as a privileged locus of execution produce a redefinition of the role of the public school into a learning society, considerably extending its functions to strongly emphasize the government of conduct, in order to produce a shift in what is meant by school knowledge. Such knowledge begins now to connect, inexorably, to psychological contents, expressing contemporary ways of conducting the conducts, which present a centrality in the behavior of every man for himself. The second part of the dissertation emphasizes different historical moments, from the XIX century until now, with the purpose to understand the origin and the conditions of the emergency of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies. There is an emphasis on the practices that show the different articulations produced between the Social Assistance and the Education throughout the history. Examples available are: assisting practices linked to religious orders and to the Christian charity developed until mid XIX century; covering the structuring of Social Assistance as a policy of the Brazilian government in the decade of 1930. Then, it comes the emergence of policies of conditional cash transfer, which proliferate throughout the country, within the neoliberal economic and political framework. Thus, both during the contemporary analyses and on the historical path produced, it was possible to understand that the Social Assistance Policies find in the school an effective tool to operate – in distinct ways – on conducting of behaviors, managing the risks produced by poverty, hunger, disability, social exclusion in order to ensure safety to the population.

In this qualitative ethnological study I explore the local development work undertaken by the municipal Botkyrka, located south of Stockholm. The material is primarily based on the municipals development programs and interviews with officials from the municipal working with local development. Their work is primarily based on achieving sustainable development in various problem areas such as education, unemployment, urban environment, climate change. My aim was to investigate how a municipality, with a declared focus on the benefits of diversity, that at the same time struggles with unequality (in regard to ethnic segregation and disparities in income, education, employment, housing and health), through its local development work presented its different districts. Guided by discourse analysis and postcolonial theory I focused on how the citizens in the districts where portrayed and how the physical and natural environment in these where described. The result shows that the municipal through its local development work is differentiating the districts and their citizens by adopting neoliberal labour market and housing policies, reproducing urban planning ideals and ideas regarding national beloning. / <p>POPULÄRVETENSKAPLIG SAMMANFATTNING</p><p>När man tänker på Botkyrka kommun, söder om Stockholm, är det nog främst till norra Botkyrka associationerna går. Miljonprogramsområdena och röda linjens tunnelbanestationer Alby, Fittja, Norsborg och Hallunda. Eller kanske har man hört sloganen ”Långt ifrån lagom” och vet att kommunen är en av Sveriges mest blandade vad gäller befolkningens ursprung. Men Botkyrka består också av en södra halva och här ligger områdena Tumba, Tullinge, Vårsta och Grödinge. Inte lika kända och inte heller på samma självklara sätt kopplade till Botkyrka som de ovan nämnda områdena i norr.</p><p>I min studie har jag undersökt hur Botkyrka kommun arbetar med områdesbaserad utveckling i sina kommundelar. Utgångspunkten för min analys är själva basen i detta arbete: kommundelarnas långsiktiga utvecklingsprogram. När jag samlade materialet till denna studie fanns tre sådana program framtagna, ett för Alby, ett för Tullinge och ett för Fittja. I dessa program formuleras de viktigaste nyckelområden som varje kommundel behöver arbeta kring för att uppnå en hållbar och långsiktig utveckling. Det intressanta med dessa program och det arbete som dessa föranleder är det skillnadsskapande som görs mellan norra och södra Botkyrka. I Fittja och Alby kretsar arbetet kring medborgarnas utbildning och sysselsättning samt områdenas stadsmiljöer. I Tullinge är målen: att utveckla och säkra områdets kvaliteter, att utveckla dialogen med medborgarna och att möjliggöra att leva klimatsmart.</p><p>Genom att titta på hur områdena och de människor som befolkar dem beskrivs i utvecklingsprogrammen och hur de kommunala tjänstemän som arbetar med detta förhåller sig till dessa frågor har jag utifrån en diskursanalytisk och postkolonial ansats kommit fram till att det områdesbaserad utvecklingsarbetet i Botkyrka kommun är del i en politisk och samhällelig åskådning som särskiljer platser och människor. Det områdesbaserade utvecklingsarbetet medverkar därmed till att reproducera bilden av den problematiska invandrarförorten och det idylliska villasamhället. Framställningarna som görs i mitt material visar hur kommunen positionerar sina kommundelar i relation till varandra. Tullinge utgör det oproblematiska, normativa och osynliga medan Alby och Fittja representeras av problembilder, det annorlunda och hjälpbehövande. Kommunen marknadsför sig som en progressiv aktör som arbetar för mångfald och mänskliga rättigheter, emot rasism och diskriminering samtidigt som man genom det områdesbaserad arbetet är delaktig i stigmatiseringen av platserna och människorna i norra Botkyrka. </p>

