Användandet av informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) har under de senaste åren ökat i undervisningen. Efter en tidigare litteraturstudie upptäcktes ett tydligt tomrum i forskningen då kombinationen IKT och matematikundervisning inte är grundligt utforskad. Det finns en otillräcklighet i forskningen om lärares uppfattningar av IKT i matematikundervisningen även om digital kompetens och digitala verktyg är en del av lärares vardag. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om lärares olika uppfattningar av IKT i matematikundervisningen. Utifrån detta syfte formades tre frågor som handlar om vad IKT är för lärare, hur de använder IKT i matematikundervisningen samt vilka aspekter lärarna urskiljer i användandet av IKT som kan påverka matematiklärandet. Datainsamlingen skedde genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem grundskolelärare. Studien har utgått från fenomenografin som teoretisk grund. De uppfattningar som kunde urskiljas i data skapade utfallsrummet för den här studien. Utfallsrummet består av fyra uppfattningar om IKT i matematikundervisningen som till viss del ordnats hierarkiskt efter kvalitet: IKT som digitala verktyg och färdighetsträning, som verktyg för kommunikation, som verktyg för bedömning och dokumentation samt som verktyg för matematiklärande. Det fanns samband mellan utfallsrummet och den tidigare forskningen, bland annat kring olika digitala verktyg och appar. Däremot framkom det även en del luckor i den tidigare forskningen, där många av de delar som framkom i resultatet inte kunde ställas mot eller jämföras med den tidigare forskningen. / The use of information- and communication technology (ICT) has increased in education in recent years. After a previous literature study, a notable rift was discovered in the research since the combination of ICT and mathematics education has not been thoroughly explored. There is inadequate research on teachers’ conceptions of ICT in mathematics education, even though digital competence and digital tools are part of teachers’ everyday lives. The purpose of this study is to provide knowledge about teachers’ different experiences of ICT in mathematics teaching. In order to achieve this purpose, three questions were formed which were; what ICT is for teachers, how they use ICT in mathematics teaching, and what aspects teachers distinguish in the use of ICT that can influence mathematics teaching. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with five primary school teachers. This study uses phenomenography as its theoretical base. The different conceptions that derived from the data shaped the outcome space for this study. The outcome space consists of four conceptions of ICT in mathematics teaching that to some extent have been arranged hierarchically by quality: ICT as digital tools and skills training, as tools for communication, as tools for assessment and documentation, and as tools for mathematical learning. There were connections between the outcome space and the previous research, among them digital tools and apps. However, there also emerged a few gaps in the previous research, where several of the parts that were seen in the result could not be compared with previous research.

Esta dissertação teve por objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento da produção escrita em francês baseada em gêneros textuais de alunos universitários brasileiros e a influência de correções feitas por alunos canadenses anglófonos através de ferramentas digitais nesse processo. Os dados foram coletados em um projeto de telecolaboração envolvendo a Universidade de São Paulo e a University of Victoria, no Canadá, ao longo de um semestre. O projeto propôs interações entre os alunos brasileiros e canadenses através de três ferramentas digitais: Facebook, GoogleDocs e Skype. Como parte das atividades de uma disciplina de francês como língua estrangeira, os alunos brasileiros escreveram textos pertencentes aos gêneros fait divers, récit de voyage e récit littéraire court, que foram corrigidos de maneira assíncrona, com o GoogleDocs, e síncrona, pelo Skype, pelos alunos canadenses. A pesquisa baseou-se no quadro teóricometodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004, MACHADO, 2009), que se apoia, de forma geral, nos estudos propostos por Vigotski (1997, 1998; 2004; 2007; 2008). Servimo-nos, também, dos conceitos propostos pelo ISD e voltados para a didática das línguas, tais como: capacidades de linguagem (DOLZ; PASQUIER; BRONCKART, 1993) e modelo didático (DE PIETRO; SCHNEUWLY, 2003), além de outros propostos por Vigotski, como instrumento e zona de desenvolvimento próximo (VIGOTSKI, 2004, 2007, 2008) a fim de compreender as dificuldades e o desenvolvimento da produção escrita dos alunos brasileiros. Foram utilizados, paralelamente, estudos sobre correção propostos por Tapia (2016), ao lado de outras pesquisas sobre correção de erros e uso de tecnologia para o ensino de línguas, para compreender as