We assessed potential mechanisms that may jeopardize skeletal muscle perfusion during surgery leading to adverse outcomes including muscle injury and flap hypoxia. In craniotomy patients, we observed an increase in serum lactate and creatine kinase and urine myoglobin; indicative of muscle damage. The early rise in lactate correlated with elevated BMI, suggesting that obesity caused tissue compression and muscle ischemia. In our rodent model, we investigated the effects of flap preparation and phenylephrine on muscle perfusion by assessing microvascular blood flow and tissue PO2. Phenylephrine reduced muscle blood flow by ~20%, yet increased PO2 by ~10% suggestive of decreased O2 metabolism. At baseline, muscle flap blood flow was reduced by ~50% while PO2 was severely reduced ~80% (~5 torr) suggesting that flap perfusion was attenuated and O2 metabolism was increased. Phenylephrine infusion further reduced muscle flap perfusion. These data demonstrate multiple mechanisms by which muscle perfusion is jeopardized during surgery.

We present the case of a 7-month-old baby with Cushing’s disease due to an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary adenoma combined with cells producing thyreotropin-secreting hormone (TSH). In MRI scans, a contrast-enhancing lesion was seen inside the pituitary fossa, and it extended into the suprasellar region. On the assumption of a pituitary adenoma, surgery was performed. Corresponding with biochemical findings, histopathological evaluation revealed an ACTH- and TSH-producing tumor. Genetic analysis did not demonstrate an alteration at codon 201 (Arg) and 227 (Glu). To our knowledge, this is the first case described in a child of this age. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Frameless neuronavigational systems are a recent novelty for a precise approach to intracerebral tumours in open surgery. In this study 66 patients with a variety of intracranial tumours in various locations underwent surgical resection with neuronavigational guidance. Two different neuronavigational systems – the arm- and pointer-based ISG viewing wand and the miroscope-based MKM system – were compared for four different indications. Neuronavigation was used (a) in multiple tumours, e. g. brain metastases, (b) in solitary cortical or subcortical tumours located in eloquent brain areas, e. g. motor cortex or speech region, (c) in deep-situated brain tumours, including brain stem neoplasms, and (d) in infiltratively growing tumours to define the borders of the lesion. Using taped skin markers (MKM system) and a surface-fit algorithm (viewing wand) for registration, an accuracy of 1 to 2 mm deviation was achieved, which was sufficient for removal of all of the intracranial neoplasms investigated. Both systems proved to be safe and useful surgical tools regardless of the patient`s age, positioning of the patient during surgery or the location of the lesion. When these two systems were compared, the viewing wand was found to be preferable for resection of multiple brain tumours located in distant operative sides and solitary tumours in eloquent brain areas; this was because of the wide range of movement of the pointing device and the possibility of 3D reconstruction of the brain surface. As the MKM system provided the option of stereotactical guidance during the operative procedure, it was found to be superior in approaching small and deep-situated lesions. In certain cases brain shifting due to early drainage of the CSF led to minor underestimation of the real depth. For the precise definement of tumour borders of intraparenchymal neoplasms both system were equally suitable. However, intrusion of brain parenchyma into the resection cavity led to minor overestimation of the real tumour size in certain large intraparenchymal tumours. / Rahmenfreie Neuronavigationssysteme stellen eine Neuerung in der offenen operativen Behandlung intrazerebraler Tumoren dar. In dieser Studie wurden 66 Patienten mit verschiedenen intrakraniellen Tumoren in unterschiedlichen Lokalisationen mit Hilfe der Neuronavigation operiert. Hierbei wurden zwei verschiedene Navigationssysteme – ein Arm- und Pointer-basierendes System (ISG Viewing Wand) und ein Mikroskop-basierendes System (MKM) – für vier verschiedene Indikationen miteinander verglichen. Die Neuronavigation wurde verwendet (a) bei multiplen Tumoren, wie z.B. Hirnmetastasen, (b) bei solitären kortikalen oder subkortikalen Prozessen in eloquenten Hirnarealen, wie z.B. Motorkortex oder Sprachregion, (c) bei tiefgelegenen Hirntumoren einschließlich Hirnstammtumoren und (d) bei infiltrativ wachsenden Tumoren zur Bestimmung der Tumorgrenzen. Die Verwendung von Hautklebemarkern (MKM-System) und eines Oberflächen-Anpassungsalgorithmus (Viewing Wand) zur Registrierung war mit einer Genauigkeit von 1 bis 2 mm Abweichung für die operative Entfernung aller intrakraniellen Tumoren ausreichend. Beide Systeme bestätigten sich als sichere und geeignete chirurgische Hilfsmittel unabhängig vom Alter der Patienten, der Lagerung des Patienten unter dem chirurgischen Eingriff und der Lokalisation der Raumforderung. Im Systemvergleich zeigte die Viewing Wand durch einen weiten Bewegungsraum des Pointers und der Möglichkeit einer