Emergency medical teams operate under unusual circumstances. They assemble for a singular, temporary purpose, potentially change in size and composition, and their performance can influence whether a patient lives or dies. Although leadership is a critical component to team success, it is rarely investigated in the context of emergency medical teams. This study sought to examine the relationship between directive leadership behaviors and team performance outcomes. It was hypothesized that directive leadership would be particularly effective for emergency medical teams. In addition, a contingency model was proposed. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the effectiveness of directive leadership is contingent upon the complexity of the situation and the experience level of the team such that directive leadership is more effective when teams are inexperienced and the situation is complex. Neonatal resuscitation teams served as the emergency medical teams in this study. The proposed relationships were tested using observations from high-fidelity, neonatal resuscitation team training simulations. Hypotheses were not supported. Limitations and suggestions for future research for the development of leadership training curriculum are discussed.

The focus of this thesis is to investigate the use of art therapy in the treatment of an individual diagnosed with schizophrenia. In this qualitative narrative single case study, eleven art therapy sessions are described using non-directive spontaneous art making with a 37-year-old man residing in a psychosocial rehabilitation program. The research study describes this client�s delusional world, and explores the struggle of making sense of his traumatic experiences in early childhood. The themes that emerge in this exploratory study are many and grief and bereavement are the focus as the client uncovers the connections between the past and the present. The process of the art therapy sessions and the progression in the imagery from chaos to serenity is described as the client moves from darkness into light, and as we witness his exploration of space in the images of the whirlwind that reappear throughout the sessions.

None available

<p>The European Union Member States has a common environmental policy. The intention of the environmental policy and the WEEE and RoHS directives are to preserve, protect and improve the quality of the environment, protect human health and make use of natural resources. The WEEE is abbreviation for “Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The WEEE directive purpose is to improve the reuse, recycling and recovery in order to reduce the amount of disposal of equipment and the contents going to landfill. The RoHS directive is abbreviation for “Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances in electrical and electronic equipment”. The six restricted substances are lead, cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium and two brominated flame-retardants; PPB and PBDE. The purpose of the RoHS directive is to approximate the laws of the European Member States on the restrictions of the use of hazardous substances in EEE, “Electrical and Electronic Equipment”. The common legislation is needed because the companies shall have the same terms of concerns.</p><p>The amount of EEE that the European Member States generate is growing rapidly and that is why a common waste management is needed. The content of hazardous components in EEE is a major concern during the waste management phase and recycling of WEEE. The landfills do not have the possibility to handle the upcoming volumes of waste and the rubbish incineration creates high levels of heavy-alloy metal in our surroundings. The WEEE and RoHS directives covers ten categories of EEE and the producer responsibility shall encourage the design and production of EEE, which take into full account and facilitate their repair, possible upgrading, disassembly, reuse and recycling.</p><p>The Commission has not drawn up distinct guidelines and boundaries for the EEE within some of the categories in the WEEE and RoHS directives. This makes it difficult for the producers of EEE to determine if their products are within the scope of the directives. The definition of “large-scale stationary industrial tools” is one of the most difficult definitions to interpret. This definition includes four points that the EEE shall comply with to be allowed as an exemption.</p><p>Atlas Copco and CP are two of the concerned companies that have products within the scope of the WEEE and RoHS directives. In the Atlas Copco group there are two divisions; Atlas Copco and CP. Atlas Copco and CP develop, manufacture and market industrial tools, compressed air equipment, construction and mining equipment and assembly systems. It is Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems, which are affected by the WEEE and RoHS directives. Due to this Atlas Copco and CP needs to decide which of their products that is within the scope of the directives. Some of their industrial tools and assembly systems are in the grey-area of the legislation. The purpose of this thesis is to interpret the WEEE and RoHS directives and review Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems. The author believes that the majority of Atlas Copco and CP’s industrial tools and assembly systems are not “large-scale stationary industrial tools” because they sells as single units which the customers combine as they wish, to get the accurate performance. The tools are furthermore handhold and driven by electricity through a cable or battery and the industrial tools and assembly systems are not permanently fixed. The author’s decision which industrial tools and assembly systems are within the scope of the directives differentiates from Atlas Copco and CP’s decision.</p>