D’abord cette thèse étudie la façon dont les Politiques d’Aide Sociale, en utilisant l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, fonctionnent sur la population d’aujourd’hui, et suivant examine quelles implications ces politiques produisent dans et à propos l’école contemporaine. De plus, étudie la provenence et l'émergence des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil et ses relations avec l'enseignement scolaire. Pour cela ils sont pris comme appui théorique et méthodologique les études de Foucault, en particulier ceux qui font référence aux notions de généalogie et de la gouvernementalité. La méthodologie a été organisée en trois étapes. La première a examiné les suivants documents officiels qui matérialisent y réglementent les Politiques d’Aide Sociale de l’actualité : la Constitution Brésilienne de 1988, la Loi Organique d’Aide Sociale/1993, le Plan Nationale d’Aide Sociale/2004, la Norma Operacional Básica-NOB-SUAS (Norme Essentielle Opérationnelle)/2005, le Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brésil sans Misère)/2011 et l’action Brasil Carinhoso (Brésil Solidaire)/2012. Avec l’intention d’observer de quelle manière ces politiques sont en train d’utiliser l’école en tant que lieu de réalisation, dans la deuxième étape un ensemble de documents qui légifèrent à propos du fonctionnement actuel du Programme Bolsa Família (Bourse Famille) a été examiné, surtout ceux qui réglementent les conditions exigées pour ce Programme. Dans la troisième étape, entretiens informels ont été réalisé avec cinq directeurs d’école publique d’une ville de la région métropolitaine de Porto Alegre, Brésil. Après cette analyse il était possible de diviser la Thèse dans deux grandes parties. Dans la première, qui a analysé le contexte contemporain, l’argumentation c’est qu’avec l’urgence du néolibéralisme Brésilien et de sa Constitution d'inclusion comme un impératif de l'État, nous pouvons regarder la prolifération des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil, en conjonction avec un phénomène qui peut être appelé "scolarisation du social". Ces politiques quand utilisent l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, produisent une redéfinition des rôles de l’école publique dans une société d’apprentissage, en élargissant considérablement ses fonctions de souligner fortement le gouvernement de conduite, pour produire un déplacement dans ce qui est entendu par connaissance scolaire. Ces connaissances se lient, inexorablement, à des contenus psychologiques en exprimant des formes contemporaines de manières de conduites, lesquelles présentent une centralité dans le rôle de chacun pour soi. La deuxième partie accentue des différents moments historiques, dès le XIX siècle jusqu’à présent, qui rapportent la compréhension de l'origine et les conditions d'urgence de la Politique d’Aide Sociale au Brésil. De cela, ils sont soulignés de plusieurs pratiques qui montrent des articulations produites entre l’Aide Sociale et l’Education tout au long de l’histoire. Sont aussi soulignées des pratiques d’aide liées aux ordres religieux et à la charité chrétienne développées jusqu’au milieu du XIX siècle ; passe pour l’structuration de l’Aide Sociale comme une politique d’État brésilien en 1930 et il arrive à l’émergence des politiques de déplacement de condition de rente, qui prolifèrent pour le pays, au sein des politiques et économies néolibérales. De ce fait, aussi dans les analyses du contemporain comme dans le parcours historique produite, il était possible de comprendre que les Politiques d’Aide Sociale rencontrent à l’école un outil efficace pour opérer, des différentes manières, à propos de la conduite des sujets, en administrant les risques produits par la misère, la famine, la déficience, l’exclusion sociale pour tenter d'assurerla sécurité de la population. / Esta Tese investiga, primeiro, de que forma as Políticas de Assistência Social, utilizando a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado para a sua efetivação, operam sobre a população na atualidade e, segundo, examina quais implicações tais políticas produzem na e sobre a escola contemporânea. Além disso, estudam-se a proveniência e a emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil e suas relações com a educação escolarizada. Para isso, tomam-se como sustentação teórico-metodológica os estudos de Foucault, principalmente os que remetem às noções de genealogia e governamentalidade. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa foi organizada em três etapas. A primeira analisou os seguintes documentos oficiais que materializam e regulamentam as Políticas de Assistência Social na atualidade: a Constituição 1988, a Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social/1993, o Plano Nacional de Assistência Social/2004, a Norma Operacional Básica - SUAS/2005, o Plano Brasil sem Miséria/2011 e a Ação Brasil Carinhoso/2012. Com o intuito de observar de que modo tais políticas vêm utilizando a escola como lugar de efetivação, na segunda etapa foi analisado um conjunto de documentos que legislam sobre o funcionamento atual do Programa Bolsa Família, sobretudo aqueles que regulamentam as condicionalidades impostas por esse Programa. Na terceira etapa, foram realizadas conversas informais com cinco diretores de escolas públicas de um município da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A partir da análise, foi possível dividir a Tese em duas grandes partes. Na primeira, a qual analisou o contexto contemporâneo, argumenta-se que, com a emergência do neoliberalismo brasileiro e a correlata constituição da inclusão como imperativo de Estado, podemos assistir à proliferação