dreidimensionalen Rekonstruktion der Hirnoberfläche Vorteile in der Entfernung von multiplen, in entfernten Hirnregionen gelegenen Tumoren sowie von solitären Prozessen in eloquenter Lokalisation. Das MKM-System war durch die Bereitstellung einer stereotaktischen Führung während des operativen Eingriffes in der Ansteuerung kleiner tiefgelegener Prozesse zu bevorzugen. Eine frühzeitige Liquordrainage führte zu einem brain shifting mit einer diskreten Unterschätzung der wirklichen Tiefe. Für eine genaue Festlegung der Tumorgrenzen von intraparenchymalen Tumoren waren beide Systeme vergleichbar geeignet. Das Relabieren von Hirngewebe in die Resektionshöhle führte jedoch in einigen Fällen von großen intraparenchymalen Tumoren bei beiden Systemen zu einer geringen Überschätzung der wirklichen Tumorgrenzen. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-30 / Introdução. O aumento da complexidade e a melhoria dos cuidados de assistência e monitoração de crianças submetidas a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos tem sido marcantes nos últimos anos. Entretanto, são poucas as publicações sobre as principais características de morbimortalidade do período perioperatório e dos fatores de risco associados a piores desfechos dos mesmos. Objetivos. Estudar, de maneira retrospectiva e descritiva, os principais fatores determinantes de morbimortalidade em crianças submetidas a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos internadas na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica do Hospital Santa Catarina e caracterizá-los de maneira a conhecer o perfil do serviço estudado. Métodos. Foi realizado estudo de coorte retrospectivo através de análise de prontuários no período de 2005 a 2009 de todos pacientes submetidos a procedimentos neurocirúrgicos, de 1 mês a 16 anos completos, sendo levantados os principais dados referentes ao diagnóstico cirúrgico e a evolução pós-operatória, bem como descritas as principais complicações e a evolução dos pacientes durante a internação hospitalar. Resultados. Foram estudados dados de 198 pacientes durante o período do estudo. Os diagnósticos mais frequentes foram correções de cranioestenoses (31,3%), tumores supratentoriais (19,7%), shunts ventriculoperitoneais (16,7%), tumores raquimedulares (9,1%) e tumores infratentoriais (8,6%). Ao todo, 57,6% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 50 meses, tempo médio de internação em UTI Pediátrica de 3,4 dias e no hospital de 7,2 dias, com tempo médio de ventilação mecânica de 6,6 horas. As complicações mais freqüentes na população foram sangramento (48,5%), febre (30,3%), hipotermia (16,2%) e laringite pós-extubação (15,2%). Pela análise múltipla, os fatores de risco associados a maior tempo de internação em UTI foram febre (p = 0,001), laringite (p = 0,001) e infecção (p = 0,003); a maior tempo de internação hospitalar, febre (p = 0,001) e infecção (p = 0,003) e a maior tempo de ventilação mecânica febre (p = 0,015), sangramento (p = 0,04), laringite (p = 0,007), distúrbio de coagulação (p < 0,001) e uso de corticoides (p < 0,001). Houve 2 óbitos na população estudada devido à hipertensão intracraniana. Conclusões. É de grande importância o estudo das principais complicações associadas a pior prognóstico em neurocirurgia pediátrica. Febre e sangramento, além de muito frequentes, impactam em quase todos os desfechos estudados. Séries de casos com maior quantidade de pacientes são necessárias para o melhor estabelecimento dos fatores de risco. / Introduction. The increasing complexity and improving care assistance and monitoring of children undergoing neurosurgical procedures has been remarkable in recent years. However, there are few publications about the main characteristics of perioperative morbidity and risk factors associated with worse outcomes from them. Objectives. To study, retrospectively, the main determinants of morbidity and mortality in children undergoing neurosurgical procedures hospitalized in the Hospital Santa Catarina’s Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and characterize them in to know the profile of the service studied. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using medical records review between 2005 to 2009 of all patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures, from 1 month to 16 years, and the main data regarding the diagnosis and surgical postoperative outcome and main complications and outcome of patients during hospitalization were reviewed. Results. We studied data from 198 patients during the study period. The most common diagnoses were craniosynostosis (31.3%), supratentorial tumors (19.7%), ventriculoperitoneal shunts (16.7%), spinal cord tumors (9.1%) and infratentorial tumors (8.6%) . Altogether, 57.6% of patients were male with a mean age of 50 months, mean ICU stay of 3.4 days and hospital stay of 7.2 days with an average time of mechanical ventilation of 6.6 hours. The most frequent complications were bleeding (48.5%), fever (30.3%), hypothermia (16.2%) and post-extubation laryngitis (15.2%). In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors associated with longer ICU lenght-of-stay were fever (p = 0.001), laryngitis (p = 0.001) and infection (p = 0.003); with greater hospital stay, fever (p = 0.001) and infection (p = 0.003) and with greater duration of mechanical ventilation, fever (p = 0.015), bleeding (p = 0.04), laryngitis (p = 0.007), coagulation disorders (p <0.001) and use of corticosteroids (p <0.001). There were two deaths in this population due to intracranial hypertension. Conclusions. It’s very important to study the major complications associated with poor prognosis in pediatric neurosurgery. Fever and bleeding were very frequent, impacting on almost all outcomes studied. Case series with the largest number of patients are needed to better establish the risk factors. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Filipe ciencia Animal - Clinica e Cirurgia Animal.pdf: 1546193 bytes, checksum: 01b61544014ff3cebd3f43ddb04b8408 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-30 / The adhesions formation after surgical procedures in the spine is a subject well studied in neurosurgery, according to the discomfort and postoperative pain suffered by patients. Several studies have been performed using anti-inflammatories, autologous grafts, xenografts and xenologer biomaterials and even in film form and gel with the aim of reducing or preventing adhesion formation. The aim of this study was to compare the film based on chitosan with autogenous fat in preventing dural adhesions in rabbits. This technique was compared to the technique used routinely by neurosurgeons who, in most cases, using autogenous fat. We used 24 adult male rabbits of New Zealand, and 15 and 30 days postoperatively (PO) the spinal cords of animals underwent myelography and histological evaluation. The animals were randomly divided equally into two groups (group G and Q), and further subdivided into four subgroups: G15, Q15, G30 and Q30 according to time points and the material used. In the group Q, a laminectomy performed between L1-L2 was occluded with the film based on chitosan and in the Group G the defect was repaired with autogenous free fat graft. In assessing myelography, there was a moderate compression of the column spinal cord both in group G as in group Q. In two rabbits of group Q the compression was attributed to severe disruption of the stabilization made with surgical steel wire. There was no significant difference (p &#8804; 0.05) between groups and subgroups. After the pre-established postoperatively, fibrous adhesion from mild to intense between the dura and the implant was noted in animals from both groups, with fibrosis and collagen fibers interspread with the tissue and implant withought, no statistically significant difference (p &#8804; 0.05) between groups and subgroups. There were cell infiltrates and giant cells that were more intense in the group Q. At 15 and 30 days postoperatively, the films based on chitosan were coated by inflammatory cells with areas of central necrosis. At 30 days postoperatively, the material had a fibrous capsule surrounding the inflammatory focus and the implant was noticed statistically significant (p &#8804; 0.05) of 5% when comparing the groups and subgroups. Based on the results we can conclude that the film based on chitosan, as well as a free autogenous fat reduces the extent of dural adhesions in rabbits, however, the film based on chitosan as well as any foreign body, induces crhonic and intenses inflammatory responses in the rabbit / A formação de aderências após procedimentos cirúrgicos na coluna vertebral é um tema bastante estudado na neurocirurgia, em função do desconforto e dores pós-operatórias sofridas pelos pacientes operados. Diversos estudos já foram realizados utilizando antiinflamatórios, enxertos autólogos, heterólogos e xenólogos e ainda biomateriais na forma de filme e gel com a finalidade de reduzir ou prevenir a formação de aderências. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o filme à base de quitosana com a gordura autógena na prevenção de aderências durais em coelhos. Tal técnica foi comparada à técnica realizada rotineiramente pelos neurocirurgiões que, na maioria dos casos, utilizam a gordura autógena. Foram utilizados 24 coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos, e após 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório (PO) as medulas espinhais dos animais foram submetidas à avaliação mielográfica e histológica. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (grupo G e grupo Q) de igual número, sendo posteriormente subdivididos nos subgrupos G15,Q15, G30 e Q30 de acordo com os momentos de avaliação e o material utilizado. Nos animais do grupo Q, a laminectomia realizada entre L1-L2 foi ocluida com o filme à base de quitosana e no grupo G o defeito foi reparado com enxerto de gordura autógena livre. Na avaliação mielográfica, foi observada compressão moderada na coluna dorsal da medula espinhal tanto nos animais do grupo G quanto nos animais do grupo Q. Em dois coelhos do grupo Q ocorreu compressão grave atribuída à ruptura da estabilização feita com fio de aço cirúrgico. Não foi observada diferença significativa (p&#8804;0,05) entre os grupos e subgrupos. Decorridos os períodos pré-estabelecidos de PO, foi notado nos animais de ambos os grupos, aderência fibrosa de leve a intensa entre a dura-máter e o implante, com fibrose e fibras colágenas entremeadas ao tecido conjuntivo e implante, sem diferença estatística significativa (p&#8804;0,05) entre os grupos e subgrupos. Verificou-se infiltrados celulares e células gigantes, sendo este achado mais intenso nos animais do grupo Q. Aos 15 e 30 dias de PO, os filmes à base de quitosana encontravam-se revestidos por células inflamatórias com áreas de necrose central. Aos 30 dias de PO, o material apresentava cápsula fibrosa circundando o foco inflamatório e o implante, tendo sido notada diferença estatística significância (p&#8804;0,05) de 5%, quando comparados os grupos e os subgrupos entre si. