Com base em instrumentos qualitativos de pesquisa, essa dissertação analisa a implementação da justiça restaurativa como uma política pública, tomando como foco de análise o processo que resultou na institucionalização das práticas restaurativas, que antes eram realizadas de forma informal pela ONG Justiça Restaurativa para o Século 21, até elas serem tomadas a cargo pelo Poder Judiciário do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma das propostas desta pesquisa foi compreender como ocorreu o processo de implementação da justiça restaurativa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com enfoque nas categorias valorativas expressas pelos entrevistados: juízes e facilitadores atuantes em setores do Poder Judiciário. Para alcançarmos este intento, realizamos um mapeamento das experiências existentes nos municípios pesquisados, que nos permitiu conhecer as formas plurais pelas quais a política pública pode ser utilizada e como as propostas estão sendo operacionalizadas nas iniciativas locais. Examinando a produção sociológica e da análise de políticas públicas sobre o tema, buscamos relacionar, por um lado, as perspectivas teóricas que destacam os fundamentos normativos e cognitivos vinculados às normas e às instituições sociais, juntamente com a teoria crítica e o conceito de reconstrução normativa; por outro, os estudos sobre implementação de políticas públicas que privilegiam as ideias e crenças dos atores envolvidos. Tais abordagens permitem examinar o processo de implementação da Justiça Restaurativa no estado, com destaque para as principais problemáticas surgidas no processo e para a forma através da qual “a imagem da política” foi e está sendo reproduzida pelos seus defensores. Por meio da análise das representações proferidas pelos agentes ao longo do trabalho de campo, foi possível perceber que a defesa da Justiça Restaurativa como uma política pública importante para o sistema de justiça abrange duas linhas de argumentação discursiva: a) uma institucional, que relaciona esta metodologia com a modernização e a ampliação do acesso à justiça, bem como com a redução da carga processual, b) outra que a considera uma proposta mais humanizada, eficaz e dialogal de justiça. / Based on qualitative research instruments, this dissertation analyze the implementation of restorative justice as a public policy, focusing on the process that resulted in the institutionalization of restorative practices, which were previously carried out informally by the NGO Restorative Justice for the Century 21, until they have been take over by the Judicial Branch of Rio Grande do Sul. One of the proposals of this research was to understand how the process of implementation of restorative justice occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, focusing on the categories of values expressed by the interviewed: judges and facilitators acting in sectors of the Judiciary. In order to achieve this, we mapped the existing experiences in the municipalities surveyed, which allowed us to know the plural forms by which the public policy can be used and how the proposals are actually operationalized in local initiatives. Examining the sociological production and the public policies analysis of public policies about the subject, we seek to relate, on the one hand, the theoretical perspectives that highlight the normative and cognitive elements linked to social norms and institutions, together with the critical theory and the concept of reconstruction normative; and, on the other hand, studies on the implementation of public policies that privilege the ideas and beliefs of the actors involved. Such approaches have allowed us to examine the process of implementation of Restorative Justice in the state, highlighting the main issues raised in the process and the way in which the "image of politics" was and is being reproduced by its advocates. By means of the analysis of the representations uttered by the agents interviewed throughout the field work, it was possible to perceive that the defense of Restorative Justice as an important public policy for the justice system covers two lines of discursive argumentation: a) an institutional one, which relates this methodology with the modernization and expansion of access to justice, as well as with the reduction of the procedural burden, b) another that considers it a more humanized, effective and dialogical proposal of justice.

The main theme of this diploma paper is: {\clqq}Management system, financing and auditig of The Primary school and Nursery school Kolín. The diploma paper describes the management, the financing and the auditing in the special primary and nursery school. How does it work in non- profit making organisation in the Czech Republic especially in education system, with emphasis to financing process and its development. The desk study part describes ways how non-profit making organizations have been formed and gone through the ages. Practical part assembles, analyses, evaluates 2008, 2009 Primary school and Nursery school Kolín`s budgets. Final goal is to determinate if the actual financing system is good enough for troublefree operating of this school.