das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil, em articulação com um fenômeno que pode ser denominado educacionalização do social. Tais políticas, ao utilizarem a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado de efetivação, produzem uma redefinição das funções da escola pública em uma sociedade da aprendizagem, alargando consideravelmente suas funções que enfatizam fortemente o governamento das condutas, de modo a produzir um deslocamento no que se entende por conhecimentos escolares. Tais conhecimentos passam a se ligar, inexoravelmente, a conteúdos psicológicos, expressando formas contemporâneas de condução das condutas, as quais apresentam uma centralidade na condução de cada um por si mesmo. A segunda parte da Tese enfatiza momentos históricos distintos, desde o século XIX até Contemporaneidade, objetivando compreender a proveniência e as condições de emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil. A partir disso, destacam-se práticas diversas que mostram as distintas articulações produzidas entre Assistência Social e Educação ao longo da história. Destacam-se práticas assistenciais vinculadas às ordens religiosas e à caridade cristã, desenvolvidas até meados do século XIX; passa-se pela estruturação da Assistência Social como uma política do Estado brasileiro, na década de 1930 e se chega à emergência das políticas de transferência de renda condicionada, que proliferam pelo País, no interior do quadro político e econômico neoliberal. Dessa forma, tanto no decorrer das análises do contemporâneo quanto no percurso histórico produzido, foi possível compreender que as Políticas de Assistência Social encontram, na escola, um instrumento eficaz para operar — de modos distintos — sobre a conduta dos sujeitos, gerenciando os riscos produzidos pela miséria, pela fome, pela deficiência, pela exclusão social numa tentativa de garantir seguridade da população. / This dissertation first discusses how the Policies of Social Assistance utilize the schooled education as a privileged locus for its achievement with the current population. Second, it analyses which implications such policies produce in and about the contemporary school. In addition to that, it studies the origin and the emergence of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies and its relations with the schooled education. For this purpose, the studies of Foucault, especially the ones that are related to the ideas of genealogy and governmentality, are taken as theoretical and methodical basis. The method chosen for this research was organized in three stages. The first one has analyzed the following official documents, which fulfill and regulate the Actual Social Assistance Policies: the 1988 Constitution, Social Assistance Organic Law/1993, Social Assistance National Plan /2004, the Norma Operacional Básica (Norm of Basic Operations) - SUAS/2005, the Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brazil without extreme poverty)/2011 and the Action Brasil Carinhoso/2012. In order to observe how these policies have been using the school as a place of execution, the second part analyses a set of documents that legislate on the current functioning of the Bolsa Família Program, mainly those that regulate the conditions imposed by this program. In the third stage, informal conversations were carried with five public school principals from a city in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. From this analysis, it was possible to divide the dissertation in two big parts. In the first part, where the contemporary context was examined, the arguments are that with the emergence of the Brazilian neoliberalism and the correlate Constitution of inclusion as an imperative of the State, it is possible to watch the proliferation of Brazilian Social Assistance Policies, in conjunction with a phenomenon that can be called “social educationalization”. Such policies when using the schooled education as a privileged locus of execution produce a redefinition of the role of the public school into a learning society, considerably extending its functions to strongly emphasize the government of conduct, in order to produce a shift in what is meant by school knowledge. Such knowledge begins now to connect, inexorably, to psychological contents, expressing contemporary ways of conducting the conducts, which present a centrality in the behavior of every man for himself. The second part of the dissertation emphasizes different historical moments, from the XIX century until now, with the purpose to understand the origin and the conditions of the emergency of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies. There is an emphasis on the practices that show the different articulations produced between the Social Assistance and the Education throughout the history. Examples available are: assisting practices linked to religious orders and to the Christian charity developed until mid XIX century; covering the structuring of Social Assistance as a policy of the Brazilian government in the decade of 1930. Then, it comes the emergence of policies of conditional cash transfer, which proliferate throughout the country, within the neoliberal economic and political framework. Thus, both during the contemporary analyses and on the historical path produced, it was possible to understand that the Social Assistance Policies find in the school an effective tool to operate – in distinct ways – on conducting of behaviors, managing the risks produced by poverty, hunger, disability, social exclusion in order to ensure safety to the population.

