The aim of the study was to examine the immune response and different immunoprotective strategies in experimental type 1 diabetes mellitus. The autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells that leads to type 1 diabetes is complex and incompletely understood. Activated immune cells infiltrate the pancreatic islets at an early stage of the disease, and they produce and release cytokines, which may contribute to β-cell dysfunction and death. Several immunomodulatory agents with different mechanisms have recently been developed in order to suppress cytokine function such as MDL 201, 449A, a novel transcriptional inhibitor of TNF-α. At least in rodent β-cells, many of the toxic actions of cytokines depend on the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of NO formation, might therefore be an interesting compound for prevention of type 1 diabetes. Another substance that could influence the course of events leading to this disease is the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL), since it has the ability to activate different immune cells. We have studied the effects of AG, PRL and MDL 201, 449A on the development of hyperglycaemia and pancreatic insulitis in multiple low dose streptozotocin induced autoimmune diabetes in mice. The natural course after syngeneic islet transplantation of pancreatic islets in NOD mice, a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus was also investigated. AG and PRL were also studied in vitro on cultured isolated rodent pancreatic islets. We suggest that the insulin-producing cells are specifically targeted by the inflammatory response after syngeneic islet transplantation in type 1 diabetic mice. Our data do not exclude a role for NO in type 1 diabetes, but it raises concerns about the use of AG as a therapeutic agent since an increased mortality and no decline in diabetes frequency was observed. AG did not seem to be directly harmful to β-cell function, but it could affect pancreatic and islet blood flows. PRL and MDL 201, 449A could both counteract hyperglycaemia and insulitis in the early phase of autoimmune diabetes.

In sheep, large ovarian antral follicles grow in waves with a periodicity of every 4 to 5 days; each wave is initiated by a peak in serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In the present thesis, follicular data and hormone estimations acquired from daily ultrasonography and blood samples, respectively, were used to study mechanisms regulating the number of follicular waves per estrous cycle. Using additional approaches such as implants releasing estradiol-17â and or progesterone, immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and injections of GnRH, the role of pulsed luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and FSH peaks in follicular wave emergence and growth and the dependency of FSH peaks on pulsed GnRH secretion, were studied in sheep. The viability of aged follicles was also addressed.<p> The results of the present studies showed that ewes with three or four waves per cycle had cycles of the same length. The inter-wave interval was longer for the first and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle in three compared to four wave cycles. The length of the lifespan and regression phase of the largest follicle of a wave declined across the cycle as FSH peak concentration and amplitude decreased. The maximum follicular diameter of the largest follicle growing in the first wave and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle was greater compared to other waves of the cycle. Treatment of anestrous ewes with estradiol releasing implants alone completely abolished pulsed LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave development; however, FSH secretion was only minimally affected and the pool of small follicles was not affected. When pulsed secretion of LH was restored by frequent injections of GnRH, follicular waves were re-established. Treatment of anestrous ewes with implants releasing estradiol and progesterone, decreased FSH peak amplitude and abolished LH pulses and follicular waves; the size of the pool of small follicles increased. Immunization against GnRH in anestrous ewes abolished pulsatile LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave emergence; however, FSH peaks continued to occur for several weeks. In cyclic ewes, creating an LH pulse frequency typical of the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle by giving GnRH, increased maximum diameter of the largest follicle in a wave and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. The enhanced growth of follicles in a wave blocked the next expected FSH peak and its associated follicular wave. Decreasing LH pulse frequencies lower than the minimal frequency seen in the luteal phase, by implants releasing progesterone, did not affect the growth of follicular waves.