correções linguageiras feitas pelos alunos canadenses e investigar seu papel no desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos brasileiros. Os resultados das análises indicam que, de forma geral, os alunos brasileiros desenvolveram as capacidades de linguagem ao longo do projeto e que as correções linguageiras propostas pelos alunos canadenses agiram como um instrumento para tal desenvolvimento. Identificamos certa diferença entre a forma e o conteúdo das correções em relação às ferramentas digitais GoogleDocs e Skype e também constatamos que o léxico, a concordância nominal e a regência verbal apresentaram maior número de correções. Além disso, observamos que a influência das correções no desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos brasileiros ocorreu, sobretudo, no que diz respeito a duas das operações linguageiras mais corrigidas: a coesão nominal e a coesão verbal. / This thesis aimed to study the development of writing in French as a Second Language based on textual genres of Brazilian university students and the influence of feedback given by anglophone Canadian students through digital tools. The data were collected in a telecollaboration project including the University of São Paulo and the University of Victoria, Canada, during a semester. The project proposed interactions between Brazilian and Canadian students through three digital tools: Facebook, GoogleDocs and Skype. As part of the activities of a French as a foreign language course, Brazilian students wrote three text genres: fait divers, récit de voyage and récit littéraire court, which were corrected by the Canadian students asynchronously, with GoogleDocs, and synchronously, by Skype. The research was based on the theoretical-methodological framework of sociodiscursive interactionism (SDI) (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004, MACHADO, 2009), which is based on the studies proposed by Vigotski (1997, 1998; 2004; 2007). In order to understand the difficulties and the development of writing in French of Brazilian students, we also relied on the concepts proposed by SDI which focus on language didactics, such as language capacities (DOLZ, PASQUIER, BRONCKART, 1993) and didactic model (DE PIETRO, SCHNEUWLY, 2003), as well as on concepts proposed by Vigotski, such as instrument and zone of proximal development (VIGOTSKI, 2004, 2007, 2008). In addition, we used the studies about correction proposed by Tapia (2016), as well as other researches about correction and the use of technology for language teaching, to understand the feedback given by the Canadian students and to investigate its role in the development of language capacities of the Brazilian students. In our analysis we could observe that, in general, the Brazilian students developed the language capacities throughout the project and that the feedback proposed by the Canadian students acted as an instrument for such development. We identified a certain difference between the form and the content of the corrections in relation to the digital tools GoogleDocs and Skype. We also verified that the lexicon, the nominal and the verbal cohesion were more often corrected. Moreover, we observed that the influence of corrections on the development of the language capacities of the Brazilian students occurred, especially, in relation to two of the most corrected linguistic operations: nominal cohesion and verbal cohesion.

The purpose of this study is to investigate upper secondary school teachers’ perception of publisher produced digital tools within the frame of each teachers’ subject teaching in Swedish. The study questions following the issues: (1) what attitude do teachers have towards publisher produced digital tools within the field of their subject Swedish? (2) Which, if any, expectations from the principal/ school administration do the teachers have of using the publisher produced digital tool in their education? And (3) how is the publisher produced digital tool applied in the education? To answer these questions, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six upper secondary school teachers who, among other subjects, teach Swedish. This study relies on a phenomenographic method and the phenomenon is the publisher produced digital tool. The result shows that the six interviewed teachers use publisher produced digital tools between 10 and 20 percent of their lesson time in subject of Swedish. That low utilization can partially be explained by the teachers’ long tradition of constructing their own teaching materials. Another explanation could be that publisher produced digital tools are relatively new and that the teachers feel uncomfortable using them. The expectations from the principal/school administration about the teachers’ usage of these digital tools in their teaching is relatively low. Whether the usage of publisher produced digital tools is going to increase or not in the future is unknown – it is up to the teachers of Swedish to determine.