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que o filme à base de quitosana, assim como a gordura autógena livre reduz a extensão das aderências durais em coelhos, porém, o filme à base de quitosana assim como todo corpo estranho, induz respostas inflamatórias tissulares crônicas e intensas no coelho

Esse trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar as características odontologicas, verificar a ocorrência de complicações sensitivas orofaciais e determinar os aspectos funcionais mandibulares de 105 doentes com neuralgia idiopática do trigêmeo (NIT) submetidos \'a compressão radiculo-ganglionar com balão inflável. Foram realizadas 5 avaliações para cada doente: uma pré-cirúrgica e 4 pós-cirúrgicas (7, 30, 120 e 210 dias). Ocorreu comprometimento sensitivo mais intenso no território dos ramos maxilar e mandibular do nervo trigêmeo (p < 0,001) e poucas anormalidades no território do ramo oftálmico (p = 0,1815). As qualidades sensitivas calor, frio, tato, e dor foram afetadas. As queixas subjetivas de dormência foram mais frequentes do que as objetivadas durante o exame de sensibilidade facial (p < 0,001). foi elevada a ocorrência de disfunção oclusal (62,9%); 42,6% dos doentes apresentaram queixas espontâneas relacionadas à mastigação; houve intensificação da dor miofascial na musculatura mastigatória após a cirurgia (p < 0,001), que retornou aos valores iniciais após os 210 dias; a mobilidade mandibular também agravou-se (p < 0,001). Os autores concluiram que o procedimento é eficaz e seguro quando aplicado em doentes com NIT envolvendo o ramo oftálmico. Entretanto, recidiva é frequente e as complicações sensitivas e ou motoras orofaciais poderiam comprometer a qualidade de vida e dificultar a reabilitação funcional dos doentes. / The aim of this study was to determine dental characteristics, abnormalities in masticatory function and ocurrence of orofacial sensorial complications in 105 patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated with radiculo-ganglionar compression of the trigeminal ganglion with balloon. The patients were evaluated in the pre-operative period and in 4 post-operative evaluations (7, 30, 120 and 210 days). Sensory deficits were more severe in the area innervated by the maxillary and the mandibular trigeminal branches (p < 0.001); the ophthalmic branch presented abnormalities in few cases. The sensory qualities heat, cold, tactile and pain were affected. Subjective numbness was more frequent than sensory abnormalities findings at the post-operative sensitive evaluation (p < 0.001). Dental occlusion abnormalities were observed in 62.9% of the patients and 42.6% of patients\' complaints were spontaneous masticatory difficulties. During the post-operative period, myofascial pain of the masticatory muscles was statistically significant (p < 0.001), but normalized after 210 days in average. It also compromised the jaw mobility (p < 0.001). It was concluded that this procedure is safe for patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia involving the ophthalmic branch; however, sensory and motor complications of the method can affect the quality of life and rehabilitation of the patient.

Introdução: A neurocirurgia minimamente invasiva já é uma realidade em muitos centros em todo o mundo. A aplicação de conceitos antigos com a incorporação de novas tecnologias permite o emprego de medidas menos invasivas, mas com a mesma eficácia e segurança. O real papel destas técnicas e o seu efeito sobre a evolução dos doentes ainda é nebuloso. Objetivos: avaliar a segurança e resultados da técnica minimamente invasiva na clipagem de aneurismas cerebrais de circulação anterior e determinar o momento seguro para alta hospitalar. Materiais: Cento e onze doentes adultos com diagnóstico de aneurismas não rotos de circulação anterior foram randomicamente distribuídos e submetidos a cirurgia por um acesso minimamente invasivo (grupo de estudo - 36 pelo acesso transpalpebral e 34 através de craniotomias minipterional reduzida) ou acesso pterional clássico (grupo controle - 41 doentes). O endoscópio acoplado a um telefone celular foi utilizado juntamente com o microscópio durante as cirurgias do grupo de estudo. Os doentes do grupo de estudo foram submetidos a um protocolo específico para avaliação da segurança da alta hospitalar precoce. Foram avaliados desfechos cirúrgicos, clínicos/funcionais, estéticos e sobre qualidade de vida. Resultados: Em ambos os grupos, os dados demográficos e as características dos aneurismas foram similares. O tempo médio das cirurgias foi menor no grupo de estudo (214 min. vs 292 min, p = 0,0008). A