A presente pesquisa aborda o jogo em torno da legitimidade do “poder normativo” da Justiça do Trabalho no campo jurídico. No primeiro capítulo, uma breve revisão da literatura sobre o tema, a escolha teórica designada pela noção de campo e as oposições sobre a questão são apresentadas. No segundo capítulo, uma reconstituição histórica é realizada, a fim de reconstituir a criação do “poder normativo” e as lutas do movimento sindical em torno da legitimidade do instrumento jurídico. No terceiro capítulo, os pontos de vista dos Tribunais Trabalhistas nas décadas de 1990 e de 2000 são examinados, e dados são construídos para identificar como os interesses dos grupos do movimento sindical são traduzidos em argumentos jurídicos. / The present research is approaches the game to legitimate the “normative power” of the Labour Justice in the juridical field. In the first chapter, a brief revision of the literature on the theme, the theoretical choice designated by the field notion and the oppositions on the subject are presented. In the second chapter, a historical analysis of the fights out of the field it is accomplished, in order to reconstitute the creation of the “normative power” and the fights of the syndical movement on this juridical instrument. In the third chapter, the continuity of the point of view of the Labour Tribunals in the decade of 1990 and 2000 is examined, and data are built to identify as the interests of the syndical movement groups are translated in juridical arguments.

Esta pesquisa investiga alguns aspectos das vozes verbais nas gramáticas normativas de língua portuguesa. Alguns conceitos como o de voz passiva e de partícula apassivadora são objeto de discussão por parte de diferentes autores da gramaticografia de língua portuguesa que tem adotado pontos de vista distintos e até antagônicos sobre cada um destes aspectos. Este trabalho também busca demonstrar que a gramática normativa de língua portuguesa atual não renovou a sua teoria sobre as vozes verbais, que remonta a Dionísio o Trácio com seu manual escrito há mais de dois mil anos atrás, e que necessita, deste modo, identificar as fragilidades de sua teoria e renová-la com o instrumental teórico de que dispõe as modernas correntes da linguística. / This research investigates some aspects of the verbal voices in the normative grammar of portuguese language. Some concepts like passive voice and the clitic SE are discussed by many authors in the portuguese language gramaticography that have adopted different and opposite points of view about each one of these aspects. This work also intends to demonstrate that the normative grammar of portuguese language nowadays did not renew its theory about verbal voices, which remonts to Dionísio of Trácia with his manual which was written two thousand years ago, and it needs identify the fragilities of normative grammar theory and needs to renew it with the theorical instrumental available in the modern linguistics currents.

A presente pesquisa aborda o jogo em torno da legitimidade do “poder normativo” da Justiça do Trabalho no campo jurídico. No primeiro capítulo, uma breve revisão da literatura sobre o tema, a escolha teórica designada pela noção de campo e as oposições sobre a questão são apresentadas. No segundo capítulo, uma reconstituição histórica é realizada, a fim de reconstituir a criação do “poder normativo” e as lutas do movimento sindical em torno da legitimidade do instrumento jurídico. No terceiro capítulo, os pontos de vista dos Tribunais Trabalhistas nas décadas de 1990 e de 2000 são examinados, e dados são construídos para identificar como os interesses dos grupos do movimento sindical são traduzidos em argumentos jurídicos. / The present research is approaches the game to legitimate the “normative power” of the Labour Justice in the juridical field. In the first chapter, a brief revision of the literature on the theme, the theoretical choice designated by the field notion and the oppositions on the subject are presented. In the second chapter, a historical analysis of the fights out of the field it is accomplished, in order to reconstitute the creation of the “normative power” and the fights of the syndical movement on this juridical instrument. In the third chapter, the continuity of the point of view of the Labour Tribunals in the decade of 1990 and 2000 is examined, and data are built to identify as the interests of the syndical movement groups are translated in juridical arguments.