Esta dissertação teve por objetivo estudar o desenvolvimento da produção escrita em francês baseada em gêneros textuais de alunos universitários brasileiros e a influência de correções feitas por alunos canadenses anglófonos através de ferramentas digitais nesse processo. Os dados foram coletados em um projeto de telecolaboração envolvendo a Universidade de São Paulo e a University of Victoria, no Canadá, ao longo de um semestre. O projeto propôs interações entre os alunos brasileiros e canadenses através de três ferramentas digitais: Facebook, GoogleDocs e Skype. Como parte das atividades de uma disciplina de francês como língua estrangeira, os alunos brasileiros escreveram textos pertencentes aos gêneros fait divers, récit de voyage e récit littéraire court, que foram corrigidos de maneira assíncrona, com o GoogleDocs, e síncrona, pelo Skype, pelos alunos canadenses. A pesquisa baseou-se no quadro teóricometodológico do interacionismo sociodiscursivo (ISD) (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004, MACHADO, 2009), que se apoia, de forma geral, nos estudos propostos por Vigotski (1997, 1998; 2004; 2007; 2008). Servimo-nos, também, dos conceitos propostos pelo ISD e voltados para a didática das línguas, tais como: capacidades de linguagem (DOLZ; PASQUIER; BRONCKART, 1993) e modelo didático (DE PIETRO; SCHNEUWLY, 2003), além de outros propostos por Vigotski, como instrumento e zona de desenvolvimento próximo (VIGOTSKI, 2004, 2007, 2008) a fim de compreender as dificuldades e o desenvolvimento da produção escrita dos alunos brasileiros. Foram utilizados, paralelamente, estudos sobre correção propostos por Tapia (2016), ao lado de outras pesquisas sobre correção de erros e uso de tecnologia para o ensino de línguas, para compreender as correções linguageiras feitas pelos alunos canadenses e investigar seu papel no desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos brasileiros. Os resultados das análises indicam que, de forma geral, os alunos brasileiros desenvolveram as capacidades de linguagem ao longo do projeto e que as correções linguageiras propostas pelos alunos canadenses agiram como um instrumento para tal desenvolvimento. Identificamos certa diferença entre a forma e o conteúdo das correções em relação às ferramentas digitais GoogleDocs e Skype e também constatamos que o léxico, a concordância nominal e a regência verbal apresentaram maior número de correções. Além disso, observamos que a influência das correções no desenvolvimento das capacidades de linguagem dos alunos brasileiros ocorreu, sobretudo, no que diz respeito a duas das operações linguageiras mais corrigidas: a coesão nominal e a coesão verbal. / This thesis aimed to study the development of writing in French as a Second Language based on textual genres of Brazilian university students and the influence of feedback given by anglophone Canadian students through digital tools. The data were collected in a telecollaboration project including the University of São Paulo and the University of Victoria, Canada, during a semester. The project proposed interactions between Brazilian and Canadian students through three digital tools: Facebook, GoogleDocs and Skype. As part of the activities of a French as a foreign language course, Brazilian students wrote three text genres: fait divers, récit de voyage and récit littéraire court, which were corrected by the Canadian students asynchronously, with GoogleDocs, and synchronously, by Skype. The research was based on the theoretical-methodological framework of sociodiscursive interactionism (SDI) (BRONCKART, 1999/2012, SCHNEUWLY; DOLZ, 2004, MACHADO, 2009), which is based on the studies proposed by Vigotski (1997, 1998; 2004; 2007). In order to understand the difficulties and the development of writing in French of Brazilian students, we also relied on the concepts proposed by SDI which focus on language didactics, such as language capacities (DOLZ, PASQUIER, BRONCKART, 1993) and didactic model (DE PIETRO, SCHNEUWLY, 2003), as well as on concepts proposed by Vigotski, such as instrument and zone of proximal development (VIGOTSKI, 2004, 2007, 2008). In addition, we used the studies about correction proposed by Tapia (2016), as well as other researches about correction and the use of technology for language teaching, to understand the feedback given by the Canadian students and to investigate its role in the development of language capacities of the Brazilian students. In our analysis we could observe that, in general, the Brazilian students developed the language capacities throughout the project and that the feedback proposed by the Canadian students acted as an instrument for such development. We identified a certain difference between the form and the content of the corrections in relation to the digital tools GoogleDocs and Skype. We also verified that the lexicon, the nominal and the verbal cohesion were more often corrected. Moreover, we observed that the influence of corrections on the development of the language capacities of the Brazilian students occurred, especially, in relation to two of the most corrected linguistic operations: nominal cohesion and verbal cohesion.