D’abord cette thèse étudie la façon dont les Politiques d’Aide Sociale, en utilisant l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, fonctionnent sur la population d’aujourd’hui, et suivant examine quelles implications ces politiques produisent dans et à propos l’école contemporaine. De plus, étudie la provenence et l'émergence des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil et ses relations avec l'enseignement scolaire. Pour cela ils sont pris comme appui théorique et méthodologique les études de Foucault, en particulier ceux qui font référence aux notions de généalogie et de la gouvernementalité. La méthodologie a été organisée en trois étapes. La première a examiné les suivants documents officiels qui matérialisent y réglementent les Politiques d’Aide Sociale de l’actualité : la Constitution Brésilienne de 1988, la Loi Organique d’Aide Sociale/1993, le Plan Nationale d’Aide Sociale/2004, la Norma Operacional Básica-NOB-SUAS (Norme Essentielle Opérationnelle)/2005, le Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brésil sans Misère)/2011 et l’action Brasil Carinhoso (Brésil Solidaire)/2012. Avec l’intention d’observer de quelle manière ces politiques sont en train d’utiliser l’école en tant que lieu de réalisation, dans la deuxième étape un ensemble de documents qui légifèrent à propos du fonctionnement actuel du Programme Bolsa Família (Bourse Famille) a été examiné, surtout ceux qui réglementent les conditions exigées pour ce Programme. Dans la troisième étape, entretiens informels ont été réalisé avec cinq directeurs d’école publique d’une ville de la région métropolitaine de Porto Alegre, Brésil. Après cette analyse il était possible de diviser la Thèse dans deux grandes parties. Dans la première, qui a analysé le contexte contemporain, l’argumentation c’est qu’avec l’urgence du néolibéralisme Brésilien et de sa Constitution d'inclusion comme un impératif de l'État, nous pouvons regarder la prolifération des Politiques d’Aide Sociale au Brésil, en conjonction avec un phénomène qui peut être appelé "scolarisation du social". Ces politiques quand utilisent l’enseignement scolaire comme locus privilégié pour son concrétisation, produisent une redéfinition des rôles de l’école publique dans une société d’apprentissage, en élargissant considérablement ses fonctions de souligner fortement le gouvernement de conduite, pour produire un déplacement dans ce qui est entendu par connaissance scolaire. Ces connaissances se lient, inexorablement, à des contenus psychologiques en exprimant des formes contemporaines de manières de conduites, lesquelles présentent une centralité dans le rôle de chacun pour soi. La deuxième partie accentue des différents moments historiques, dès le XIX siècle jusqu’à présent, qui rapportent la compréhension de l'origine et les conditions d'urgence de la Politique d’Aide Sociale au Brésil. De cela, ils sont soulignés de plusieurs pratiques qui montrent des articulations produites entre l’Aide Sociale et l’Education tout au long de l’histoire. Sont aussi soulignées des pratiques d’aide liées aux ordres religieux et à la charité chrétienne développées jusqu’au milieu du XIX siècle ; passe pour l’structuration de l’Aide Sociale comme une politique d’État brésilien en 1930 et il arrive à l’émergence des politiques de déplacement de condition de rente, qui prolifèrent pour le pays, au sein des politiques et économies néolibérales. De ce fait, aussi dans les analyses du contemporain comme dans le parcours historique produite, il était possible de comprendre que les Politiques d’Aide Sociale rencontrent à l’école un outil efficace pour opérer, des différentes manières, à propos de la conduite des sujets, en administrant les risques produits par la misère, la famine, la déficience, l’exclusion sociale pour tenter d'assurerla sécurité de la population. / Esta Tese investiga, primeiro, de que forma as Políticas de Assistência Social, utilizando a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado para a sua efetivação, operam sobre a população na atualidade e, segundo, examina quais implicações tais políticas produzem na e sobre a escola contemporânea. Além disso, estudam-se a proveniência e a emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil e suas relações com a educação escolarizada. Para isso, tomam-se como sustentação teórico-metodológica os estudos de Foucault, principalmente os que remetem às noções de genealogia e governamentalidade. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa foi organizada em três etapas. A primeira analisou os seguintes documentos oficiais que materializam e regulamentam as Políticas de Assistência Social na atualidade: a Constituição 1988, a Lei Orgânica de Assistência Social/1993, o Plano Nacional de Assistência Social/2004, a Norma Operacional Básica - SUAS/2005, o Plano Brasil sem Miséria/2011 e a Ação Brasil Carinhoso/2012. Com o intuito de observar de que modo tais políticas vêm utilizando a escola como lugar de efetivação, na segunda etapa foi analisado um conjunto de documentos que legislam sobre o funcionamento atual do Programa Bolsa Família, sobretudo aqueles que regulamentam as condicionalidades impostas por esse Programa. Na terceira etapa, foram realizadas conversas informais com cinco diretores de escolas públicas de um município da Região Metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A partir da análise, foi possível dividir a Tese em duas grandes partes. Na primeira, a qual analisou o contexto contemporâneo, argumenta-se que, com a emergência do neoliberalismo brasileiro e a correlata constituição da inclusão como imperativo de Estado, podemos assistir à proliferação das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil, em articulação com um fenômeno que pode ser denominado educacionalização do social. Tais políticas, ao utilizarem a educação escolarizada como lócus privilegiado de efetivação, produzem uma redefinição das funções da escola pública em uma sociedade da aprendizagem, alargando consideravelmente suas funções que enfatizam fortemente o governamento das condutas, de modo a produzir um deslocamento no que se entende por conhecimentos escolares. Tais conhecimentos passam a se ligar, inexoravelmente, a conteúdos psicológicos, expressando formas contemporâneas de condução das condutas, as quais apresentam uma centralidade na condução de cada um por si mesmo. A segunda parte da Tese enfatiza momentos históricos distintos, desde o século XIX até Contemporaneidade, objetivando compreender a proveniência e as condições de emergência das Políticas de Assistência Social no Brasil. A partir disso, destacam-se práticas diversas que mostram as distintas articulações produzidas entre Assistência Social e Educação ao longo da história. Destacam-se práticas assistenciais vinculadas às ordens religiosas e à caridade cristã, desenvolvidas até meados do século XIX; passa-se pela estruturação da Assistência Social como uma política do Estado brasileiro, na década de 1930 e se chega à emergência das políticas de transferência de renda condicionada, que proliferam pelo País, no interior do quadro político e econômico neoliberal. Dessa forma, tanto no decorrer das análises do contemporâneo quanto no percurso histórico produzido, foi possível compreender que as Políticas de Assistência Social encontram, na escola, um instrumento eficaz para operar — de modos distintos — sobre a conduta dos sujeitos, gerenciando os riscos produzidos pela miséria, pela fome, pela deficiência, pela exclusão social numa tentativa de garantir seguridade da população. / This dissertation first discusses how the Policies of Social Assistance utilize the schooled education as a privileged locus for its achievement with the current population. Second, it analyses which implications such policies produce in and about the contemporary school. In addition to that, it studies the origin and the emergence of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies and its relations with the schooled education. For this purpose, the studies of Foucault, especially the ones that are related to the ideas of genealogy and governmentality, are taken as theoretical and methodical basis. The method chosen for this research was organized in three stages. The first one has analyzed the following official documents, which fulfill and regulate the Actual Social Assistance Policies: the 1988 Constitution, Social Assistance Organic Law/1993, Social Assistance National Plan /2004, the Norma Operacional Básica (Norm of Basic Operations) - SUAS/2005, the Plan Brasil sem Miséria (Brazil without extreme poverty)/2011 and the Action Brasil Carinhoso/2012. In order to observe how these policies have been using the school as a place of execution, the second part analyses a set of documents that legislate on the current functioning of the Bolsa Família Program, mainly those that regulate the conditions imposed by this program. In the third stage, informal conversations were carried with five public school principals from a city in the Porto Alegre metropolitan area. From this analysis, it was possible to divide the dissertation in two big parts. In the first part, where the contemporary context was examined, the arguments are that with the emergence of the Brazilian neoliberalism and the correlate Constitution of inclusion as an imperative of the State, it is possible to watch the proliferation of Brazilian Social Assistance Policies, in conjunction with a phenomenon that can be called “social educationalization”. Such policies when using the schooled education as a privileged locus of execution produce a redefinition of the role of the public school into a learning society, considerably extending its functions to strongly emphasize the government of conduct, in order to produce a shift in what is meant by school knowledge. Such