Recentemente a análise de capacidade do processo para dados com distribuição não normal começou a ser explorada, porém são raras as referências em língua portuguesa que abordem este assunto. Este trabalho apresenta os principais índices para análise da capacidade do processo com dados não normais encontrados na literatura, sendo o primeiro deles o método proposto por Clements em 1989, o segundo, proposto por Pearn e Chen (1997) e o terceiro método apresentado é o proposto por Chen e Ding em 2001. Os métodos de Clements (1989) e Pearn e Chen (1997) são parecidos em muitos aspectos, mas cada um deles apresenta uma novidade em relação ao cálculo dos índices de capacidade. Em comum, ambos os métodos apresentam índices semelhantes aos índices tradicionais, que supõem normalidade dos dados. O método de Chen e Ding (2001) traz como novidade o uso do índice proposto por eles para a estimação do número de itens não conformes apresentados pelo processo em estudo. Por fim, dois estudos de caso são apresentados neste trabalho. No primeiro deles tem-se a comparação entre os métodos de Clements (1989) e de Pearn e Chen (1997) para que se conclua sobre qual dos métodos é o melhor para o cálculo da capacidade do processo não normal. No segundo estudo de caso, todos os três métodos apresentados neste trabalho são aplicados em um conjunto de dados reais, obtidos de uma indústria metalúrgica. Para execução das análises nos estudos de caso, foi aplicado o software livre R versão 2.10. Os resultados apresentados mostram que o método proposto por Pearn e Chen (1997) é mais eficiente do que o proposto por Clements (1989) por considerar a assimetria do processo. Quanto ao processo da indústria metalúrgica observou-se que a etapa analisada é relativamente capaz. / The analysis of process capability for non-normal distribution data started to be explored recently, but is rare references that address this issue in Portuguese. This dissertation presents the main indices for process capability analysis for nonnormal data. The first method was proposed in 1989 by Clements, the second was proposed by Pearn e Chen (1997) and the third was proposed by Chen e Ding in 2001. The methods of Clements (1989) and Pearn e Chen (1997) are similar in many aspects, but each presents something new in the calculation of capability indices. In common, both methods have indices similar to the traditional indices, for normal data. The method proposed by Chen e Ding (2001) innovates using the index in the estimative of number of non-conforming in the process. Finally, two case studies are presented. The first compares the methods of Clement (1989) and Pearn e Chen (1997) to show the best method of calculation the capability of non-normal process. In the second, the three methods showing in this dissertation are applied in a metallurgical industry data. The R software version 2.10 was used in the analysis. The results show that the method proposed by Pearn and Chen (1997) is more efficient than that proposed by Clements (1989) for considering the asymmetry of the process. And the metallurgical process stage analyzed is relatively capable.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à la résolution des équations SPN du transport de neutrons au sein des cœurs de réacteurs nucléaires à eau pressurisée. Ces équations forment un problème aux valeurs propres généralisé. Dans notre étude nous commençons par le problème source associé et ensuite nous étudions le problème aux valeurs propres. Un cœur de réacteur est composé de différents milieux: le combustible, le fluide caloporteur, le modérateur... à cause de ces hétérogénéités de la géométrie, le flux solution du problème source peut être peu régulier. Nous proposons l’analyse numérique de l’approximation de la solution par la méthode des éléments finis du problème source dans le cas où la solution est peu régulière. Pour le problème aux valeurs propres, dans le cas mixte, les théories déjà développées ne s’appliquent pas. Nous proposons ici une nouvelle méthode pour étudier la convergence de la méthode des éléments finis mixtes pour les problèmes aux valeurs propres. Pour les solutions peu régulières, la montée en ordre de la méthode des éléments finis n’améliore pas l’approximation du problème, il faut raffiner le maillage aux alentours des singularités de la solution. La géométrie des cœurs de réacteur se prête bien aux maillages cartésiens, mais leur raffinement augmente vite leur nombre de degrés de liberté. Pour palier à cette augmentation, nous proposons ici une méthode de décomposition de domaine qui permet d’utiliser des maillages globalement non-conformes. / In this thesis, we investigate the resolution of the SPN neutron transport equations in pressurized water nuclear reactor. These equations are a generalized eigenvalue problem. In our study, we first considerate the associated source problem and after we concentrate on the eigenvalue problem. A nuclear reactor core is composed of different media: the fuel, the coolant, the neutron moderator... Due to these heterogeneities of the geometry, the solution flux can have a low-regularity. We propose the numerical analysis of its approximation with finite element method for the low regular case. For the eigenvalue problem under its mixed form, we can not rely on the theories already developed. We propose here a new method for studying the convergence of the SPN neutron transport eigenvalue problem approximation with mixed finite element. When the solution has low-regularity, increasing the order of the method does not improve the approximation, the triangulation need to be refined near the singularities of the solution. Nuclear reactor cores are well-suited for Cartesian grids, but the refinement of these sort of triangulations increases rapidly their number of degrees of freedom. To avoid this drawback, we propose domain decomposition method which can handle globally non-conforming triangulations.