In the context of English youth and community work, this research project investigates digital tools, spaces and places as mediators of youth work practice, and proposes a model formulated through the identification of expansive drivers to guide both professional conduct and curriculum-based practice. The lives of English young people today are shaped by technologies which make interaction in a variety of digital spaces and places possible, yet there are divided views within the youth work community of practice about the place of digital tools, spaces and places as mediators of informal learning in a discipline traditionally focused on association, relationships and critical dialogue. Supported by the conceptual framework of Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT), Developmental Work Research (DWR) techniques have been used to gather data from four English youth and community work practitioners through a workshop-based approach framed by CHAT pre-suppositions and the first three stages of Engestrom’s expansive learning cycle. The data analysis uses the four areas where contradictions can manifest within CHAT activity systems to examine how the use of digital tools, spaces and places aligns with youth work values and principles, and to examine how they can mediate informal learning opportunities with young people. The contribution to knowledge comprises the identification of four ‘spaces’ which are named as safety, production, information and communication, and which form the basis of a model to scaffold the professional use of digital tools, spaces and places as mediators of youth work practice. Expansive drivers, defined as the forces for learning, development and change, are identified within each of the spaces within the model and examined using continuum-based representations portraying professional practice and curriculum-based priorities. Metaphors of digital space and place emerging from within the DWR process are also appraised as a means to situate the work. The model is underpinned firstly by the premise that a youth worker’s choice of digital tool, space or place needs to be based on the needs and input of young people. Secondly, that using digital tools, spaces and places as mediators of youth work practice is most effective as an extension to existing face-to-face youth work where relationships between young people and youth workers have already been formed.

This study examines what motivates language teachers in primary school to use ICT and what attitudes they have towards ICT. Six teachers working in four different Swedish primary schools between the first and third grade were interviewed. The teachers actively used some kind of ICT resource during their English lessons. The study showed that external factors such as requirements from the school and local school authorities motivate teachers to work more actively with ICT. These external motivators can influence the teacher’s perception and use of ICT in both positive and negative ways. When it comes to internal factors that affect the teachers’ motivation to use ICT in English, the most important factor is whether they consider ICT tools to be a positive addition to their teaching and whether a good balance between digital and traditional tools can be achieved to accommodate every student’s need.