necessidade de transfusão sanguínea foi menor no grupo de estudo (1 doente vs 7 doentes, p = 0,018). O número de eventos isquêmicos foi menor no grupo de estudo (4 doentes vs 8 doentes, p = 0,07), mas os eventos com repercussão clínica foram semelhantes (2 doentes vs 3 doentes, p = 0,53). A presença de colo residual na angiografia controle foi menor no grupo de estudo (6 doentes vs 11, p = 0,021), mas foram todos colos pequenos, 1,75 ± 0,68 mm, sendo que apenas um doente do grupo controle foi reoperado. A paralisia do ramo frontal do nervo facial foi menor no grupo de estudo, tanto a temporária (3 vs 14, p = 0,008) quanto a definitiva (0 vs 4, p = 0,032). A atrofia do músculo temporal foi menos frequente e mais leve no grupo de estudo (9 vs 14, p = 0,012). No grupo de estudo, 91,4% dos doentes receberam alta precoce no dia seguinte da cirurgia e nenhum doente apresentou evento adverso por este motivo. Os doentes do grupo de estudo ficaram assintomáticos mais rapidamente no pós-operatório (pela avaliação da escala de Rankin, p = 0,0026), mas não houve diferença entre os grupos dentre as pontuações acima de 1 na escala de Rankin modificada. Um doente do grupo controle faleceu no pós-operatório (0,9%). Conclusões: Os resultados demonstraram que as alternativas minimamente invasivas propostas são seguras e tem resultados clínicos e cirúrgicos iguais ou superiores ao tratamento clássico em vários quesitos. A alta precoce nestes doentes é possível e segura. O acesso nanopterional ou transpalpebral é uma alternativa melhor em relação à craniotomia pterional clássica para tratar aneurismas não rotos da circulação anterior / Introduction: Minimally invasive neurosurgery is already a reality in many centers across the world. The application of old concepts with the incorporation of new technologies allows the use of less invasive measures with the same effectiveness and safety. However, the real role of these techniques and their effect on the outcome of patients is still obscure. Objectives: To evaluate the safety and results of minimally invasive techniques in brain aneurysm clipping and determine the possibility of early hospital discharge. Methods: 111 adult patients with unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms were randomized and underwent a minimally invasive surgical approach, (36 by transpalpebral approach and 34 through a reduced minipterional craniotomy) or classical pterional approach (41 patients). The endoscope coupled to a smart phone was used along with the microscope during surgery (study group only). Patients in the study group were subjected to a specific protocol for assessment of early hospital discharge. Surgical, clinical/functional and aesthetic outcomes were evaluated along with long term quality of life. Results: In both groups, the demographics and characteristics of aneurysms were similar. The average time of surgery was lower in the study group (214 min. vs. 292 min, p = 0.0008). The need for blood transfusion was lower in the study group (1 patient vs 7 patients, p = 0.018). The number of ischemic events was lower in the study group (patients 4 patients vs. 8, p = 0.07), but events with clinical significance were similar (3 patients vs. 2 patients, p = 0.53). The presence of residual neck on control angiography was lower in the study group (6 patients vs 11, p = 0.021), but only small ones were found, 1.75 ± 0.68 mm, and only one control group patient required reoperation for this reason. The paralysis of the frontal branch of the facial nerve was lower in the study group, both temporary (3 vs 14, p = 0.008) and definitive (0 vs. 4, p = 0.032). The atrophy of the temporal muscle was less frequent and less severe in the study group (9 vs 14, p = 0.012). Most patients in the study group (91.4%), were discharged on the next day of the surgery and no patients had any related adverse events. Patients in the study group got asymptomatic faster (assessed by the Rankin scale, p = 0.26), but there was no difference between the groups among scores above 1 on the modified Rankin scale. One control group patient died postoperatively (0,9%). Conclusions: The results showed that the proposed minimally invasive alternatives are safe. Clinical and surgical results are equal or superior to conventional treatment in several topics. Early discharge in these patients is possible and safe. The described approaches (nanopterional or transpalpebral) are better alternatives to the classical pterional craniotomy to treat unruptured aneurysms of the anterior circulation