knowledge begins now to connect, inexorably, to psychological contents, expressing contemporary ways of conducting the conducts, which present a centrality in the behavior of every man for himself. The second part of the dissertation emphasizes different historical moments, from the XIX century until now, with the purpose to understand the origin and the conditions of the emergency of the Brazilian Social Assistance Policies. There is an emphasis on the practices that show the different articulations produced between the Social Assistance and the Education throughout the history. Examples available are: assisting practices linked to religious orders and to the Christian charity developed until mid XIX century; covering the structuring of Social Assistance as a policy of the Brazilian government in the decade of 1930. Then, it comes the emergence of policies of conditional cash transfer, which proliferate throughout the country, within the neoliberal economic and political framework. Thus, both during the contemporary analyses and on the historical path produced, it was possible to understand that the Social Assistance Policies find in the school an effective tool to operate – in distinct ways – on conducting of behaviors, managing the risks produced by poverty, hunger, disability, social exclusion in order to ensure safety to the population.

A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar o princípio da melhoria da condição social do trabalhador, como elemento central e teleológico do direito do trabalho, a fim de verificar aspectos relevantes para a contextualização sociológica, histórica e jurídica desse ramo do direito e contribuir para a construção de uma racionalidade de justiça social. Partindo da intrínseca relação do direito do trabalho com o sistema capitalista de produção e com o conflito de classes sociais inerente ao referido sistema, questionou-se o papel desse ramo jurídico, como instrumento de emancipação da classe trabalhadora ou de preservação dos interesses do capital. A finalidade da doutrina da conciliação das classes sociais e alguns dos principais aspectos de sua implementação no Brasil foram trazidos para o conjunto analítico. Foram analisados os reflexos das transformações do Estado e, portanto, do direito, para o princípio da melhoria da condição social do trabalhador, a partir das mudanças de uma estrutura normativa liberal para a social, passando pelo impacto da ideologia neoliberal e da reestruturação produtiva das últimas décadas. A dinâmica normativa dos princípios e em especial do princípio da melhoria da condição social do trabalhador e a verificação de aspectos importantes da relação deste princípio com outros centrais do direito do trabalho foram abordadas. Foram revisitadas as principais técnicas e situações jurídicas de aplicação do princípio em estudo, a partir da perspectiva de direito social e da contribuição para o fortalecimento da classe trabalhadora. Por fim, apresentouse uma reflexão, à luz do princípio da melhoria da condição social do trabalhador, a respeito da problemática da terceirização, da rotatividade da mão de obra e do excesso de jornada de trabalho. / This research aimed to study the principle of improvement of workers social conditions, as a central and teleological element of Labor Law in order to analise relevant aspects for the sociological, historical and legal contextualization of this branch of Law and also to contribute to the development of social justice rationality. Based on the intrinsic relationship of Labor Law with the production capitalist system and also based on the class conflict which is inherent in the previously mentioned system, the role of this branch of Law was questioned as an emancipation tool for the working class or as a tool for preserving the interests of the capital. The purpose of the doctrine of reconciliation of social classes and some of the key aspects of its implementation in Brazil were scrutinized. Reflections of state transformations were analyzed and therefore the right to the principle of improvement of the workers social conditions were also analyzed, based on changes which would alter a liberal regulatory framework into a social one, through the impact of neoliberal ideology and of the restructuring of productive decades. The dynamics of normative principles and in particular the principle of improvement of workers social condition and the analysis of important aspects of its relationship with other central principles of Labor Law were addressed. The main technical and legal situations of application of the principle being studied were rewied from the perspective of Social Law and from the perspective of contribution to strengthening of the working class. Finally, a reflection, under the light of the principle of improvement of workers social condition, about the issues of outsourcing, labor turnover and excessive working hours presented.