<p> It was previously demonstrated that treatment of non-prolific WWF ewes with Prostaglandin F2á (PGF2á) and medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) increased the ovulation rate by adding ovulations from the penultimate wave in addition to the final wave of the cycle; however, fertility was not improved. In the last study of my thesis, we collected follicles, with an extended lifespan, from the penultimate wave of the cycle in ewes given the PGF2á and MPA treatment. We compared their quality with follicles from the final wave of the cycle by looking at the expression of markers of follicular development. The results showed that theca cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Granulosa cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for connexion 43 (Cx43) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Protein expression for Cx43, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Factor VIII was greater in follicles from the final compared to the penultimate wave.<p> We concluded from the present studies that: 1) the mechanism that makes a three wave or four wave cycle is unclear; 2) some level of pulsatile LH secretion is required for an FSH peak to trigger emergence of follicular waves in anestrous ewes; 3) progesterone enhances the inhibitory effects of estradiol on FSH secretion in anestrous ewes, suppressing specifically FSH peak amplitude; 4) an endogenous rhythm may exist that drives the peaks in FSH secretion independent of secretory products from the follicles growing in a wave and pulsed GnRH secretion; 5) follicular waves in ewes, when exposed to an LH pulse frequency similar to the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle, when serum progesterone concentrations are high, can grow and function like ovulatory follicles growing in the follicular phase of the cycle; 6) expression of some markers of vascularization/ angiogenesis, gap-junctional communication and cell proliferation, appeared to be decreased in follicles from the penultimate compared to the final wave of an estrous cycle, when the lifespan of follicles from the penultimate wave was extended such that they were present in the ovary with follicles from the final wave of the cycle.

In sheep, large ovarian antral follicles grow in waves with a periodicity of every 4 to 5 days; each wave is initiated by a peak in serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). In the present thesis, follicular data and hormone estimations acquired from daily ultrasonography and blood samples, respectively, were used to study mechanisms regulating the number of follicular waves per estrous cycle. Using additional approaches such as implants releasing estradiol-17â and or progesterone, immunization against gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), and injections of GnRH, the role of pulsed luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and FSH peaks in follicular wave emergence and growth and the dependency of FSH peaks on pulsed GnRH secretion, were studied in sheep. The viability of aged follicles was also addressed.<p> The results of the present studies showed that ewes with three or four waves per cycle had cycles of the same length. The inter-wave interval was longer for the first and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle in three compared to four wave cycles. The length of the lifespan and regression phase of the largest follicle of a wave declined across the cycle as FSH peak concentration and amplitude decreased. The maximum follicular diameter of the largest follicle growing in the first wave and the last or ovulatory wave of the cycle was greater compared to other waves of the cycle. Treatment of anestrous ewes with estradiol releasing implants alone completely abolished pulsed LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave development; however, FSH secretion was only minimally affected and the pool of small follicles was not affected. When pulsed secretion of LH was restored by frequent injections of GnRH, follicular waves were re-established. Treatment of anestrous ewes with implants releasing estradiol and progesterone, decreased FSH peak amplitude and abolished LH pulses and follicular waves; the size of the pool of small follicles increased. Immunization against GnRH in anestrous ewes abolished pulsatile LH secretion and suppressed follicular wave emergence; however, FSH peaks continued to occur for several weeks. In cyclic ewes, creating an LH pulse frequency typical of the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle by giving GnRH, increased maximum diameter of the largest follicle in a wave and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone. The enhanced growth of follicles in a wave blocked the next expected FSH peak and its associated follicular wave. Decreasing LH pulse frequencies lower than the minimal frequency seen in the luteal phase, by implants releasing progesterone, did not affect the growth of follicular waves.<p> It was previously demonstrated that treatment of non-prolific WWF ewes with Prostaglandin F2á (PGF2á) and medroxy progesterone acetate (MPA) increased the ovulation rate by adding ovulations from the penultimate wave in addition to the final wave of the cycle; however, fertility was not improved. In the last study of my thesis, we collected follicles, with an extended lifespan, from the penultimate wave of the cycle in ewes given the PGF2á and MPA treatment. We compared their quality with follicles from the final wave of the cycle by looking at the expression of markers of follicular development. The results showed that theca cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Granulosa cells of follicles from the final wave had significantly higher mRNA expression for connexion 43 (Cx43) compared to follicles from the penultimate wave. Protein expression for Cx43, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Factor VIII was greater in follicles from the final compared to the penultimate wave.<p> We concluded from the present studies that: 1) the mechanism that makes a three wave or four wave cycle is unclear; 2) some level of pulsatile LH secretion is required for an FSH peak to trigger emergence of follicular waves in anestrous ewes; 3) progesterone enhances the inhibitory effects of estradiol on FSH secretion in anestrous ewes, suppressing specifically FSH peak amplitude; 4) an endogenous rhythm may exist that drives the peaks in FSH secretion independent of secretory products from the follicles growing in a wave and pulsed GnRH secretion; 5) follicular waves in ewes, when exposed to an LH pulse frequency similar to the follicular phase, during the luteal phase of the cycle, when serum progesterone concentrations are high, can grow and function like ovulatory follicles growing in the follicular phase of the cycle; 6) expression of some markers of vascularization/ angiogenesis, gap-junctional communication and cell proliferation, appeared to be decreased in follicles from the penultimate compared to the final wave of an estrous cycle, when the lifespan of follicles from the penultimate wave was extended such that they were present in the ovary with follicles from the final wave of the cycle.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 103 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T13:51:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2565770 bytes, checksum: 9a17a1e982b430cc6e63bdb785f2ce92 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T13:51:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2565770 bytes, checksum: 9a17a1e982b430cc6e63bdb785f2ce92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Lippia microphylla Cham. (Verbenaceae), known as “alecrim-do-mato”, “alecrim-de-tabuleiro” and “alecrim-pimenta”, is populary used as antiseptic or to treat respiratory disorders. From its leaves, the essential oil (LM-OE) was extracted, that, according to Silva (2013), presented tocolytic effect on rat, with a probably indirect inhibition of Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (CaV). Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize the tocolytic action mechanism of LM-OE on rat. Isometric contractions were recorded to determine and compare the relative efficacy and potency (n = 5). Considering that the NO pathway can negatively modulate the CaV, we decided to evaluate this participation on rat uterus pre-contracted by oxytocin. For that, it was employed L-NAME, a non-selective inhibitor of NO synthase (NOS). The results show that the tocolytic potency of LM-OE (EC50 = 2.7 ± 0.6 μg/mL) was approximately 9.5-fold attenuated in the presence of L-NAME (EC50 = 25.6 ± 3.9 μg/mL). Furthermore, this reduction was reversed in the presence of the L-arginine (EC50 = 6.2 ± 1.7 μg/mL), a NOS substrate, and simultaneous presence of the L-arginine and L-NAME (EC50 = 7.2 ± 1.4 μg/mL), confirming the participation of NO pathway in the tocolytic action of LM-OE. Similarly, the relaxant potency of LM-OE was approximately 3.7-fold reduced in the presence of ODQ (EC50 = 10.1 ± 0.9 μg/mL), a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitor, and 3.3-fold in the presence of Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS (EC50 = 8.9 ± 0.9 μg/mL), a protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor. Thus, LM-OE positively modulates the NO/sGC/PKG pathway to promote its tocolytic effect on rat. Given that this pathway can activate the K+ channels, it was questioned if these channels would be involved on tocolytic effect of LM-OE. To confirm this hypothesis, experiments were made in the presence of CsCl, a non-selective K+ channels blocker, and it was observed that the concentration-response curve of LM-OE (EC50 = 2.7 ± 0.6 μg/mL) was rightward shifted with an approximately 4.3-fold reduction on its relaxant potency, confirming the participation of K+ channels on tocolytic effect of essential oil. In order to verify the subtypes involved, it was employed selective blockers of K+ channels. Control concentration-response curve was also shifted to the right and the tocolytic potency of LM-OE was attenuated in the presence of tetraethylammonium (EC50 = 10.5 ± 0.3 μg/mL), apamin (EC50 = 10.0 ± 1.0 μg/mL), 4-aminopyridine (EC50 = 12.4 ± 2.0 μg/mL) and glibenclamide (EC50 = 9.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL), the large (BKCa) and small conductance (SKCa) calcium-activated, voltage-gated (KV) and adenosine triphosphate-sensitive (KATP) potassium channels blockers, respectively. Moreover, LM-OE had its tocolytic potency reduced in the same intensity when these four blockers were simultaneously incubated (EC50 = 16.6 ± 2.6 μg/mL), not observing synergistic effect. Therefore, the tocolytic action mechanism of LM-OE on rat involves the positive modulation of the NO/sGC/PKG/K+ channels pathway, suggesting the blockade of calcium influx through CaV, leading to the relaxation of uterine smooth muscle. / Lippia microphylla Cham. (Verbenaceae), conhecida como “alecrim-do-mato”, “alecrim-de-tabuleiro” e “alecrim-pimenta”, é usada popularmente como antisséptico ou para tratar distúrbios respiratórios. Das folhas dessa espécie foi extraído o óleo essencial (LM-OE) que, de acordo com Silva (2013), apresentou efeito tocolítico em útero isolado de rata, indicando uma provável inibição indireta do influxo de Ca2+ através dos canais de cálcio dependentes de voltagem (CaV). Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o mecanismo de ação tocolítica do LM-OE em rata. As contrações isométricas foram monitoradas para determinar e comparar a eficácia e a potência relativas (n = 5). Tendo em vista que os CaV podem ser modulados negativamente pela via do óxido nítrico (NO), decidiu-se avaliar a participação dessa via em útero de rata pré-contraído com ocitocina. Para tanto, utilizou-se L-NAME, um inibidor não seletivo de sintase do NO (NOS). Os resultados evidenciaram que a potência tocolítica do LM-OE (CE50 = 2,7 ± 0,6 μg/mL) foi reduzida em aproximadamente 9,5 vezes, na presença de L-NAME (CE50 = 25,6 ± 3,9 μg/mL), sendo essa redução revertida na presença de L-arginina (CE50 = 6,2 ± 1,7 μg/mL), substrato para a NOS, e na presença simultânea de L-arginina e de L-NAME (CE50 = 7,2 ± 1,4 μg/mL), confirmando o envolvimento da via do NO na ação tocolítica do LM-OE. Semelhantemente, a potência relaxante do LM-OE foi reduzida em aproximadamente 3,7 vezes na presença de ODQ (CE50 = 10,1 ± 0,9 μg/mL), inibidor de ciclase de guanilil solúvel (sGC), e 3,3 vezes na presença de Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMPS (CE50 = 8,9 ± 