INTRODUÇÃO: Considerando que a dor é multifacetada e levando em conta a importância em realizar uma aproximação às vivências de pessoas acometidas por enfermidades relacionadas à cronicidade deste adoecimento, este trabalho buscou contribuir para o conhecimento a respeito do fenômeno da dor enfatizando o discurso tanto de doentes submetidos à redução aguda da nocicepção por cirurgia, como também de pessoas com neuropatia periférica congênita. MÉTODOS: O acompanhamento dos 15 participantes com dor crônica (pacientes com cordotomia cervical por dor oncológica refratária e rizotomia trigeminal percutânea por neuralgia do trigêmeo) se deu no ambulatório de Neurologia do Hospital das Clínicas ao longo de 12 meses, em três momentos distintos: pré-operatório (V1), pós-operatório imediato (V2) e pós-operatório posterior (V3) (após 4 meses da intervenção). Para a avaliação quantitativa do fenômeno da dor, foram aplicados instrumentos utilizados habitualmente no Departamento: o Questionário Sociodemográfico e o Protocolo de Modulação Condicionada da Dor (MCD) somente no primeiro momento; e o Questionário para Diagnóstico de Dor Neuropática 4 (DN4), o Inventário de Sintomas de Dor Neuropática (NPSI), o Inventário Breve de Dor (BPI), o McGill Breve, a Escala de Catastrofismo Associado à Dor (PCS) e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e de Depressão (HADS). As entrevistas abertas foram realizadas em três momentos, embasando-se no método fenomenológico hermenêutico. Para enriquecer a compreensão de que a nocicepção é um dos fatores, mas não o único que influência a ocorrência do fenômeno da dor e se aproximar do aspecto do sofrimento, também foram entrevistadas duas pessoas acometidas por Neuropatias Hereditárias Sensoriais Autonômicas (HSAN), que não apresentam sensibilidade à dor. Estes participantes foram acompanhados em momento único, no qual, além da realização da entrevista, foram aplicados o Questionário Sociodemográfico e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e de Depressão (HADS). RESULTADOS: Percebeu-se através da análise quantitativa das escalas aplicadas que, no geral, houve uma tendência de diminuição da dor e dos índices de ansiedade após a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. Esta redução se apresentou de maneira mais significativa entre os pacientes com câncer. Os escores do DN4 (6,9±2,3; 2,7±2,2; 5,5±2,5) foram significantes nos diferentes momentos e diminuíram entre as visitas V1 e V2. Para o NPSI os valores foram significantes apenas entre as visitas V1 e V2, apresentando os respectivos valores (65,6±12; 26,4±13,7). O valor da média de interferência do BPI mostrou-se diferente entre os momentos V1 e V2 com valores médios de (60,3±14,1; 15,7±13,3). Os valores do questionário McGill Breve para dor foram (6,1±1,5 e 2,0±1,0) respectivamente para V1 e V2 no componente sensitivo, para o componente afetivo os valores foram (2,8±1,8; 0,3±0,6) respectivamente. Para escala de humor os padrões mantiveram-se semelhantes aos das escalas de dor, houve uma queda dos valores entre a visita 1 e 2 para a escala PCS que se manteve na visita 3. Não houve significância entre os momentos para a escala HADS depressão. Já para a HADS ansiedade houve uma queda nos valores entre V1 e V2, assim como entre as visitas V1 e V3. Ou seja, não houve significância entre V2 e V3. As entrevistas foram analisadas a partir de Unidades de Sentido que emergiram a partir do discurso dos participantes. Para o momento V1, foram consideradas as unidades: Tempo de Procura por um Diagnóstico, Relação com o Cônjuge e Família, Trabalho, Relação com a Morte e Expectativa de Melhora. Nos momentos V2 e V3, as mesmas unidades foram mantidas, com exceção de \"Tempo de Procura por Diagnóstico\". Na análise dos doentes com insensibilidade à dor, foram mantidas as mesmas Unidades de Sentido do outro grupo de participantes, com exceção de \"Relação com a morte\" e \"Expectativas de melhora\". O aspecto da escuta apresentou-se como de extrema importância para a compreensão dos doentes com dor crônica entendendo-os antes da realização de procedimento neurocirúrgico, imediatamente após a neurocirurgia e em momento posterior. Também se tornou possível a escuta do relato das pessoas que, por possuírem uma condição de insensibilidade à dor, apresentam uma experiência diferenciada de sofrimento frente ao aspecto da dor / INTRODUCTION: Considering that pain is multifaceted and acknowledging the importance to approach the experiences of people affected by illness related to its chronicity, this work sought to contribute to the knowledge about the phenomenon of pain emphasizing the discourse of both patients submitted to acute reduction of nociception by surgery, and also of people with congenital peripheral neuropathy. METHODS: The follow-up of the 15 participants with chronic pain (patients with cervical cordotomy for refractory oncologic pain and percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia) occurred at the Neurology outpatient clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas during 12 months at three different moments: preoperative (V1), immediate postoperative (V2) and late postoperative (V3) (after 4 months of intervention). For the quantitative evaluation of pain phenomenon, instruments commonly used in the Department were applied: the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Conditioned Pain Modulation (CPM) protocol only at the first moment; and the Questionnaire for Diagnosis of Neuropathic Pain (DN4), the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI), the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the McGill Pain Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The open interviews were carried out in three moments, based on the hermeneutic phenomenological method. To enrich the understanding that nociception is one of the factors, but not the only one that influences the occurrence of pain phenomenon and to