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Effiziente und zuverlässige a posteriori Fehlerabschätzungen sind eine Hauptzutat für die effiziente numerische Berechnung von Lösungen zu Variationsungleichungen durch die Finite-Elemente-Methode. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht zuverlässige und effiziente Fehlerabschätzungen für beliebige Finite-Elemente-Methoden und drei Variationsungleichungen, nämlich dem Hindernisproblem, dem Signorini Problem und dem Bingham Problem in zwei Raumdimensionen. Die Fehlerabschätzungen hängen vom zum Problem gehörenden Lagrange Multiplikator ab, der eine Verbindung zwischen der Variationsungleichung und dem zugehörigen linearen Problem darstellt. Effizienz und Zuverlässigkeit werden bezüglich eines totalen Fehlers gezeigt. Die Fehleranschätzungen fordern minimale Regularität. Die Approximation der exakten Lösung erfüllt die Dirichlet Randbedingungen und die Approximation des Lagrange Multiplikators ist nicht-positiv im Falle des Hindernis- und Signoriniproblems, und hat Betrag kleiner gleich 1 für das Bingham Problem. Dieses allgemeine Vorgehen ermöglicht das Einbinden nicht-exakter diskreter Lösungen, welche im Kontext dieser Ungleichungen auftreten. Aus dem Blickwinkel der Anwendungen ist Effizienz und Zuverlässigkeit im Bezug auf den Fehler der primalen Variablen in der Energienorm von großem Interesse. Solche Abschätzungen hängen von der Wahl eines effizienten diskreten Lagrange Multiplikators ab. Im Falle des Hindernis- und Signorini Problems werden postive Beispiele für drei Finite-Elemente Methoden, der konformen Courant Methode, der nicht-konformen Crouzeix-Raviart Methode und der gemischten Raviart-Thomas Methode niedrigster Ordnung hergeleitet. Partielle Resultate liegen im Fall des Bingham Problems vor. Numerischer Experimente heben die theoretischen Ergebnisse hervor und zeigen Effizienz und Zuverlässigkeit. Die numerischen Tests legen nahe, dass der aus den Abschätzungen resultierende adaptive Algorithmus mit optimaler Konvergenzrate konvergiert. / Efficient and reliable a posteriori error estimates are a key ingredient for the efficient numerical computation of solutions for variational inequalities by the finite element method. This thesis studies such reliable and efficient error estimates for arbitrary finite element methods and three representative variational inequalities, namely the obstacle problem, the Signorini problem, and the Bingham problem in two space dimensions. The error estimates rely on a problem connected Lagrange multiplier, which presents a connection between the variational inequality and the corresponding linear problem. Reliability and efficiency are shown with respect to some total error. Reliability and efficiency are shown under minimal regularity assumptions. The approximation to the exact solution satisfies the Dirichlet boundary conditions, and an approximation of the Lagrange multiplier is non-positive in the case of the obstacle and Signorini problem and has an absolute value smaller than 1 for the Bingham flow problem. These general assumptions allow for reliable and efficient a posteriori error analysis even in the presence of inexact solve, which naturally occurs in the context of variational inequalities. From the point of view of the applications, reliability and efficiency with respect to the error of the primal variable in the energy norm is of great interest. Such estimates depend on the efficient design of a discrete Lagrange multiplier. Affirmative examples of discrete Lagrange multipliers are presented for the obstacle and Signorini problem and three different first-order finite element methods, namely the conforming Courant, the non-conforming Crouzeix-Raviart, and the mixed Raviart-Thomas FEM. Partial results exist for the Bingham flow problem. Numerical experiments highlight the theoretical results, and show efficiency and reliability. The numerical tests suggest that the resulting adaptive algorithms converge with optimal convergence rates.