0,9 μg/mL), inibidor de proteína cinase G (PKG). Sendo assim, o LM-OE modula positivamente a via do NO/sCG/PKG para promover seu efeito tocolítico em rata. Uma vez que essa via pode ativar canais de K+, questionou-se se esses canais estariam participando do efeito tocolítico do LM-OE. Para confirmar essa hipótese, foram realizados experimentos na presença de CsCl, bloqueador não seletivo de canais de K+, e observou-se que a curva concentração-resposta do LM-OE (CE50 = 2,7 ± 0,6 μg/mL) foi desviada para a direita com redução da potência relaxante (CE50 = 11,7 ± 1,5 μg/mL) em aproximadamente 4,3 vezes, confirmando a participação dos canais de K+ no efeito tocolítico do óleo essencial. Para verificar quais seriam esses subtipos de canais utilizou-se bloqueadores seletivos. A curva controle concentração-resposta também foi desviada para a direita e a potência tocolítica reduzida na presença de tetraetilamônio (CE50 = 10,5 ± 0,3 μg/mL), de apamina (CE50 = 10,0 ± 1,0 μg/mL), de 4-aminopiridina (CE50 = 12,4 ± 2,0 μg/mL) e de glibenclamida (CE50 = 9,7 ± 0,9 μg/mL), bloqueadores de canais de potássio: ativados por cálcio de grande (BKCa) e de pequena condutância (SKCa), dependentes de voltagem (KV) e sensíveis ao trifosfato de adenosina (KATP), respectivamente. Ademais, o LM-OE teve sua potência tocolítica reduzida quando esses quatro bloqueadores foram pré-incubados simultaneamente (CE50 = 16,6 ± 2,6 μg/mL), não sendo observado efeito sinérgico. Assim, o mecanismo de ação tocolítica do LM-OE em rata envolve a modulação positiva da via NO/sGC/PKG/canais de K+, sugerindo o bloqueio do influxo de cálcio via CaV e, consequentemente, o relaxamento do músculo liso uterino.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A proteína óxido nítrico sintase induzível (iNOS) é a mais importante proteína da família das óxido nítrico sintases, a qual é capaz de produzir grandes quantidades de óxido nítrico. A indução permanente de iNOS foi levantada como potencialmente mutagênica, apresentando um papel central na biologia tumoral. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o papel da iNOS no desenvolvimento de carcinomas de células escamosas bucais (CCEB), usando um modelo experimental de carcinogênese lingual em camundongos knockouts para NOS2 e amostras humanas derivadas da mucosa normal, leucoplasia bucal e CCEB. Camundongos selvagens (iNOS+/+) e knockout (iNOS-/-) para iNOS foram desafiados com 4-nitroquinolina-1-óxido (4NQO) diluída em água potável por 16 semanas e sacrificados após 0, 8 e 16 semanas de acompanhamento. As línguas foram removidas e o número de displasias e carcinomas foram contados. Sangue periférico destes camundongos foram analisados, por citometria de fluxo, em busca de células tumorais circulantes. Amostras humanas derivadas da mucosa normal, leucoplasia e CCEB, foram utilizadas para quantificar o RNA mensageiro (mRNA) de NOS2. As amostras humanas também foram imuno-coradas com anticorpos anti-iNOS e anti-nitrotirosina. Em ambos os grupos, foram observadas uma redução no número de displasias e um aumento de carcinomas da 16 semana até a 32 semanas. Camundongos iNOS-/- demonstraram menor número de lesões displásicas e neoplásicas em todos os períodos de avaliação, sendo menores e menos invasivas, quando comparados aos animais selvagens. Aparentemente, há uma tendência em ascensão nos níveis do mRNA e da proteína iNOS durante a carcinogênese bucal humana. Dados similares foram obtidos com a imuno-detecção de nitrotirosina. Além disso, as imuno-marcações de iNOS e nitrotirosina foram associadas a várias características clínicopatológicas dos CCEB (tamanho, presença de metástase, estadiamento e recidiva). Nossos resultados demonstraram que iNOS afeta o processo de carcinogênese bucal experimental e humana, estando associada com a gênese e progressão dos CCEB. Mais estudos devem ser feitos, para nos fornecer, uma compreensão profunda das funções de iNOS no desenvolvimento de câncer bucal. / Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is most important protein of nitric oxide synthases family, which is capable to produce huge amounts of nitric oxide. Permanent induction of iNOS has been raised as potentially mutagenic; presenting pivotal roles in tumor biology. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of iNOS in the development of oral squamous cells carcinomas (OSCC), using a mouse model of oral carcinogenesis in NOS2 knockout animals and human samples derived from normal mucosa, leukoplakia and OSCC. Wild-type (iNOS+/+) and NOS2-knockout (iNOS-/-) mices, were challenged with 4- nitroquinoline- 1-oxide (4NQO) in drinking water for 16 weeks and killed after 0, 8 and 16 weeks of after treatment. Tongues were removed and the number of dysplasias and carcinomas was counted. Mice’s peripheral blood were analyzed by flux cytometry in search of circulating tumor cells. Human samples derived from normal mucosa, leukoplakia and OSCC, were utilized to relative quantify the amount of NOS2-mRNA. The human samples were also immune-stained with anti-iNOS and anti- Nitrotyrosine antibodies. In both groups, a reduction of dysplasias and an increase of carcinomas from week 16 to week 32 were observed. iNOS-/- mices had shown a small number of dysplastic and neoplastic lesion in all evaluated periods, moreover these lesions were usually smaller and less invasive when compared to wild type animals. Apparently, there is a rising tendency in the iNOS mRNA and protein levels during human oral carcinogenesis. Similar findings were obtained in the nitrotyrosine staining. Furthermore, iNOS and nitrotyrosine imuno-stained is associated with several clinic-pathological features of OSCC (site, presence of metastasis, staging and recidive). Our results shows that, iNOS affects the process of experimental and human oral carcinogenesis, being associated with OSCC genesis and progression. More studies should be done to provide us a deep understanding of the iNOS functions in oral cancer development. / Tese (Doutorado)

Background and aims: Treatment of acute fulminant liver damage arising as a result of various origins (ischemia-reperfusion injury, toxic shock, an infectious cause or cholestasis) still remains a major clinical problem. We currently do not have available clinically proven, pharmacologically effective and universal compound for the treatment of acute liver injury. The main aim of my research work was, therefore, to test the potential hepatoprotective effect of selected cytoprotective drugs and try to find out or suggest their mechanism of action, which we have examined in the systems for the intracellular gaseous signaling molecules NO and CO, where the key enzymes for their formation are NOS / HO respectively. My PhD study had two main directions: 1) Experimental study of the relationship between HO / CO and NOS / NO systems in the environment of hepatotoxic substances on isolated primary rat hepatocytes and in rat model, 2) Evaluation of ameliorative effect of selected substances in the hepatotoxicity models and to test the relationship of this effect on changes in some parameters of cytotoxicity / cytoprotection, antioxidant parameters, gene expression of mRNA for selected genes and histological changes in the state of cells / tissues / organs. Methods: We measured urea, bilirubin and liver...

INTRODUÇÂO: A morte encefálica (ME) induz instabilidade hemodinâmica com hipoperfusão microcirculatória, desencadeando inflamação e disfunção de órgãos. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da solução salina hipertônica (SH) 7,5% na evolução da resposta inflamatória no tecido mesentérico de ratos submetidos à ME. MÉTODOS: Ratos Wistar machos foram anestesiados e ventilados mecanicamente. A ME foi induzida pela insuflação rápida de um balão posicionado na cavidade intracraniana (Fogart 4F). Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em: 1) Falso-operado, ratos submetidos aos procedimentos cirúrgicos e trepanação (FO, n=17); 2) Controle, ratos tratados com solução salina isotônica (NaCl 0,9%, 4 mL/kg) imediatamente após ME (CO, n=17); 3) Solução hipertônica 1, ratos tratados com solução hipertônica (NaCl 7,5%, 4 mL/kg) imediatamente após ME (SH1, n=17); 4) Solução hipertônica 60, ratos tratados com solução hipertônica 60 min após ME (SH60, n=17). Três horas após a indução da ME ou o término do procedimento cirúrgico para os animais do grupo FO, foram coletados os seguintes dados: (a) perfusão mesentérica, fluxo sanguíneo e interações leucócito-endotélio no mesentério, pela técnica de microscopia intravital; (b) expressão de proteínas de óxido nítrico sintase endotelial (eNOS), endotelina-1, P-selectina e molécula de adesão intercelular (ICAM)-1, por imunohistoquímica; (c) expressão gênica