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Denna studie syftar till att undersöka berörda samhällsaktörers inställning till att uppnå klimatneutralitet inom Sverige med bio-CCS som åtgärd. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av remisser från klimatpolitiska vägvalsutredningens betänkande Vägen till en klimatpositiv framtid genomfördes med ett multi-level perspective för att studera dessa aktörers ståndpunkt. Aktörernas synpunkter identifieras och analyseras för att därefter ställas mot tidigare forskning. Resultatet av studien visar att det finns delade uppfattningar hos aktörerna angående bio-CCS och vad som behövs för att främja tekniken. De största hindren till att implementera bio-CCS som åtgärd anses vara ekonomiska och politiska aspekter, men att det även finns andra faktorer som har en betydande roll för att bio-CCS ska kunna ha ett inflytande till att Sverige ska uppnå klimatneutralitet till 2045. / This study aims to investigate the approach of relevant actors to achieving climate neutrality within Sweden with bio-CCS as a measure. A qualitative content analysis of referrals from the climate policy inquiry report Vägen till en klimatpositiv framtid carried out with a multi-level perspective theory to study the position of these actors. The actors' views are identified and analyzed and compared to previous research. The results show that there are divided opinions among actors regarding bio-CCS and what is needed to promote the technology. The main obstacles to implementing bio-CCS as a measure are considered to be economic and political aspects, other factors also have a significant role in influencing Sweden to achieve climate neutrality by 2045.

In this study, the content and depiction of security policy in Sweden was studied in educational social studies textbooks, derived from the 3rd course from two different curriculums: Lgy 70 and Lpf 94. The purpose of the study was to examine if there is a notable development and shift in the way that security policy is depicted and described in Swedish textbooks, and to do it in consideration of the drastic geopolitical changes that came with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold war. For this study, a qualitive content analysis was used. The purpose of this study is structured around 3 questions: Are there differences in content and depictions between textbooks, and if so, what are they? How has content and depictions changed between the two curriculums? And how can these potential differences be explained?To answer the last question, a theoretical framework was used that emphasizes the importance of external factors such as geopolitical conditions in shaping perceptions and policy, which in turn may affect content and depiction in textbooks, as well as an approach where the textbook is understood as a reflection of the social climate. The results of this study show a significant difference regarding content and depictions in textbooks between the two curriculums, regarding the threat level, perceived security threats, security goals, the purpose and relevance of the policy of neutrality, to name a few. For example, Lgy 70 textbooks depicted possible aggressions as being as likely to occur from NATO as the Warsaw pact, whereas Lpf 94 textbooks took a more open stance, emphasizing Sweden’s cooperation with NATO and EU.

Gouverneur Morris had an influence on the foreign policy of the Washington administration. This thesis will be focusing Morris' career as foreign minister to France. Morris served as the American minister to France during the French Revolution and reported to the Washington Administration on the events that transpired during that event. This thesis intends to show what impact Gouverneur Morris had in keeping the Washington administration neutral during this tumultuous time from his own point of view and various others with whom he corresponded with during his time as minister, most notably, George Washington. Morris' private diaries and letters will be used to show the information that Morris was relaying to Washington during the revolution. Along with this, Washington's diaries and letters will show how that information influenced his decision on how to pursue a foreign policy in regards to Europe, in particular France.