<p>Översvämningar är ett stort problem på flera håll i Sverige och klimatförändringarna väntas förvärra situationen i vissa delar av landet. I syfte att strukturera arbetet med översvämningsrisker togs översvämningsdirektivet (2007:60:EG) fram i EU år 2007. Direktivet genomförs som förordning (SFS 2009:956) i Sverige och denna infördes i svensk lagstiftning den 26 november 2009. Enligt förordningen om översvämningsrisker har Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap en viktig roll då de ska utföra den preliminära bedömningen av översvämningsrisker, bl.a. genom framtagande av kartor som redovisar översvämningshotade områden. Vattenmyndigheter och länsstyrelser ska ansvara för framtagandet av kartor med risker inom de översvämningshotade områdena, samt riskhanteringsplaner för att minska de möjliga ogynnsamma följderna.</p><p>För att underlätta arbetet med översvämningsrisker behöver samtliga aktörer ha en bra och aktuell kunskapsgrund. Ett av syftena med detta examensarbete var därför att ta fram en kunskapsöversikt inom området. Denna översikt togs fram genom en litteraturstudie och den redovisar bl.a. information om EU-projekt med översvämningsanknytning samt fakta om olika höjdmodeller och översvämningskarteringar.</p><p>En annan del av examensarbetet syftade till att besvara ett antal uppställda frågeställningar, som bl.a. behandlade hur god medvetenheten, samverkan och krisberedskapen är hos myndigheter i Sverige. För att avgöra ovanstående utfördes en intervjustudie med ett antal kommuner och länsstyrelser, samt med Vattenmyndigheten för Västerhavet. Resultatet visade att samtliga tillfrågade aktörer hade god medvetenhet om översvämningsrisker. En inträffad översvämning medför en utökad prioritering av arbetet med översvämningsrisker och även en större angelägenhet att samverka med andra aktörer om dessa risker. Krisberedskapen var även den mest uttalad hos de som drabbats av översvämningar och visade sig ha en nära koppling till god medvetenhet och samverkan.</p><p>Slutligen skulle examensarbetet ge svar på vilka riskobjekt som bör bedömas i översvämningshotade områden. För att optimera arbetet med skadereducerande och förebyggande åtgärder bör objekten inom ett översvämningshotat område prioriteras efter sannolikheten att de drabbas, samt hur stora konsekvenserna skulle bli om detta hände. I examensarbetet besvarades denna frågeställning med hjälp av litteraturstudier. Där fokuserades på vilka konsekvenser som kan uppkomma av en översvämning. Ett förslag på riskobjekt togs fram och en översiktlig indelning av hur objekten skulle kunna prioriteras i en akut situation utfördes. Dessutom sammanställdes var data för kartframställning kan hittas för respektive riskobjekt.</p> / <p>Flooding is a major problem in many parts of Sweden and climate changes are expected to aggravate the situation in some parts of the country. In order to structure the work on flood risks the flood directive (2007:60:EG) was initiated by the EU in 2007. The directive is implemented as a regulation in Sweden (SFS 2009:956) and this regulation was introduced in Swedish legislation in November 26th 2009. According to this regulation, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (Myndigheten för Samhällsskydd och Beredskap) plays an important role as they will perform the preliminary assessment of flood risks, including the production of maps of floodthreatened areas. Water authorities and other county administrative boards will be responsible for the preparation of maps of risks within the flood-threatened areas and risk management plans in order to reduce the potential adverse consequences.</p><p>To facilitate the process of flood risks all the players need to have a good and current knowledge. Therefore, one aim of this thesis was to develop a knowledge overview in the field. This overview was prepared by a literature review and includes information on flood-related EU projects, and facts about different elevation models and flood mapping. Another part of the thesis aimed to answer a number of set questions, such as: how good is the awareness, collaboration and emergency preparedness among the Swedish authorities. To determine this an interview study with a number of municipalities and county administration boards, and the Water Authority for the Western Sea (Vattenmyndigheten för Västerhavet) was carried out. The results showed that all the approached players had good awareness of flood risks. A past flood involves results in an expanded priority to work on flood risks and also a major concern to interact with other players on those risks. Crisis preparedness was also most expressed among those affected by floods and was found to have close links to good awareness and interaction.</p><p>Finally, the thesis aimed to answer the risk items that should be considered in floodthreatened areas. To optimize the process of damage reduction and prevention, the objects in a flood-threatened area should be prioritized by the likelihood that the objects will be affected, and also by how big the impact would be if this happened. In the thesis, this question was answered by means of literature studies which focused on the consequences that may arise from a flood. A proposal on the risk properties was developed and an overall breakdown of how the items could be given priority in an emergency was carried out. In addition, it was compiled where data for mapping can be found for each risk item.</p>