A presente tese, de natureza analítica, defende, a partir da análise dos elementos subjacentes à ideia de direito como sistema por trás da discussão sobre a fragmentação do direito internacional, que a expansão do direito internacional no século XX foi acompanhada de uma mudança do conceito de legitimidade, que não se restringe mais apenas ao reconhecimento do Estado como produtor das normas internacionais, mas requer parâmetros substantivos que orientam a solução dos conflitos entre normas que são produzidas em diferentes esferas normativas. No entanto, ao contrário do que ocorre no ordenamento interno, cujo sistema jurídico estabelece uma hierarquia de normas neutralizada pela ideologia do regime existente, nas relações internacionais, a horizontalidade das normas do direito internacional reflete a inexistência de uma cadeia tal de valores; e nem mesmo a proliferação de normas secundárias na segunda metade do século XX logrou alterar os fundamentos da jurisdição internacional, a qual ainda encontra diversas restrições associadas às características do direito internacional de coexistência. Estes problemas serão evidenciados pela análise do que ocorre no âmbito da OMC e, dentre as diversas disputas que envolvem normas produzidas em diferentes esferas normativas, do caso Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of Retreaded Tyres (União Européia v. Brasil) [doravante Brazil Retreaded Tyres]. / From analysis of the factors underlying the idea of law as a system behind the discussion of the \"fragmentation\" of international law, this thesis, analytical in nature, argues, that the expansion of international law in the twentieth century was accompanied by a change in the concept of legitimacy, which is no longer restricted only to the State as a producer of international standards, but requires substantive parameters to guide the resolution of conflicts between rules from different normative spheres. However, unlike domestic domains, where the legal system establishes a hierarchy of norms neutralized by the ideology of the existing regime, in international relations, the horizontality of the norms of international law reflects the absence of such a chain of values, nor even the proliferation of secondary standards in the second half of the twentieth century managed to change the fundamentals of international jurisdiction, which still faces several constraints associated with the characteristics of the international law of coexistence. These problems will be highlighted by the analysis of what occurs in the WTO and, among the several disputes involving standards from different normative spheres, the case of Brazil Measures Affecting Imports of retreaded Tyres (European Union v. Brazil) [hereinafter Brazil - retreaded Tyres].