The purpose of this essay has been to investigate whether the Swedish Social Insurance Agency´s administrators and investigators feel that they perform gender-neutral assessments in sickness benefit and work injury cases. The method was based on interviews who gave the informants the opportunity to explain and describe their experiences around gender neutrality in their work. The results, which were analyzed using the qualitative method content analysis, clearly showed that the work ability assessments required in sickness benefit and work injury cases differ both depending on which company carries them out, where in the country they are carried out and that the scientific investigations that investigators at the Social Insurance Agency are required to do to follow are mainly designed on men. It is easier to investigate men´s work ability than women´s work ability, because they can follow the documents designed for men in male-dominated occupations. The informants know there is no or too little evidence that fits women´s disease pictures. Employees feel that their assessments are gender-neutral, but that their assessments are based on ready-made assessments templates that mainly work for men in male-dominated occupations. / Om Försäkringskassan inte utför könsneutrala arbetsförmågebedömningar av anställda inom kvinnodominerande yrken samt i förlängningen vid sjukpenning-och arbetsskadeärenden, så sker inte den likvärdiga behandling av kvinnor och män som Försäkringskassan är ålagda. Syftet med den här uppsatsen har varit att undersöka om Försäkringskassans handläggare och utredare upplever att de utför könsneutrala bedömningar vid sjukpenning- och arbetsskadeärenden. Den metod som följts har utgått från en kvalitativ ansats där semistrukturerade intervjuer givit informanterna möjlighet att både förklara och beskriva sina upplevelser runt könsneutralitet i sitt arbete. Resultatet, som analyserades med den kvalitativa metoden innehållsanalys, visade tydligt att de arbetsförmågebedömningar som krävs vid sjukpenning-och arbetsskadeärenden skiljer sig åt både beroende på vilket företag som utför dem, var i landet de utförs och att de vetenskapliga undersökningar som utredare vid Försäkringskassan är ålagda att följa främst är utformade på män. Informanterna upplever att det är lättare att utreda mäns arbetsförmåga än kvinnors arbetsförmåga, eftersom de då kan följa de underlag som är utformade för män inom mansdominerade yrken. Informanterna anser att det finns inga eller alldeles för få underlag som passar in vid kvinnors sjukdomsbilder. Anställda vid Försäkringskassan upplever därför att deras bedömningar sker könsneutralt, men att deras bedömningar sker utifrån de färdiga utredningsmallar som främst fungerar för män inom mansdominerande yrken. Det har i denna studie även framkommit att läkare gör skillnad i läkarintygen för män och kvinnor, till nackdel för kvinnor, samt att de utredare vid Försäkringskassan som försöker göra skillnad bestraffas av sin arbetsgivare Försäkringskassan.

The role of intermediation in the development of transformative climate governance capacities in cities is insufficiently examined, which is concerning given that research on transformative climate governance  has shown low degrees of  actual capacity on-the ground. As transformative climate governance is produced in the relational activities of urban stakeholders, the potential role intermediary actors can play in strengthening transformative governance capacities in cities warrants in-depth investigation.  The aim of this study  is to  examine the role intermediaries can play in advancing transformative climate governance capacities in cities, using the case of the Swedish Strategic Innovation Programme (SIP) Viable Cities and the work they do in supporting cities towards climate neutrality.  The study uses four dimensions of transformative climate governance capacity - stewarding capacity, unlocking capacity, transformative capacity, and orchestrating capacity  -  to examine what kinds of transformative climate governance capacities Viable Cities promote and incentivize as an intermediary working together with a network of several cities, varying in size and geographical location.  The study adopted a qualitative case-study approach, examining  Viable Cities through interviews with practitioners as well as participatory observations and document analysis.  The results show that Viable Cities stimulate novelty creation and identification of possible application contexts, while creating alignment and strengthening linkages between actors and resources, specifically between the networks of municipalities they engage with and the institutions they enlist to develop the conditions necessary for cities to become climate neutral. The results also indicate that Viable Cities put great emphasis on transformative capacity and orchestrating capacity through the strategies and tools they utilize, while lesser emphasis lies on stewarding capacity and unlocking capacity. This is not surprising, given the explicit focus Viable Cities has on stimulating innovation and facilitating collaboration – both in their own way of working as well as the strategies and tools they promote towards the participating municipalities.  