Den digitala tekniken förändras ständigt, vilket innebär att människor behöver anpassa sig och utveckla sina färdigheter. Detta innebär även att förskolan behöver göra förändringar i sin verksamhet för att kunna ge barnen rätt möjligheter för att utveckla adekvat digital kompetens. I en verksamhet där förskollärare och barn har olika förhållningssätt gällande digitala verktyg ställs förskollärare inför en del utmaningar i sitt praktiska arbete. Kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer har utförts med tre legitimerade och verksamma förskollärare i tre olika kommuner, för att belysa utmaningar i förskollärarnas praktiska arbete och undersöka om kvalitativa aspekter och innehåll kommer i skymundan. Syftet är att öka kunskapen om arbetet med digitala verktyg i förskolan och förståelsen för förskollärares uppfattningar om digitalisering och adekvat digital kompetens. Detta görs genom tre forskningsfrågor. Den första forskningsfrågan riktar sig till att avgöra hur förskollärare beskriver sin uppfattning om digitalisering och adekvat digital kompetens. Den andra för att avgöra hur förskollärare beskriver sitt praktiska arbete med digitala verktyg och den tredje för att avgöra vilka faktorer förskollärare ser påverkar arbetet med digitala verktyg och barnens lärande. Slutsatsen är att förskolorna rör sig framåt med digitaliseringen och införandet av digitala verktyg i sina verksamheter, men att arbetet inte är helt lätt. Förskollärarna saknar tydliga direktiv om hur arbetet ska göras för att på bästa sätt uppnå att alla barn ska få adekvat digital kompetens och ett lärande som tydligt kopplas till de digitala verktygen. Det går även att se att leken kommer i skymundan som en kvalitativ aspekt och ett innehåll gällande digitala verktyg. Av denna anledning är det av vikt att undersöka vilka ramfaktorer i svensk förskola som kan förändras för att digitala verktyg ska få en naturlig plats i leksammanhang.Centrala begrepp: förskola, digitalisering, digitala verktyg, lek, adekvat digital kompetens, lärande / The digital technology is constantly changing, which means that people need to adapt and develop their technological skills. This also means that the Swedish preschool needs to make changes in order to be able to give the children the opportunity to develop adequate digital skills. In teaching establishments where preschool teachers and children have different approaches regarding digital tools, preschool teachers are faced with some challenges in their work. Qualitative research interviews have been conducted with three fully qualified and active preschool teachers in three different municipalities, in order to highlight these challenges and to investigate whether qualitative aspects and content gets sidelined. The purpose of this study is to increase knowledge about the work with digital tools in preschools and understanding about preschool teachers' perceptions of digitization and adequate digital competence. This is done through three research questions. The first research question is aimed at determining how preschool teachers describe their perception of digitization and adequate digital competence. The second one to determine how preschool teachers describe their practical work with digital tools and the third to determine which factors preschool teachers see affects the work with digital tools and children's learning. The conclusion of this study is that the preschools are progressing with the digitization and the introduction of digital tools in their daily operations, but that the work is not easily done. The preschool teachers lack clear directives on how the work should be done in order to achieve the best possible outcome for all children to receive adequate digital competence and a learning that is clearly linked to the digital tools. It is also possible to see that the children's play fade into obscurity as a qualitative aspect regarding digital tools. For this reason, it is important to further investigate which framework factors can be changed in Swedish preschools in order for digital tools to have a natural place in children's play.

Syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur lärare i årskurs ett till tre använder sig av multimediala verktyg för att främja elevernas språkutveckling. Vi vill också få kännedom om varför de använder sig av multimedia samt deras attityder till användandet. Våra frågeställningar är följande:  Vilken syn har läarna påmultimediala verktyg fö språutveckling?  Hur anväder läarna multimediala verktyg fö att fräja elevernas språutveckling? Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer i vår studie. Detta metodval gjorde vi för att få en djupare uppfattning om lärarnas användande och attityder till multimediala verktyg. Den sociokulturella teorin ligger till grund för vår uppsats, även literacy är en teori som vi utgår ifrån i vår studie. Vi beskriver också Gardners teori. Resultatet visar att samtliga lärare var positiva till att använda multimediala verktyg i undervisningen. Alla betonade vikten av mer utbildning om de tekniska verktygen. Det framgick att de vanligaste multimediala verktygen som användes var Activeboard och dator. Vi drar slutsatsen att lärarna inte aktivt använder de multimediala verktygen för att främja språkutveckling. / The aim of our study is to examine how teachers in grade one to three use digital tools to promote students' language development. We also want to know why they make use of multimedia and their attitudes to using. Our questions are:  What do teachers think about digital tools for language development?  How do teachers use digital tools to promote language development? We have used a qualitative approach through interviews in our study. This methodological choice we made in order to gain a deeper understanding of teachers' use and attitudes towards digital tools. The sociocultural theory is the basis for our study, while literacy is a theory that we assume in our study. We also describe Gardner’s theory. The results show that all teachers were positive about using digital tools in teaching. All stressed the importance of more education on the technical tools. It appeared that the most common digital tools used was the Active Board and the computer. We conclude that teachers do not actively use digital tools to promote language development.