This thesis develops the methodology for solving initial boundary value problems with the use of summation-by-parts discretizations. The combination of high orders of accuracy and a systematic approach to construct provably stable boundary and interface procedures makes this methodology especially suitable for scientific computations with high demands on efficiency and robustness. Most classes of high order methods can be applied in a way that satisfies a summation-by-parts rule. These include, but are not limited to, finite difference, spectral and nodal discontinuous Galerkin methods. In the first part of this thesis, the summation-by-parts methodology is extended to the time domain, enabling fully discrete formulations with superior stability properties. The resulting time discretization technique is closely related to fully implicit Runge-Kutta methods, and may alternatively be formulated as either a global method or as a family of multi-stage methods. Both first and second order derivatives in time are considered. In the latter case also including mixed initial and boundary conditions (i.e. conditions involving derivatives in both space and time). The second part of the thesis deals with summation-by-parts discretizations on multi-block and hybrid meshes. A new formulation of general multi-block couplings in several dimensions is presented and analyzed. It collects all multi-block, multi-element and  hybrid summation-by-parts schemes into a single compact framework. The new framework includes a generalized description of non-conforming interfaces based on so called summation-by-parts preserving interpolation operators, for which a new theoretical accuracy result is presented.

Diese Dissertation verallgemeinert die nichtkonformen Finite-Elemente-Methoden (FEMn) nach Morley und Crouzeix und Raviart durch neue gemischte Formulierungen für das Poisson-Problem, die Stokes-Gleichungen, die Navier-Lamé-Gleichungen der linearen Elastizität und m-Laplace-Gleichungen der Form $(-1)^m\Delta^m u=f$ für beliebiges m=1,2,3,... Diese Formulierungen beruhen auf Helmholtz-Zerlegungen. Die neuen Formulierungen gestatten die Verwendung von Ansatzräumen beliebigen Polynomgrades und ihre Diskretisierungen stimmen für den niedrigsten Polynomgrad mit den genannten nicht-konformen FEMn überein. Auch für höhere Polynomgrade ergeben sich robuste Diskretisierungen für fast-inkompressible Materialien und Approximationen für die Lösungen der Stokes-Gleichungen, die punktweise die Masse erhalten. Dieser Ansatz erlaubt außerdem eine Verallgemeinerung der nichtkonformen FEMn von der Poisson- und der biharmonischen Gleichung auf m-Laplace-Gleichungen für beliebiges m>2. Ermöglicht wird dies durch eine neue Helmholtz-Zerlegung für tensorwertige Funktionen. Die neuen Diskretisierungen lassen sich nicht nur für beliebiges m einheitlich implementieren, sondern sie erlauben auch Ansatzräume niedrigster Ordnung, z.B. stückweise affine Polynome für beliebiges m. Hat eine Lösung der betrachteten Probleme Singularitäten, so beeinträchtigt dies in der Regel die Konvergenz so stark, dass höhere Polynomgrade in den Ansatzräumen auf uniformen Gittern dieselbe Konvergenzrate zeigen wie niedrigere Polynomgrade. Deshalb sind gerade für höhere Polynomgrade in den Ansatzräumen adaptiv generierte Gitter unabdingbar. Neben der A-priori- und der A-posteriori-Analysis werden in dieser Dissertation optimale Konvergenzraten für adaptive Algorithmen für die neuen Diskretisierungen des Poisson-Problems, der Stokes-Gleichungen und der m-Laplace-Gleichung bewiesen. Diese werden auch in den numerischen Beispielen dieser Dissertation empirisch nachgewiesen. / This thesis generalizes the non-conforming finite element methods (FEMs) of Morley and Crouzeix and Raviart by novel mixed formulations for the Poisson problem, the Stokes equations, the Navier-Lamé equations of linear elasticity, and mth-Laplace equations of the form $(-1)^m\Delta^m u=f$ for arbitrary m=1,2,3,... These formulations are based on Helmholtz decompositions. The new formulations allow for ansatz spaces of arbitrary polynomial degree and its discretizations coincide with the mentioned non-conforming FEMs for the lowest polynomial degree. Also for higher polynomial degrees, this results in robust discretizations for almost incompressible materials and approximations of the solution of the Stokes equations with pointwise mass conservation. Furthermore this approach also allows for a generalization of the non-conforming FEMs for the Poisson problem and the biharmonic equation to mth-Laplace equations for arbitrary m>2. A new Helmholtz decomposition for tensor-valued functions enables this. The new discretizations allow not only for a uniform implementation for arbitrary m, but they also allow for lowest-order ansatz spaces, e.g., piecewise affine polynomials for arbitrary m. The presence of singularities usually affects the convergence such that higher polynomial degrees in the ansatz spaces show the same convergence rate on uniform meshes as lower polynomial degrees. Therefore adaptive mesh-generation is indispensable especially for ansatz spaces of higher polynomial degree. Besides the a priori and a posteriori analysis, this thesis proves optimal convergence rates for adaptive algorithms for the new discretizations of the Poisson problem, the Stokes equations, and mth-Laplace equations. This is also demonstrated in the numerical