approach the aspect of suffering, two people affected by Autonomic Sensorial Hereditary Neuropathies (HSAN) were also interviewed. These participants were followed in a single moment, in which, in addition to the interview, the Sociodemographic Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were applied. RESULTS: It was noticed through the quantitative analysis of the scales that, in general, there was a tendency to decrease pain and anxiety indexes after performing the surgical procedure. This reduction was more significant among cancer patients. The DN4 scores (6,9±2,3; 2,7±2,2; 5,5±2,5) were significant at different moments and decreased between visits V1 and V2. For NPSI values were significant only between visits V1 and V2, presenting the respective values (65,6±12; 26,4±13,7). The mean value of BPI interference was different between moments V1 and V2 with mean values of (60,3±14,1; 15,7±13,3). The values of McGill questionnaire for pain were (6,1±1,5 e 2,0±1,0) respectively for V1 and V2 in the sensory component, and for the affective component the values were (2,8±1,8; 0,3±0,6) respectively. For mood scales the patterns remained similar to those of the pain scales, there was a decrease in the values between visit 1 and 2 for the scale PCS that remained at visit 3. For HADS Depression scale there was no significance between the different moments. Considering the HADS Anxiety scale there was a decrease in the values between V1 and V2, as well as between visits V1 and V3, but there was no significance between V2 and V3 moments. The interviews were analyzed from Units of Meaning that emerged from the discourse of the participants. For the V1 moment, the following units were considered: Search Time for a Diagnosis, Relationship with Spouse and Family, Work, Relationship with Death and Expectation of Improvement. At moments V2 and V3, the same units were maintained, except for \"Search Time for a Diagnosis\". In the analysis of patients with HSAN condition the same Units of Meaning were kept, except for \"Relationship with Death\" and \"Expectation of Improvement\". The listening aspect was extremely important for the understanding of patients with chronic pain in the three different moments, before performing a neurosurgical procedure, immediately after neurosurgery and at a later time. It also brought the opportunity to listen to the ones with HSAN condition who present a differentiated experience of suffering towards pain

INTRODUÇÃO. Atualmente, o tratamento da hidrocefalia é realizado principalmente através de uma Derivação ventrículo-peritoneal (DVP). Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a aplicação da derivação ventrículosinusal retrógrada (DVSR) em pacientes com hidrocefalia após o tratamento cirúrgico de mielomeningocele. MÉTODO. Estudo prospectivo, randomizado e controlado. Foram selecionados consecutivamente 9 pacientes com hidrocefalia após correção cirúrgica de mielomeningocele de janeiro de 2010 a janeiro de 2012. Os pacientes foram submetidos à DVSR ou DVP eletiva. Cinco submetidos à DVSR e 4 à DVP, sendo seguidos por 1 ano com realização trimestral de avaliações clínicas, de imagem e aplicação do Doppler transcraniano. RESULTADOS. Os pacientes tratados com DVSR apresentaram desfechos clínicos semelhantes aos do grupo de DVP. O Doppler mostrou melhora significativa quando comparado o pré-operatório com o pós-operatório. O grupo DVSR apresentou perímetro cefálico significativamente maior que o grupo DVP. O desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, complicações e desfechos centrados nos pacientes não diferiram entre os grupos. CONCLUSÕES. A técnica cirúrgica da derivação ventrículo-sinusal retrógrada é viável; ela é uma opção alternativa para o tratamento de hidrocefalia / INTRODUCTION. Currently, treatment of hydrocephalus is accomplished primarily through a ventricular-peritoneal shunt (VPS). This study aims to describe the application of retrograde ventricle-sinus shunt (RVSS) in patients with hydrocephalus after surgical treatment of myelomeningocele. METHOD. A prospective, randomized and controlled study. We consecutively enrolled 9 patients with hydrocephalus after surgical repair of myelomeningocele from January 2010 to January 2012. These patients underwent elective RVSS or VPS. Five underwent RVSS and 4 underwent VPS. These patients were followed for one year with quarterly clinical and image evaluations and application of transcranial Doppler. RESULTS. Patients treated with RVSS showed clinical outcomes similar to those of VPS group. Doppler showed significant improvement when comparing preoperative to the postoperative period. RVSS group showed significantly higher cephalic perimeter than VPS group. Neuropsychomotor development, complications and subjective outcomes did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS. Surgical technique of retrograde ventricle-sinus shunt is viable; it is an alternative option for the treatment of hydrocephalus