Neoliberalism står för så mycket mer än att bara vara en ideologi som tar steget ifrån statens kontroll. Förutom att ideologin strävar åt ekonomisk frihet finns det också andra tydliga attityder som riktar sig till samhället i helhet; den enskilda individen, den anställde och staden. Neoliberalismen har påverkat planeringen mycket. Framför allt har tron på marknadens goda effekter förstärkts, medan staten har fått ett betydligt lägre förtroende och inflytande. De inblandade aktörerna har under senare tid blivit fler och detta gäller framför allt aktörer från den privata sfären. Stadspolitiken har också förändrats och har nu ett mer entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt och ett tydligare fokus på att marknadsföra staden. Detta har uppmärksammats i uppsatsens fallstudie Hyllie, där bland annat Emporia, ett av skandinaviens största köpcentrum, har gett området gratis marknadsföring. Andra tecken på marknadsföring i planeringen av Hyllie är den spektakulära arktitekturen som har gett området en viss status och rykte. Hyllie är ett utbyggnadsområde med många inblandade aktörer, där kommunen har en stor roll tillsammans med byggherrar och andra privata intressenter. Percy Nilsson är den privata aktör som vågade satsa och investera tidigast i planprocessen. Idag är intresset stort för att bygga kontor, medan byggandet av bostäder bland annar har stannat av på grund av lågkonjunkturen, men också på grund av att marknaden tycks fungera dåligt i en bransch som beskrivs som oligopol.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study entails an historical investigation of how the All Africa Conference of Churches (AACC) has addressed the ecumenical tension between ecclesiology and ethics in its history between 1963 and 2013. The study is arguably the first comprehensive analysis of the history of the AACC focussing on ecclesiology and ethics and will therefore make an original contribution to ecumenical theology in Africa in this regard. The study argues that the tension between what the church is (read: ecclesiology) and what it does (read: ethics) has undeniably been present in the ecumenical movement in Africa. The study is situated within two concentric contexts. Firstly, it is located within the context of the WCC study project on ecclesiology and ethics that was conducted during the period 1992 to 1996 and will contribute to wider discourse in this regard. The WCC project was an attempt to bridge a deep divide in the ecumenical movement between those who emphasise that the way to unity is through doctrinal agreement and those who believe that “doctrine divides” while a common moral cause (service) may unite. Secondly, this study is aimed at discerning how the AACC has addressed the relationship between the theological quest for unity (read: ecclesiology) and the social responsibility of the church (read: ethics). The study examines how the AACC assisted its member churches to respond to contemporary challenges in three distinct periods in recent African history, namely the periods of decolonisation (1963-1974), development (1975-1992) and neo-liberal globalisation (1993-2013). The hypothesis of this study is that these periods correlate with the AACC’s ways of negotiating the tension between ecclesiology and ethics. The study argues that although the AACC has privileged the social agenda of the church in society (read: ethics), the ecumenical quest for ecclesial unity (read: ecclesiology) has not been completely absent. While the study acknowledges that the tension between ecclesiology and ethics is not easily resolved, it affirms that these two ecumenical concerns are inseparable. The study therefore suggests an appropriation of the African notion of ubuntu as a horizon for ecclesiology and ethics. The intuition behind the proposal is that ubuntu resonates with biblical notions of koinonia and diakonia and is thus an apt notion for an articulation of the interconnectedness between ecclesiology and ethics. The study is divided into two parts, comprising eight chapters. The first part covers four chapters in which I offer an historical background to the modern ecumenical movement, an analysis of the ecclesiology and ethics debate in the wider ecumenical context and a brief institutional history of the AACC. The second part of the study comprises three chapters. Therein, I present a critical analysis of the AACC’s handling of the tension between ecclesiology and ethics in the period 1963-2013. Each chapter describes and analyses the various ways in which the AACC addressed the tension between the theological quest for the visible unity of the church on the one hand (read: ecclesiology) and the social responsibility of the church (read: ethics) on the other in specific socio-historical contexts. The hypothesis of the study is confirmed on the basis of such analysis. This study contributes to discourse in African theology on authenticity (read: ecclesiology) as expressed in theologies of inculturation and indigenisation and on social relevance (read: ethics) as expressed in theologies of liberation and reconstruction. It further contributes to academic reflection on the history of the ecumenical movement in Africa and the quest for an appropriate ecumenical vision on the African continent amidst the tensions between mainline churches, independent churches (AICs) and a variety of Pentecostal churches and the many social challenges that churches have to address. / Sakupapa, T.C. (2017). Ecclesiology and ethics: An analysis of the history of the All Africa Conference of Churches (1963 - 2013). PhD thesis. University of the Western Cape. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5534