The Savings Directive will enter in to force 1st of July 2005, after years of discussions about it. The Directive has caused some controversy and several proposals have been rejected. The Savings Directive means that an individual who recieves savings income in the form of interest payment from another Member State will be taxed in his or hers State of residence. This will be achieved by an automatic exchange of information be-tween the Member States, concerning interest payments on savings. Some countries have opted out of the information exchange and will instead levy a withholding tax during a transitional period. The free movement of capital became fully liberalized when articles 1 and 4 in Directive 88/361/EEC was given direct effect. Later the main provisions from that Directive were implemented in the EC Treaty. All restrictions on the free movement of capital are prohibited, according to article 56 EC. Exceptions to this free movement can be found in article 58 EC. One example of a possible justification is the right for Member States to apply tax law which distinguish between taxpayers who are not in the same situation with regard to their residence or with regard to the place where their capital is invested. Certain fundamental principles have to be complied with, foremost the Principle of Proportionality and the Principle of Legal Certainty, to be able to justify a restriction on the free movement of capital. If the Savings Directive is in breach of the free movement of capital according to article 56-60 EC, is analysed in this thesis. It is discussed whether the Directive constitutes a restriction and in that case which possible justifications there are. Our conclusion is that the Savings Directive constitutes a restriction, in so far that it will likely dissuade residents from placing their capital in another Member State, because they will be taxed in their State of residence anyhow. However, this restriction is possible to justify according to article 58 (1) (b) EC. Therefore, the Savings Directive is not in breach of the free movement of capital. / Sparandedirektivet träder i kraft 1 juli 2005, efter många års diskussioner kring det och efter att flera förslag har röstats ner. Sparandedirektivet innebär att en individ från en Medlemsstat som mottager ränteinkomst härrörande från sparande i ett annat Medlems land blir beskattad i Medlemsstaten där han eller hon bor. Detta skall ske genom automatiskt utbyte av information rörande ränteinkomster på besparingar mellan Medlemsstaterna. Några länder har fått dispans från informations utbytet under en viss tid och kommer då istället att påföra en källskatt. Den fria rörligheten av kapital blev liberaliserad fullt ut i och med att artiklarna 1 och 4 i Direktiv 88/361/EEC gavs direkt effekt. Huvudbestämmelserna från det direktivet blev senare implementerade i EG fördraget. Enligt artikel 56 EG är alla restriktioner på fri rörlighet av kapital förbjudna. I artikel 58 EG hittas dock undantag till denna fria rörlighet. Ett exempel på en möjlig rättfärdigande grund för en restriktion är möjligheten för Medlemsstater att behandla individer skattemässigt olika beroende på var de är bosatta och beroende på var kapitalet är placerat. För att kunna rättfärdiga en restriktion på den fria rörligheten av kapital måste också vissa grundläggande principer följas, framförallt proportionalitetsprincipen och principen om rättssäkerhet. Denna uppsats utreder om Sparandedirektivet bryter mot den fria rörligheten av kapital uppställd i artiklarna 56-60 EG, genom att analysera om Direktivet utgör en restriktion och i så fall vilka rättfärdigandegrunder som är möjliga att använda. Slutsatsen, baserat på vår utredning, blir att Sparandedirektivet utgör en restriktion på den fria rörligheten av kapital, eftersom det troligtvis kommer att avskräcka personer från att placera besparingar utomlands, då de kommer att bli beskattade i den stat de bor i alla fall. Restriktionen är dock möjlig att rättfärdiga genom 58 (1) (b) EG. Därför bryter Sparandedirektivet inte mot fri rörlighet av kapital.