The application of the transformative climate governance framework to the case of Viable Cities and the intermediation they perform across several cities was a novel feature of this study. The concept of transformative climate governance capacities have proven useful to assess what kinds of transformative climate governance intermediaries promote and incentivize for entities they engage with, and it can potentially be used as a tool to improve strategies to ensure that they actually have the potential to contribute to transformative climate governance. / Medlande aktörers roll i utvecklingen av transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet i städer är i nuläget otillräckligt undersökt; vilket är oroande med tanke på att forskning om transformativ klimatstyrning har visat låga grader av faktisk kapacitet i praktiken. Eftersom transformativ klimatstyrning produceras i relationella aktiviteter mellan urbana aktörer, kräver den potentiella roll som medlande aktörer kan spela för att stärka transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet vidare utredning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken roll  medlande aktörer  kan spela för att främja transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet i städer,  genom att undersöka det strategiska innovationsprogrammet Viable Cities och det arbete de gör för att stödja städer i resan mot klimatneutralitet.  Studien utgår från fyra dimensioner av transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet - förvaltningskapacitet, upplåsningskapacitet, transformativ kapacitet och orkestreringskapacitet - för att undersöka vilka typer av transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet Viable Cities främjar och stimulerar  i deras  arbete tillsammans med ett nätverk  av städer och myndigheter. Studien är utformad som en kvalitativ fallstudie och undersöker Viable Cities genom intervjuer med nyckelpersoner inom organisationen samt genom deltagande observationer och dokumentanalys.  Resultatet visar att Viable Cities stimulerar innovation och identifiering av möjliga tillämpningskontexter, samtidigt som de skapar likriktning och stärker kopplingar mellan aktörer och resurser, särskilt mellan nätverken av kommuner och  myndigheter  de  arbetar mot. Resultatet indikerar också att Viable Cities lägger stor vikt vid transformativ kapacitet och orkestreringskapacitet genom de strategier och verktyg de använder, medan mindre vikt ligger på att utveckla förvaltande kapacitet och upplåsningskapacitet. Detta är inte förvånande med tanke på det uttalade fokus Viable Cities har på att stimulera innovation och underlätta samarbete  –  både i sitt eget sätt att arbeta såväl som de strategier och verktyg de främjar gentemot de deltagande kommunerna.  Tillämpningen av  ramverket för transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet på en  medlande aktör som Viable Cities var ett nytt inslag i denna studie. Konceptet transformativ klimatstyrningskapacitet har visat sig användbart för att bedöma vilka typer av transformativa klimatstyrningskapaciteter medlande aktörer kan främja och stimulera, och ramverket kan potentiellt användas som ett verktyg för att förbättra och skräddarsy mellanhänders strategier.

Due to the increased popularity of greener products (green implies being more sustainable) and more businesses involved in greener markets, the phenomenon of greenwashing has expanded. This is problematic because actors trying to design, manufacture and sell products with a high sustainability content are then forced to compete with actors that deal with artificial sustainability. When trying to market products with a high sustainability index, customers require strong arguments regarding how sustainability has been dealt with within the design process. These need to be grounded in reality and be transparent. One identified research gap is the limited knowledge on how to design and manufacture consumer products in an environmentally and climate friendly way and at the same time attract consumers. The purpose of the study is to problematize sustainable design and consumption and develop a model for a sustainability integrated design process.  First, a literature review was conducted to gain a theoretical overview of the concepts mentioned earlier but also to build a theoretical point of reference. To further explore the concepts, an empirical case study was conducted using Verk, a Swedish furniture company as a case company in order to deepen and complement the gathered theory. The results of the literature study and the case study were then compiled into four identified sustainability factors that affect the creation of novel artefacts which were then sorted through Cross’s (2008) four stage design process model consisting of exploration, generation, evaluation and communication. These four stages were then integrated into a two layered sustainable design process in order to draw conclusions on how a sustainability integrated design process can be modelled.  The developed model was named “2-4 sustainable design process model” because of the two decision processes in each of the four stages of the design process. The model was validated by using the model in a design process where a table was designed. The table corresponds well with the four sustainability factors which shows that the sustainability factors successfully can be integrated within a design process and deliver a product with a high sustainability value. The implications of conducting this type of research is to show how a scientifically derived sustainable design process can be modelled and executed. The method contribution of this study is of scientific interest within design science, due to the scarcity of sustainable design process models with a rigid sustainability dimension. There is also a practical contribution when the developed model gives guidance for industrial designers on how to design in a way that seamlessly deals with sustainability in all the stages of the design process. Further there is a probability that the developed model also can be used in design teaching on how to design in a sustainable way, due to its prescriptive logic.