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2018-11-12T12:29:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Kalen _Piano_2018.pdf: 4499676 bytes, checksum: b105351175fc9f5321845d8d609a34fb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T12:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Kalen _Piano_2018.pdf: 4499676 bytes, checksum: b105351175fc9f5321845d8d609a34fb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-06 / The linguistic analysis practice (PAL) was proposed for the teaching of Portuguese language, in the 1980s, with the intention of helping students to reflect about the uses of the language in reading and textual production practices. Since then, it has been understood as one of the main cores of teaching the Portuguese language, according prescriptions by pedagogical documents such as the National Curricular Parameters (BRASIL, 1998), and the State Curricular Guidelines (PARANÁ, 2008). The textbooks, in certain ways, try to contemplate this purpose, with various understandings, though. When considering this historical context, the research that I present sustains itself on the theme The linguistic analysis practice in textbooks, delimiting, especially, on the book Araribá Plus Portuguese – 7º grade of Fundamental School II. The concern which originated the dissertation sustains on the question: What is the relationship between the teaching of grammar, PAL and LD Araribá Plus Portuguese – 7º grade? Trying to answer that question, the objective that guides this research is to comprehend, theoretic and methodologically the PAL, analyzing the language working referrals in a textbook of the fundamental school – final years. It is an investigation based on the Applied Linguistic assumptions, according to Moita Lopes’ precepts, (2006); on the interpretative qualitative approach, in line with Bortoni-Ricardo, (2008); and, methodologically, we made an exploratory research, in accordance with Gil (1999), a bibliographic and documental revision. As a result, we understand that some activities have approached the PAL, but most need to be developed by the teacher, because the textbook does not provide such practice, to reach a wider and meaningful level of the language. The students will benefit in their learning from our mediation, developing activities beyond the textbook, by extending the reflection of the language to the context of the student. / A prática de análise linguística (PAL) foi proposta para o ensino de língua portuguesa, na década de 1980, com o intuito de auxiliar os alunos a refletirem sobre os usos da língua em práticas de leitura e de produção textual. Desde então, passou a ser compreendida como um dos eixos de ensino da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, conforme prescrito por documentos pedagógicos como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (BRASIL, 1998) e Diretrizes Curriculares Estaduais (PARANÁ, 2008). Os livros didáticos, de alguma forma, procuraram contemplar essa proposta, todavia, com compreensões diversas. Ao considerarmos esse contexto histórico, a pesquisa que apresento sustenta-se no tema A prática de análise linguística no livro didático, delimitando, especificamente, para o livro Araribá Plus Português – 7º ano do Ensino Fundamental II. A preocupação que deu origem à dissertação sustenta-se no questionamento: Que relação há entre o ensino de gramática, a PAL e o LD Araribá Plus Português – 7º ano? Com o intuito de responder a esse questionamento, o objetivo que move esta pesquisa é compreender, teórica e metodologicamente a PAL, analisando encaminhamentos de trabalho com a língua em um livro didático do ensino fundamental – anos finais. Trata-se de uma investigação ancorada nos pressupostos da Linguística Aplicada, conforme preceitos de Moita Lopes, (2006); na abordagem qualitativa interpretativista, segundo Bortoni-Ricardo, (2008); e, metodologicamente, desenvolvemos uma pesquisa exploratória, conforme Gil (1999), de revisão bibliográfica e documental. Como resultado, compreendemos que algumas atividades aproximaram-se da PAL, mas a maioria precisa ser desenvolvida pelo professor, porque o livro didático não propicia tal prática, para atingir um nível mais amplo e significativo da língua. Os alunos serão beneficiados em seu aprendizado a partir de nossa mediação, desenvolvendo atividades para além do livro didático, ao estender a reflexão da linguagem para o contexto do aluno.

Dans quelle mesure l'expression de nos opinions et nos comportements peuvent être affectés par le caractère public de la situation dans laquelle nous sommes ? Voilà la question qui a guidé ce travail de thèse. Nous plaçant dans la théorie des représentations sociales (RS, Moscovici, 1961) et plus particulièrement dans le cadre des effets de masquage dans l'expression de ces représentations (Guimelli, 1998), nous montrons, par la manipulation du contexte de réponse (public vs. privé), que les pressions normatives qui pèsent sur l'individu peuvent affecter non seulement son expression à propos d'un objet social mais également ses comportements liés à l'objet. De fait, ce travail s'organise autour de deux axes de recherches. Le premier axe, se centrant sur l'expression des RS, souligne, au travers de quatre recherches (n = 952), l'impact du contexte de réponse sur l'expression des individus. On constate que la publicité des réponses, augmentant le niveau de pressions normatives, amène les sujets à mettre en place des stratégies de masquage et d'affichage liées à la désirabilité sociale. Le second axe, s'intéressant à l'impact du contexte public sur les comportements des individus, regroupe deux recherches (n = 371) dans lesquelles on propose aux participants de réaliser la tâche du dilemme itératif du prisonnier. Ces deux recherches mettent en évidence d'une part que les éléments masqués des représentations ont un impact sur les comportements des individus et d'autre part que ces mêmes comportements sont eux aussi dépendants du contexte et plus précisément des enjeux normatifs qui le caractérisent. / To what extent the public aspect of a given situation can influence the expression of our opinions and behaviors is the very question which has been leading this work of thesis. Referring to the theory of social representations (SR, Moscovici, 1961) and more precisely to the concept of masking effects described in the expression of these representations (Guimelli, 1998), we will show that because of the manipulation of the answering context (public vs. private) the normative pressures weighing on an individual can influence, not only his/her expression linked to a social object, but also his/her behaviors connected to this object. Actually this work gets organized around two main lines of research: The first part focuses on the expression of social representations and highlights the impact of the answering context on the expressions used by a group of individuals (study led through four researches n=952). It will be noticed that the public aspect of answers increases the level of normative pressures and therefore brings the subjects to set up masking and displaying strategies which directly results from a social desirability. The second part deals with the impact of the public context on the behavior of individuals (study led through two researches n=371). In this main line, the participants are invited to achieve a task called “the iterative dilemma of the prisoner”. Those two examples will bring to light, one the hand, that masked elements of representations have an impact on the individual behaviors, and on the other hand, that the very same behavior is also dependent of the context and more precisely of the normative characteristics which are at stake.