Using paleolimnological techniques, I have studied surface-water acidification and the effects of liming in Swedish lakes on a decadal to millennial time-scale. The overall objective was to contribute to the discussion on the fulfilment of goals within the Swedish liming program. One of the main goals of this program is to restore lakes to natural or nearly natural conditions, i.e. to a reference condition as termed in the EU Water Framework Directive. In this context, a key issue is to define reference conditions. This is a central theme of my thesis, as lake sediments offer a unique way to study past lake conditions. Past lake-water acidity of 12 reference lakes in the Swedish liming program (ISELAW) was determined using diatom analysis of sediment cores. Pollen, lead, and flyash from coal/oil combustion were used as indicators of impact from land use and atmospheric pollution. A general trend in these lakes is an initial decline in pH after lake formation due to natural soil processes, which was then followed by rather low pH values (pH 5.3-6.5). In six of the lakes pH increased as a result of expansion of agriculture (burning, forest grazing) 2000 to 1000 years ago. Local mining and long-range airborne pollution have also impacted the lakes since medieval time. These results show that the conditions of the study lakes were not natural prior to industrialization and recent (20th century) acidification. The ISELAW lakes were selected on the basis of representing typical limed lakes, and they have been limed and monitored since at least the 1980s. A comparison of chemical/biological monitoring data and the paleolimnological data gives somewhat diverging results. Most of the monitoring data suggest that the lakes were subjected to acidification during the 20th century, but the paleolimnological data can only identify clear evidence of acidification in five of the 12 lakes, hence, all lakes were probably not recently acidified. According to conclusions from monitoring the lakes have recovered following liming. The paleolimnological data give a more complex picture and three different responses have been identified: 1) a return to a diatom composition found in the lake one hundred to several thousand years ago; 2) very small shifts in the diatom composition; or 3) a diatom composition previously not found in the lake. The latter response raised the question whether liming can cause an unnatural diatom community. A comparison of diatoms in surface sediment samples of 31 limed lakes with pre-industrial reference samples from 291 lakes showed that liming does not create an unnatural diatom composition. These results illustrate that the goals for liming were not reached in all of the limed lakes, and that paleolimnology can play an important role for assessments of acidification and liming. The comparative study also highlights the importance of designing monitoring programs that can produce reliable and long data series. Given the results of the paleolimnological investigations, it is obvious that we cannot assume that the 19th century represented a natural or near natural state, and thus is a realistic reference conditions. Natural long-term lake development and previous land-use impacts need to be considered in defining reference conditions. Neither can we disregard the fact that humans always will impact nature. Although paleolimnological studies are time consuming, I believe that they could be simplified to the extent that paleolimnology could become a routine method for environmental management.