Contract selection is at the forefront of risk management and mitigation, yet it is an underrepresented area of research in supply chain management field as well as the influences of individual-level risk propensity and risk perception on supply chain decision-making processes. This dissertation explores effects of managerial risk propensity and risk perception on contract selection through the theoretical lens of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE), using a vignette-based experimental research design. This body of work introduces both a first-ever systemmigram of TCE in relation to contract selection, and a novel measurement scale for TCE contract typology. Furthermore, this dissertation tests the TCE predictions towards contract selection and explores the moderating role of financial risk propensity and risk perception (cost vs. supplier performance) on contract selection. The main theoretical contribution of this research is the opening of an old debate on the risk neutrality assumption of TCE, by providing empirical evidence that individual-level risk propensity and perception effect contract selection. The practical implications are significant and points out to the need for a better fit between individual-level and firm-level risk propensity.

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Fastighetsbranschen står för ca 20% av alla utsläpp av växthusgaser och 40% av all världensenergiförbrukning (RICS The World Built Environment Forum, 2019). Därför är det viktigtatt se på vilka åtgärder fastighetsägare kan göra för att minska miljöpåverkan.Miljöcertifieringar för byggnader är ett verktyg som används för att minska derasmiljöpåverkan och arbeta för fortsatt minskad påverkan i framtiden. Detta examensarbetefokuserar på nya miljöcertifieringar, mer specifikt NollCO2, med syftet att jämföra dennacertifiering mot LEED och dess påbyggnad LEED Zero. Syftet är även att undersökaincitament och hinder för NollCO2 via en kvalitativ intervjustudie som omfattas av totalt femintervjuer. Intervjuerna har utförts digitalt under våren 2021 med personer som haft insikt iNollCO2-certifieringens pilotprojekt. Resultatet från jämförelsen visade att det finns ett flertal skillnader mellan NollCO2 ochLEED, där den tidigare har mer omfattande krav för att godkännas, men samtidigt böranvändas som ett komplement till den senare för att ge en större effekt av minskadmiljöpåverkan. Jämfört mot LEED Zero är skillnaderna dock inte lika omfattande, då dessahar ett gemensamt mål om att nettonoll klimatutsläpp skall uppnås inom ett eller flerafokusområden. Intervjuerna visade att det finns flera incitament än hinder att använda sig avNollCO2 vid certifieringen av byggnader. Incitamenten har bland annat varit att företagenhaft höga hållbarhetsmål internt, kunskapsutvecklingen som fås via certifieringsarbetet ochatt företagen erhållit mycket positiv uppmärksamhet av deras val att bli pilotprojekt medNollCO2-certifieringen. Hinder har varit det omfattande arbetet som krävts för att få allaparametrar inom certifieringen rätt då det funnits brist på pålitligt underlag hosmaterialleverantörerna och brist på kunskap i byggbranschen. Uppfattningen har dock varitatt incitamenten övervägt hindren, då kunskapsläget börjar avancera. Effekten avcertifieringen har varit en utveckling av branschen där många leverantörer är intresserade avatt lära sig mer och arbeta med hållbara lösningar även för framtida kunder. Paralleller dragits till tidigare forskning som gjorts på äldre miljöcertifieringars incitamentoch hinder, där det visat sig finnas starkare incitament än hinder även för de äldrecertifieringarna. Diskussion har även förts gällande lönsamhetsaspekten med NollCO2, dåprojekt har högre produktionskostnader, men det är för tidigt för att kunna dra slutsatser omNollCO2-projekten är mer lönsamma än andra certifierade projekt. Den tidigare forskningenhar nämligen visat fastighetsägares uppfattning om att certifierade byggnader är merlönsamma än andra, speciellt byggnader med LEED- certifieringen. Skillnaden mot dentidigare forskningen är att aktörernas incitament bakom NollCO2-pilotprojekten inte verkarha påverkats av statliga regleringar