experiments of this thesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Louise Vilela Leite Filgueiras Borer.pdf: 1049760 bytes, checksum: 38a748ff575e19aac52d4a1fc64921db (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-07 / The present work focuses the interpretation of the penalty reduction cause of the 4th paragraph of the 33th article of the 11.343/06 law, starting from the identification of the exegetical problems contained in its text, reaching to the solution that preserves its concrete application without harming constitutional principles, what´s done throughout the technique of the constitutional conforming interpretation. Basing this conclusion, the analysis begin with the actual modern context of the criminal thought in doctrine, the risks society and it´s influences, that enforce the need of promoting the guarantist constitutionalism proposed by Luigi Ferrajoli, in order to preserve the fundamental rights and of individuals and meet the constitution in all its terms . In this context, we make a criticism of the anti-guarantist practice of basing the penalty dosimetry on judicial discretion, that has been used to enable the application of the rule under consideration / O presente trabalho enfoca a interpretação da causa de diminuição de pena do parágrafo 4º do artigo 33 da Lei nº11.343/06, partindo da identificação dos problemas exegéticos que o texto da lei contém até chegar à solução que preserva a concreta aplicação da norma sem ferir princípios constitucionais, o que é feito através da técnica da interpretação conforme a constituição. Fundamentando essa conclusão, a análise se inicia com o contexto atual do pensamento criminal na doutrina, a sociedade de risco e suas influências, que fomentam a necessidade de se promover o constitucionalismo garantista proposto por Luigi Ferrajoli, de modo a preservar direitos fundamentais e cumprir a Constituição em todos os seus termos. Nesse contexto, fazemos uma crítica à prática antigarantista de basear a dosimetria da pena na discricionariedade judicial, que tem sido utilizada para viabilizar a aplicação da norma em consideração

Cette thèse porte sur le développement de schémas semi-implicites à pas fractionnaires pour les équations de Navier-Stokes compressibles ; ces schémas entrent dans la classe des méthodes de correction de pression.La discrétisation spatiale choisie est de type "à mailles décalées :éléments finis mixtes non conformes (éléments finis de Crouzeix-Raviart ou Rannacher-Turek) ou schéma MAC classique.Une discrétisation en volumes finis décentrée amont du bilan de masse garantit la positivité de la masse volumique.La positivité de l'énergie interne est obtenue en discrétisant le bilan d'énergie interne continu, par une méthode de volumes finis décentrée amont, enfin, et en couplant ce bilan d'énergie interne discret à l'étape de correction de pression.On effectue une discrétisation particulière en volumes finis sur un maillage dual du terme de convection de vitesse dans le bilan de quantité de mouvement et une étape de renormalisation de la pression; ceci permet de garantir le contrôle au cours du temps de l'intégrale de l'énergie totale sur le domaine.L'ensemble de ces estimations a priori implique en outre, par un argument de degré topologique, l'existence d'une solution discrète. L'application de ce schéma aux équations d'Euler pose une difficulté supplémentaire.En effet, l'obtention de vitesses de choc correctes nécessite que le schéma soit consistant avec l'équation de bilan d'énergie totale, propriété que nous obtenons comme suit. Tout d'abord, nous établissons un bilan discret (local) d'énergie cinétique.Ce dernier comporte des termes sources, que nous compensons ensuite dans le bilan d'énergie interne. Les équations d'énergie cinétique et interne sont associées au maillage dual et primal respectivement, et ne peuvent donc être additionnées pour obtenir un bilan d'énergie totale ; cette dernière équation est toutefois retrouvée, sous sa forme continue, à convergence : si nous supposons qu'une suite de solutions discrètes converge lorsque le pas de temps et d'espace tendent vers 0,, nous montrons en effet, en 1D au moins, que la limite en satisfait une forme faible.Ces résultats théoriques sont confortés par des tests numériques.Des résultats similaires sont obtenus pour les équations de Navier-Stokes barotropes. / This thesis is concerned with the development of semi-implicit fractional step schemes, for the compressible Navier-Stokes equations; these schemes are part of the class of the pressure correction methods.The chosen spatial discretization is staggered: non conforming mixed finite elements (Crouzeix-Raviart or Rannacher-Turek) or the classic MAC scheme. An upwind finite volume discretization of the mass balanced guarantees the positivity of the density. The positivity of the internal energy is obtained by discretising the internal energy balance by an upwind finite volume scheme and by coupling the discrete internal energy balance with the pressure correction step.A special finite volume discretization on dual cells is performed for the convection term in the momentum balance equation, along with a renormalization of the pressure; this allows to guarantee the control in time of integral of the total energy over the domain.All these a priori estimates implies lead to the existence of a discrete solution by a topological degree argument.The application of