Upphovsrätten har alltid varit föremål för två motstående intressen, dels upphovsrättsinnehavarens intresse, dels det allmännas intresse. Det är upp till lagstiftaren att bibehålla denna balans och samtidigt förse båda parter med tillfredställande lösningar. De enheter som interagerar i denna balansakt för den här uppsatsen är: upphovsrätten i sig, undantag till och inskränkningar i upphovsrätten, Trestegsregeln vilken skall reglera undantagen och inskränkningarna samt skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Den sistnämnda enheten är en indirekt reaktion på informationssamhällets ankomst där upphovsrättsskyddade verk kan kopieras digitalt samt spridas med minimal ansträngning. Det som utmärker informationssamhället är ett ökat antal av digitala intrång, särskilt över Internet, samt det faktum att kopian av verket helt motsvarar originalets kvalité. För att motarbeta piratkopiering i informationssamhället samt harmonisera medlemsstaternas olikheter gällande undantag till och begränsningar i upphovsrätten, har ett upphovsrättsdirektiv framarbetats. Sverige implementerade direktivet 1 juli, 2005 och syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida implementeringen har upprätthållit eller förvrängt denna känsliga balansakt. Informationssamhällets ankomst har särskilt påverkat undantaget för privat bruk, dels p.g.a. att intrång från aktörer i denna sektor är svårkontrollerade, samt dels p.g.a. den olägenhet som ett intrång i användarnas privata sfär skulle utgöra. Utifrån det som behandlas i denna uppsats visar det sig att balansen har upprätthållits rent generellt, men att det även har uppstått särskilda effekter som kan orsaka, eller kan komma att orsaka en förvriden balans. Exempelvis har den svenska lagstiftaren intagit en mycket restriktiv ställning, inte bara gentemot digitalt privat bruk, utan även gentemot analog användning. Det framgår också att Trestegstestet och dess ställning i nationell lag kan vara beroende av lagstiftningstraditioner. Vidare riskerar verk som är föremål för förmånstagare av ett lagstiftat undantag till upphovsrätten, att låsas in p.g.a. skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Problemet är relaterat till den svenska lagstiftarens val att inte implementera en bestämmelse för ett ikraftträdande av undantag för privat bruk. Generellt sett är detta problem mycket komplext vilket förhindrar en lösning på ett sådant här tidigt stadium. / Copyright has always been the subject of two conflicting interests, that of the copyright owner and that of the public. It is up to the legislator to maintain this balance in order to provide a solution somewhat satisfying for both parties. The constituent elements in the balancing act for this thesis are the copyright, the exceptions and limitations to the copyright, the Three-Step Test limiting the exceptions and limitations and the protection of technological measures. This last element is a reaction to the Information Society, where copyrighted work can be copied digitally and disseminated with minimal effort. An increasing amount of infringements, especially on the Internet, and the fact that the copy becomes identical in quality to the original have become typical for the Information Society. To combat piracy in the Information Society and to harmonise the discrepancies in the exceptions and limitations of the Member States’ national laws, the InfoSoc Directive has been issued. Sweden implemented the Directive on July 1, 2005 and the purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the implementation has maintained or distorted the delicate balancing act. The Information Society has affected the exception for private use in particular, partly because digital infringements in this sector are hard to control since the users are anonymous and partly because of the inconvenience of encroaching on the private sphere of the users. As concluded in this thesis, the balance has been generally maintained, however there are specific effects that may have caused or are capable of causing a distorted balance. For instance, the Swedish legislator has restricted not only digital private use, but also analogue private use. Moreover, the Three-Step Test and its impact in national law may be dependent on national legal traditions. Furthermore, works subjected to beneficiaries of the exception for private use, risk a lock-up because of the protection of technological measures. This problem is related to the Swedish legislator’s choice of not implementing an enforcement provision related to the exception for private use. As for this problem in general, its complexity prevents a solution at this stage.

Till följd av Vattenfalls uppmärksammade investeringar i fossilbränslebaserad energiverksamhet har vi genom att analysera den riksdagspolitiska debatten kring Vattenfall, sökt efter återkommande yttranden, genom vilka vi  konstruerat diskurser som står för vad riksdagspolitiska aktörer anser i frågan om det statliga styret av Vattenfall. Vi kommer fram till att det inte helt oväntat går att skapa två övergripande diskurser, där de olika politiska blocken verkar inom varsin diskurs i frågan om hur Vattenfalls miljöintentioner ska uppnås.

This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.