enligt intervjustudien och skulle behöva utredas vidare.Inställningen till att välja nya miljöcertifieringar i byggbranschen har varit positiv, trots dehinder som finns mot att certifiera. Genom att delta som pilotprojekt har aktörerna fåttmöjligheten att vara pionjärer i att förändra branschen, men också göra en skillnad förbyggbranschen genom att visa att det är möjligt att använda lösningar för att byggaklimatneutralt. / As the real estate sector is responsible for approximately 20% of the global greenhouse gasemissions and 40% of the world's energy consumption (RICS The World Built EnvironmentForum, 2019), it is crucial to find solutions to reduce environmentally unfriendly emissions.Environmental building certifications are often used to enable property owners to takemeasures against their building’s environmental impact and ensure that such impact continuesto be lowered. This bachelor’s thesis focuses on new environmental certifications, morespecifically NollCO2, developed by Sweden Green Building Council (SGBC). The authorshave chosen to compare the certification to more established certifications like LEED, and itsadd-on LEED Zero. Furthermore, the purpose is to determine the drivers and barriers forusing the NollCO2 certification, which is made through an interview study compiled fromfive interviews. The interviews were conducted during the spring of 2021 with peopleinvolved in pilot projects for the NollCO2 certification. Results of the comparisons show that there are a number of differences between NollCO2 andLEED, where the former has more demanding requirements to be approved and it amends thelatter. Compared to LEED Zero, the differences are not as noticeable, since they are similar inthe way that net-zero emissions are to be achieved within the chosen focus area of thecertification. The study also showed that there are more drivers than barriers for NollCO2 asa choice of certification for buildings. The drivers for the interviewees have been theirinternal environmental policies, the knowledge to be gained from the certification experienceand also the positive attention drawn from their work as a pilot project with NollCO2. Thebarriers have been extensive work to get the parameters within the certification correct, as thematerial suppliers generally do not offer the same information about the material’s climateimpact. Also, the opinion of the interviewees was that the industry is lacking the requiredknowledge of sustainable building solutions. Although, the view was shared that the drivershave shown to outweigh the barriers. The pilot projects for NollCO2 has progressed therequired development of the industry according to the interviewees. This was shown in thesupplier’s developed knowledge of sustainable building solutions and an interest to continueto offer the same environmentally friendly solutions to all future clients. In the thesis, parallels are drawn to prior research to identify the drivers and barriers for olderbuilding certifications. It is shown that the drivers to use a building certification outweigh thebarriers with the older certifications. The profitability aspect with using NollCO2 is alsodiscussed, since these projects clearly have higher production costs and lower maintenancecosts. Although, it is early to draw clear conclusions on whether the project is profitable ornot, since the pilot project buildings have yet to be completed. Prior research has shown thatolder certifications, for example LEED, have been profitable for property owners in general.A difference found in the comparison to prior research, is the impact of governmentregulations and policies in a property owner’s choice to certify their buildings. This impacthas not been identifiable in the conducted interview study for this report and needs moreresearch. The attitude towards new environmental building certifications has been positive throughoutthe interviews, despite existing barriers. The NollCO2 pilots are being part of an industryevolution and have acted as pioneers for the property industry. The pilots have also made animpact on the building industry by showing that it is possible to use climate neutral solutionswhen building.