Abstract In brain surgery the operated region is often removable pathological tissue or a functional nucleus. To reach the region neurosurgeons utilize imaging and guiding methods to locate and demarcate the region of surgical interest (ROSI). This thesis has focused on the three most common intraoperative imaging modalities used in brain surgery, namely magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound imaging (US) and computed tomography (CT). The aim was to form practical intraoperative imaging concepts for brain tumor resections and stereotactic procedures and then to evaluate their feasibility and accuracy. A versatile intraoperative MRI (iMRI) unit based on a 0.23 T resistive C-shaped scanner was designed, assembled and studied. The horizontally open resistive magnet enabled a staged imaging protocol with adequate image quality during neurosurgical operations while minimizing patient movement between the imaging and surgical spaces. Turning off the magnetic field eliminated the safety risks associated with operating in magnetic fringe fields. Edema attenuation was studied to investigate the capability of inversion recovery (IR) MRI-sequences to suppress signal from edema, thereby differentiating it from resectable tumor and improving image quality in the low-field MRI unit. Use of the edema suppression IR sequence was a promising tool for image guided neurosurgery (IGS) in the context of the ROSI paradigm, but its use intraoperatively was restricted by clinical limitations. Use of the second intraoperative imaging method, US, was studied in the intraoperative MRI environment. When these intraoperative imaging modalities, US and MRI, were interlinked together using the neuronavigation method, the localization and delineation of the region of surgical interest was more reliable. The third intraoperative imaging method, CT with limited scanning volume, was studied in stereotactic operations where exact spatial information is the fundamental property at the cost of soft tissue contrast. The concept allowed neurosurgeons to scan the patients intraoperatively in 2D- or 3D-mode, to calculate coordinates of the specific target, to control the positioning of the applied instruments and to ensure final position of implanted objects. Thus neurosurgeons obtained valuable supplemental information of the results including the possibility to exclude hemorrhages. Results of this thesis indicate that the use of intraoperative imaging methods with the neuronavigation should be available in sophisticated neurosurgical centers and used selectively in neurosurgical operations. Users should be familiar with the benefits and limitations of applied modalities. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimus käsittelee magneettikuvauksen (MK), ultraäänikuvauksen (UÄ) ja tietokonetomografian (TT) käyttöä aivojen neurokirurgisissa operaatioissa. Päämääränä oli muodostaa edellä mainittuja menetelmiä soveltamalla leikkauksen aikaisen kuvantamisen konsepteja, joita voidaan käyttää aivotuumoreiden poistoissa ja aivojen stereotaktisissa toimenpiteissä. Työssä on myös tutkittu konseptien käytettävyyttä ja tarkkuutta. Leikkauksen aikaisen magneettikuvauksen tutkimiseksi suunniteltiin ja toteutettiin resistiiviseen ja avoimeen 0,23 T:n MK-laitteistoon perustuva leikkauksen aikaisen magneettikuvauksen konsepti. Horisontaalisesti avoin, resistiivinen ja matalakenttäinen MK-laitteisto mahdollisti neurokirurgisen potilaan kuvantamisen tarkoituksenmukaisella kuvanlaadulla ja kirurgisen toiminnan samassa tilassa vähäisellä potilaan siirtämisellä kuvantamis- ja operointialueen välillä. Magneettikentässä työskentelyyn liittyvät riskit voitiin minimoida sammutettavan magneettikentän avulla. Kasvainkudoksen ympärille muodostuva aivoturvotus voi hankaloittaa leikattavan alueen paikantamista. Rajapinnan korostamiseksi selvitettiin käänteispalautukseen perustuvan MK-sekvenssin mahdollisuuksia vaimentaa aivoturvotuksesta tulevaa signaalia matalakenttäisessä magneettikuvauksessa. Aivoturvotuksen suppressointi magneettikuvista todettiin lupaavaksi työkaluksi kirurgisesti poistettavan aivokasvainalueen rajaamisessa, mutta sen käytettävyys leikkauksen aikana osoittautui rajalliseksi. Leikkauksen aikainen ultraäänikuvaus liitettiin yhteen leikkauksen aikaisen magneettikuvauksen kanssa käyttämällä apuna neuronavigointilaitteistoa. Yhdistämällä nämä kaksi leikkauksen aikaista kuvantamismenetelmää saatiin täsmällisempää tietoa operoitavan kohteen sijainnista ja rajautumisesta. Stereotaktisen syväaivostimulaattorin asennuksen ohjaamiseksi ja kontrolloimiseksi kehitettiin menetelmä, jossa hyödynnetään kartiokeila-TT-laitteistoa leikkauksen aikana. Menetelmä mahdollisti potilaan kuvantamisen kaksi- ja kolmiulotteisesti leikkauksen aikana. Menetelmässä ratkaistiin käytetyn kuvantamislaitteen puutteellisen kuva-alan aiheuttamat rajoitukset. Tiedon avulla voitiin määrittää tarkasti kohdetumakkeiden stereotaktiset koordinaatit, kontrolloida toimenpiteen eri vaiheissa aivoissa käytettävien instrumenttien paikka ja varmentaa aivoihin jätettävien elektrodien lopullinen sijainti. Kuvantamisen avulla kyettiin poissulkemaan leikkauksen aikana mahdollinen aivoverenvuoto. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että leikkauksen aikainen kuvantaminen ja neuronavigointi tulisi olla käytettävissä neurokirurgisissa keskuksissa. Käytettävät menetelmät tulisi valikoida toimenpiteen mukaan ja menetelmiä soveltavien tulisi olla perehtyneitä eri modaliteettien ominaisuuksiin.