this scheme the equations of Euler yields an additional difficulty.Indeed, obtaining correct shock speeds requires that the scheme be consistent with the total energy balance,, property which we obtain as follows.First of all, a local discrete kinetic energy balance is established; it contains source terms which are compensated by adding some source terms in the internal energy balance. The kinetic and internal energy equations are associated with the dual and primal meshes respectively, and thus cannot be added to obtain a balance total energy balance; its continuous counterpart is however recovered at the limit: if we suppose that a sequence of discrete solutions converges when the space and time steps tend to 0, we indeed show, in 1D at least, that the limit satisfies a weak form of the equation. These theoretical results are comforted by numerical tests.Similar results are obtained for the barotropic Navier--Stokes equations

L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une méthode Galerkine discontinue d’ordre élevé capable de prendre en considération des simulations réalistes liées à la nanophotonique. Au cours des dernières décennies, l’évolution des techniques de lithographie a permis la création de structure géométriques de tailles nanométriques, révélant ainsi une large gamme de phénomènes nouveaux nés de l’interaction lumière-matière à ces échelles. Ces effets apparaissent généralement pour des objets de taille égale ou (très) inférieure à la longueur d’onde du champ incident. Ce travail repose sur le développement et l’implémentation de modèles de dispersion appropriés (principalement pour les métaux), ainsi que sur un large éventail de méthodes computationnelles classiques. Deux développements méthodologiques majeurs sont présentés et étudiés en détails: (i) les éléments courbes, et (ii) l’ordre d’approximation local. Ces études sont accompagnées de plusieurs cas-tests réalistes tirés de la nanophotonique. / The goal of this thesis is to develop a discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method to be able to handle realistic nanophotonics computations. During the last decades, the evolution of lithography techniques allowed the creation of geometrical structures at the nanometer scale, thus unveiling a variety of new phenomena arising from light-matter interactions at such levels. These effects usually occur when the device is of comparable size or (much) smaller than the wavelength of the incident field. This work relies on the development and implementation of appropriate models for dispersive materials (mostly metals), as well as on a large panel of classical computational techniques. Two major methodological developments are presented and studied in details: (i) curvilinear elements, and (ii) local order of approximation. This work is complemented with several physical studies of real-life nanophotonics applications.

This (master thesis) examines teachers’ and transgender students’ accounts of meeting and encountering each other and what possibilities and obstacles for recognition that their stories portray. The study and analysis are based on interviews with three students and three teachers at different upper secondary schools in Sweden (carried out during the fall of 2020). The analysis is grounded in Axel Honneths (2003) theory of recognition and aided by Carl-Göran Heidegrens (2009) analytical levels of recognition. The findings show how students’ experience recognition and misrecognition in school and in encounters with their teachers as well as how different aspects of teacher-student encounters affect trans and queer students’ everyday life in upper secondary school. The teachers’ accounts support these findings and the analysis sheds light on potential underlying reasons for acts of, or students’ experiences of, misrecognition. Such reasons include: Teachers’ knowledge gaps concerning (LGB)TQ issues, fear of ‘touching’ upon the subjects, their own need for recognition and difficulties to take the others’ perspective. The study concludes the need for school strategies that, among other things, aim to fill in teachers’ knowledge gaps concerning (LGB)TQ issues in order to better recognize trans* and queer students. / Denna uppsats syftar att undersöka lärares och (trans)elevers berättelser om möten med varandra i förhållande till erkännande och att vara elev på gymnasienivå med normöverskrivande könsidentitet. Materialet består av kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre (trans)elever och tre gymnasielärare i samhällskunskap, vilket analyseras utifrån Axel Honneths (2003) teorier och olika former av erkännande samt Carl-Göran Heidegrens (2009) tre analysnivåer av erkännande. Resultatet visar hur elever upplever icke-erkännande och missaktning relaterat till att vara trans i skolan. Lärarnas bemötande och erkännandepraktik framstår bland annat bero på icke-erkännande förhållningssätt och attityder; rädslor och kunskapsluckor; samt brist på stöd och erkännande. Analysen tyder på lärares svårigheter att se bortom normativa föreställningar och hegemoniska diskurser om kön, framförallt grundade i den institutionaliserade erkännandeordningen som leder till en praktik som är skadliga för transelevers välbefinnande i skolan. Studien visar framförallt på behovet av mer fortbildning och kollegiala diskussioner om hbtq-frågors implementering i undervisningen för att bättre erkänna transelever.