This thesis paper is based on Ian Manners Normative Power Europe-theory with a focus on EU’s military operation in Somalia. By examining documents from EU institutions in the form of reports concerning EU NAVFOR – Operation ATALANTA – EUTM Somalia – EUCAP NESTOR. This study shows that the Normative Power Europe-theory can get expressed and that the EU continues its normative statements in Somalia. This result is an interesting contribution to the theory of Normative Power Europe witch have gotten a lot of critic about how a military operation should effect and diminish the theory.

En 2005, l’article 1er du Statut général des militaires était révisé. A la version précédente de 1972, était ajoutée l’exigence du consentement au sacrifice suprême comme contrainte liée à l’état militaire. Cet ajout nous a conduit à nous poser une question simple mais essentielle : si le sacrifice suprême est une caractéristique fondamentale et traditionnelle du métier des armées, pourquoi a-t-il été jugé nécessaire de le faire apparaitre dans un texte de loi encadrant l’activité militaire ? De cette simple question sont nées de nombreuses interrogations portant sur la pratique du sacrifice et les normes qui l’entourent. Au travers de l’approche constructiviste et de perspectives provenant de différentes disciplines académiques telles que la sociologie, la philosophie, l’histoire ou les relations internationales cette thèse vise à démontrer que le sacrifice suprême ne devrait pas être imposé par une loi. En montrant que le sacrifice est avant tout une pratique religieuse et économique adossée à une transcendance et au besoin de reconnaissance, ce travail souligne qu’en l’absence de ces éléments le sacrifice suprême ne peut être exigé. Par ailleurs, envisagée hors du cadre des guerres traditionnelles, la mort pro patria, initialement légitimée par la défense de la patrie, n’est plus pertinente. L’intervention en Afghanistan illustre nos réflexions. Cette étude de cas permet d’expliquer comment, afin de maintenir l’idéalité du sacrifice suprême, cette intervention a été décidée dans le cadre d’un processus de sécurisation et été présentée de manière trompeuse comme une guerre justifiée par la menace que le terrorisme représente à l’encontre des démocraties libérales. / In 2005 the 1972 Statut général des militaires (General statute of military personnel) underwent a major revision: the addition of the consent to supreme sacrifice to the constraints of the profession of arms. This addition gives rise to a simple but essential question: why, given that sacrificing one’s life for the nation is the very essence of the military, is it necessary to add such an obligation in a legal document? From this simple question stem many other interrogations about the practice of supreme sacrifice and the norms surrounding it. Through the constructivist approach and using perspectives from different academic fields such as sociology, philosophy, history and international relations, this doctoral thesis aims at demonstrating that supreme sacrifice should not be imposed by a law. Showing that sacrifice is first and foremost a religious and economic practice built up against both a transcendence and the need for gratefulness, this work underlines that in the absence of these factors supreme sacrifice cannot be demanded. Furthermore, out of the framework of traditional wars the pro patria mori, initially legitimized by the need to defend the homeland, is no longer relevant. In order to support our point we will use the case of the intervention in Afghanistan, demonstrating how, in order to maintain the ideality of supreme sacrifice, it has been decided through a securitization process and presented in a misleading way as a war justified by the threat terrorism represents to liberal democracies.