de eNOS e endotelina-1, por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR); (d) concentrações séricas de citocinas, quimiocinas e corticosterona por meio de enzimaimunoensaio (ELISA). RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos submetidos a ME apresentaram um comportamento semelhante da pressão arterial, sendo observado um pico hipertensivo, seguido de período de hipotensão, logo após a insuflação do cateter intra-craniano. A proporção de pequenos vasos perfundidos foi diminuída no grupo CO (46%) em comparação com FO (74%, p=0,0039). A SH foi capaz de restaurar a proporção de vasos perfundidos (SH1=71%, p=0,0018). Não houve diferenças no fluxo sanguíneo mesentérico entre os grupos. A expressão proteica de eNOS aumentou significativamente em ratos com SH (SH1 e SH60, p=0,0002) em comparação ao grupo CO. Resultados semelhantes foram observados em relação à endotelina-1 (p < 0,0001). Não houve diferenças na expressão gênica de eNOS e endotelina-1. O aumento no número de leucócitos \"rollers\" (p=0,0015) e migrados (p=0,0063) foi observado no grupo CO em comparação com FO. Ratos com SH demonstraram redução significativa em todos os parâmetros da interação leucócito-endotélio. Com relação às moléculas de adesão, a expressão de ICAM-1 estava elevada no grupo CO em comparação com o FO, enquanto que o tratamento com SH diminuiu a expressão de ICAM-1 (SH1 e SH60, p=0,0002). CONCLUSÕES: O emprego da solução salina hipertônica melhorou a perfusão mesentérica, influenciou positivamente o metabolismo do óxido nítrico e reduziu a inflamação no mesentério, com diminuição da adesão e migração leucocitária, em ratos submetidos a ME / BACKGROUND: Brain death (BD) induces hemodynamic instability with microcirculatory hypoperfusion leading to increased organ inflammation and dysfunction. OBJETIVE: To investigate the effects of 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (HS) on the course of the inflammatory response in rats submitted to BD. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. BD was induced by rapid inflation of intracranial balloon catheter (Fogart 4F). Rats were randomly divided in: 1) Sham-operated, rats submitted only to trepanation (SH, n=17); 2) Control, rats treated with normal saline solution (NaCl 0.9%, 4 mL/kg) immediately after BD (CO, n=17); 3) Hypertonic solution 1, rats treated with hypertonic solution (NaCl 7.5%, 4 mL/kg) immediately after BD (HS1, n=17); 4) Hypertonic solution 60, rats treated with hypertonic solution 60 min after BD (HS60, n=17). Hundred eighty minutes thereafter the following experiments were performed: (a) mesenteric perfusion, blood flow, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions, by intravital microscopy; (b) protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), endothelin-1, P-selectin, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, by immunohistochemistry; (c) gene expression of eNOS, and endothelin-1, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); (d) serum concentrations of cytokines, chemokines and corticosterone by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: All BD groups presented similar hypertensive peak followed by hypotension. The proportion of perfused small vessels was decreased in CO group (46%) compared to SH (74%, p=0.0039). HS was able to restore the proportion of perfused vessels (HS1=71%, p=0.0018). There were no differences in mesenteric blood flow between groups. eNOS protein expression significantly increased in rats given HS (HS1, and HS60, p=0.0002). Similar results were observed regarding endothelin-1 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in eNOS and endothelin-1 gene expression. Increased numbers of rolling (p=0.0015) and migrated (p=0.0063) leukocytes were observed in CO group compared to SH. Rats given HS demonstrated an overall reduction in leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Levels of ICAM-1 increased in CO group compared to SH, and decreased in HS-treated groups (p=0.0002). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertonic saline improves mesenteric perfusion, increased eNOS and endothelin-1 protein expression, and reduced inflammation by decreasing leukocyte adhesion and migration in BD rats