The overall purpose of this study is to examine how preschool teachers make use of digital tools in correlation with pedagogical documentation. More specifically, the purpose is to interview preschool teachers about their ideas and their use of the digital tool Förskoleappen to record and document childrens learningprocesses. The purpose will be answered with help from the following questions: In what way do preschool teachers use Förskoleappen in pedagogical documentation? What ideas and views do preschool teachers have about digital technology in general and Förskoleappen in particular? In order to find the answers to our questions we carried out a qualitative study in the form of interviews with six preschool teachers from two different preschools. We have used the designtheoretical perspective as our theoretical frame. The designtheoretical perspective describes how teachers design their classrooms and how the choice of tools affects that design. The result of the study show that there are both pros and cons working with pedagogical documentation with the use of the digital tool Förskoleappen, though the preschool teachers express that they are mostly in favor of using it.

Allt fler skolor satsar på digitalisering och köper in egna datorer till eleverna. I samband med detta ställs det krav på eleverna att de skall kunna hantera tekniken och vara digitalt komp-etenta. Digital kompetens ses som en viktig del för elever att besitta och för att fungera i vårt samhällsliv. Detta är dock ingenting som skolan vi studerat främjar då de inte bidrar till en ökad digital kompetens hos eleverna. Det finns forskare som däremot anser att det är i skolan som eleverna bör få sin digitala kompetens. Forskning som genomförts inom digital komp-etens hos elever har visat att det dels finns en variation bland eleverna samtidigt som annan forskning har visat att elevers kompetensnivå anses vara allmänt låg när de ska utföra komp-lexa uppgifter. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka gymnasieelevers digitala kompetens inom ordbehandling. Studien har utförts på en gymnasieskola där vi har gjort en enkätundersökning. Enkäten delades ut till samtliga klasser och elever i årskurs tre. Dessutom har vi genomfört en fokusgruppsintervju. Resultatet av enkäten visade att eleverna har grundläggande kunskaper och färdigheter inom ordbehandlingsprogram. Resultatet av fokusgruppsintervjun visade att eleverna använder datorn främst till att skriva uppsatser och att eleverna inte har fått någon större utbildning för användning av deras datorer. Den enda datorutbildningen som skolan erbjudit har skett i början av årskurs ett vid skolstart när eleverna fick sina egna datorer. / More and more schools are investing in digitization and buy their own computers to students. In this correlation, it required the students to manage the technology and be digitally com-petent. Digital competence is seen as an important part for students to have and to function in our society. However, this is nothing schools we studied promotes as they do not contribute to an increase digital literacy of students. Some researchers, however, believe that it is the school that students should receive their digital skills. Research conducted within the digital compe-tence of students have shown that the coexistence of a variety among the students while other research has shown that students' skill level is considered to be generally low when to perform complex tasks. The purpose of this study is to investigate high school students' digital comp-etence in word processing. The study was performed at a high school where we have had a survey which was distributed to all classes and students in grade three and a focus group interview. The survey results showed that students have basic knowledge and skills in word processing. The results of the focus group interview showed that students use the computer mainly to write essays and that students have not had any major training for the use of their computers. The only computer training school offered occurred at the beginning of first grade when they start school when students got their own computers.