En Latinoamérica, la gobernanza del agua se enfrenta con el problema del aumento de la demanda de recursos hídricos, la creciente variabilidad hidrológica en un contexto de cambio climático, y la contaminación que sigue proliferándose. Por lo tanto, se observa una creciente escasez de agua, en cantidad y calidad, generando competencia y conflictos entre los actores involucrados. El problema coincide con el urgente temario internacional de la concentración de tierra, que está muy entrelazado con la concentración del agua en pocas manos. La globalización y un clima político neoliberal facilitan que actores poderosos acumulen derechos y volúmenes de agua a expensas de usuarios de menor poder. Este documento tiene por objetivo examinar el contexto nacional poniendo atención especial en la acumulación en casos ejemplares de la costa peruana. Se basa en revisión de literatura, informes y archivos pertinentes. Concluye que la distribución injusta de tierra y agua, a expensas de familias rurales y de territorios comunales e indígenas, constituye una grave amenaza para la sostenibilidad ambiental, la seguridad hídrica y la seguridad alimentaria. / In Latin America, water governance is facing the problem of rising demand for water resources, increased hydrological variability in a context of climate change, proliferating contamination and thus —in general— increasing scarcity of water in terms of quantity, quality, and opportunity. This creates competition and conflicts among stakeholders. The issue coincides with the urgent international problem of concentration of land, which is heavily intertwined with the concentration of water in the hands of the few. Globalization and a neoliberal political climate facilitate that powerful actors accumulate water rights and volumes at the expense of less powerful water users. This paper examines some exemplary situations in Peru. It is based on literature review, reports and archival research. The paper concludes that the unfair distribution of land and water, at the expense of rural families, communities and indigenous territories, constitutes a serious threat to environmental sustainability, water security and food security.

Teachers’ voices have been largely excluded from the academic and political debates regarding the aims and merits of financial literacy education. Through case study research, this project examined the beliefs, practices, and lives of 10 teachers in Québec and Ontario who teach financial literacy at the intermediate and senior levels. Specifically, the teachers in this study report taking a critical approach to financial literacy education–a subject that tends to be framed in simplistic and individualistic terms as mere personal financial decision-making. In an analysis of in-depth interviews and deliberative inquiry focus groups with self-identifying critical teachers and investigation into various documentary sources, I detail the ways in which some of these teachers adhere to mainstream understandings of financial literacy education while others work to reframe it towards more critical and economically just ends. This research results in the development of a framework for critical economic literacy education, documenting the intellectually demanding set of skills, knowledge, and pedagogical strategies a critical economic literacy requires of students and teachers. Findings also bring forth distinctions in teachers’ ideas about criticality, revealing that teachers navigate between common, critical, and transformative sense orientations in sophisticated ways to achieve their pedagogical aims. Last, I investigate how criticality emerges in teachers, narrating the ways in which their personal biographies, professional and political activities, and intellectual pursuits inform their critical teaching in relation to financial literacy. This case study is further contextualized by the current political moment in which escalating economic inequality and the widening racial wealth gap, the current financial crisis, impending climate disasters, and antidemocratic politics worldwide convey a sense of urgency and a timely relevance for a more critical and transformative financial literacy education.

<p>Splatterpunk was a short-lived, but explosive horror literary movement birthed in the 1980’s that utilized graphic depictions of violence in its prose. Drawing parallels to other subversive and radical art movements like Dada and Hardcore Punk, this paper examines through a Marxist lens how Splatterpunk, influenced by the destructive nature of 1980’s neoliberalism, reflected the violence, categorized as direct and structural, of its period of creation and used extreme vulgarity as an act of rebellion against traditional horror canon.</p>