INTRODUÇÃO: A importância da resposta mecânica do parênquima pulmonar na fisiopatologia da asma tem sido recentemente reconhecida. O óxido nítrico é um mediador que controla o tônus muscular liso das vias aéreas, porém este efeito no parênquima pulmonar periférico ainda não foi previamente investigado. Nossa hipótese é que a inibição crônica das óxido nítrico sintases por meio do tratamento com L-NAME (falso substrato para todas as óxido nítrico sintases) pode modular a mecânica do parênquima pulmonar, o recrutamento eosinofílico e o remodelamento da matriz extracelular em modelo de inflamação alérgica crônica pulmonar em cobaias. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram expostos a sete inalações com soro fisiológico ou com ovoalbumina em doses crescentes (1~5mg/ml - 4 semanas) e tratadas ou não com L-NAME (60 mg/kg/ por dia /por animal) na água de beber. Setenta e duas horas após a sétima inalação os animais foram anestesiados, exsanguinados e a mecânica oscilatória do parênquima pulmonar foi medida na condição pré e após desafio (0.1%). Utilizando a técnica de morfometria foram avaliadas a densidade de eosinófilos, o número de células nNOS e iNOS positivas, a densidade de actina, das fibras colágenas e das fibras elásticas bem como a proporção de volume de 8-iso-PGF2 no septo alveolar. RESULTADOS: Os animais que foram expostos à ovoalbumina apresentaram um aumento da resistência e da elastância tecidual (resposta basal e após desafio antigênico), na densidade de eosinófilos, no número de células nNOS e iNOS positivas, na densidade de fibras colágenas e de fibras elásticas bem como na expressão de 8-isoPGF2 no septo alveolar comparativamente aos grupos controles (p<0,05). O tratamento com L-NAME em animais expostos à ovoalbumina atenuou todas as respostas de mecânica do tecido pulmonar periférico (p<0, 01), reduziu o número de células nNOS e iNOS positivas (p<0.01), o conteúdo de fibras elásticas (p<0,001) e de 8-iso-PGF2 no septo alveolar (p<0,001). No entanto, este tratamento não afetou o número total de eosinófilos e o conteúdo de fibras colágenas. Este trabalho sugere que o óxido nítrico contribui para a constrição do parênquima pulmonar e para a deposição de fibras elásticas neste modelo. Estes efeitos foram associados à ativação de iNOS e nNOS em células do parênquima distal e aumento na via do estresse oxidativo / The importance of lung tissue mechanical responses in asthma pathophysiology has been recently recognized. Although nitric oxide (NO) is a mediator that controls smooth muscle tonus control in the airways, its effects on lung tissue responsiveness has not been previously investigated. We hypothesized that chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition by L-NAME (false substrate for all nitric oxide synthases) treatment may modulate lung tissue mechanics, eosinophilic recruitment and extracellular matrix remodeling in a model of chronic pulmonary allergic inflammation. Guinea pigs were submitted to seven normal saline or ovalbumin exposures with increasing doses (1~5mg/mL-4weeks) and treated or not with L-NAME in drinking water. Seventy-two hours after the seventh inhalation the animals were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and oscillatory mechanics of lung tissue strips was performed in baseline condition and after ovalbumin challenge (0.1%). Using morphometry, we assessed the density of eosinophils, the number of iNOS and nNOS-positive cells, the density of actin, the collagen and elastic fibers content and the volume proportion of 8-iso-PGF2 in the alveolar septa. Ovalbumin-exposed animals presented an increase in baseline and maximal tissue resistance and elastance responses, eosinophil density, in the number of iNOS and nNOS positive cells, in the amount of collagen and elastic fibers and in the volume proportion of 8-iso-PGF2 in the alveolar septa compared to controls (p<0.05). L-NAME treatment in ovalbumin-exposed animals attenuated all lung tissue mechanical responses (p<0.01), reduced the number of iNOS and nNOS positive cells (p<0.01), elastic fiber content (p<0.001) and 8-isoPGF2 in the alveolar septa (p<0.001). However, this treatment did not affect the total number of eosinophils and collagen deposition. These data suggest that NO contributes to distal lung parenchyma constriction and to elastic fibers deposition in this model. These effects were associated to iNOS and nNOS activation in pulmonary parenchyma and with an increase in oxidative stress pathway activation