The dissemination of disinformation is unwanted, but on the rise in Sweden, often via social media. Since the deliberative democratic ideal stresses the importance of good democratic dialogues, this study therefore aims at giving an answer to the question of how this theory claims disinformation in the comment section on social media should be handled. Via a normative given-that analysis the question is analysed from a normative perspective, based on what is required for a conversation to be deliberative, and problematized from a practical perspective. The analysis shows that disinformation disturbs the conversation, and thereby normatively should be erased. Meanwhile, the problematization shows that practically deleting a comment could go against the ideal, since only comments which are intended to misinform should be deleted, and the question of whether such an intent exists can be hard to determine. To solve the feasibility problem and thereby give the research question a clear answer, a theory development of the deliberative theory is being made. The essay concludes that following the new way of seeing the deliberative ideal, the comments which are suspected to contain disinformation should be left in the comment section, but ideally thoroughly via a deliberative conversation be questioned.

Orientador: Silvia Regina Ricco Lucato Sigolo / Banca: Zélia Maria Mendes Biasoli Alves / Banca: Claudia Maria Simões Martinez / Banca: Maristela Angotti / Banca: Leandro Osni Zaniolo / Resumo: Em consonância à perspectiva bioecológica, a presente pesquisa pode ser situada dentro de um modelo de mesossistema que se propõe a analisar a relação entre os microssistemas instituição de educação infantil e família de crianças de três anos, a partir da visão de mães, professoras e diretoras, tendo como referência uma transição ecológica normativa, bem como analisar as mudanças e continuidades no processo de desenvolvimento das atividades e das relações interpessoais estabelecidas no ambiente escolar. Foram realizados dois estudos que se apresentam metodologicamente divididos em momentos distintos, embora complementares. O primeiro estudo objetiva descrever e analisar as concepções e expectativas sobre a educação infantil na instituição e na família e o relacionamento entre estes dois contextos, a partir dos relatos, obtidos por entrevistas semi-estruturadas, de quatro diretoras de diferentes Centros de Educação e Recreação (CER), mantidos pelo município de Araraquara e quatro professoras dos respectivos CERs, responsáveis pela turma de crianças de três anos. Os resultados revelam a ocorrência de diferentes níveis de relacionamento entre a instituição de educação infantil e as famílias, sendo que as profissionais delimitam os momentos e as formas de relacionamento com os familiares, sobretudo as mães, variando desde uma relação assimétrica (CER1), baseada na busca por estratégias que atendam aos interesses dos interlocutores dos contextos (CER2 e 3), ou construída cotidianamente pelos profissionais e familiares unidos em torno de um objetivo comum, o desenvolvimento infantil (CER4). O segundo estudo caracteriza-se por um estudo de caso delineado no CER1, realizando-se observações ao longo de um ano letivo em momentos específicos do cotidiano institucional vivenciado pela turma composta por vinte e sete crianças de três anos... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In consonance to the bio-ecological perspective, this research can be placed inside of a mesosystem model that intends to analyze the relationship among the micro-systems: early childhood educationv center and three year-old children's family. So, it started from mothers', teachers' and principals' view, holding as a reference a normative ecological transition, as well as the analysis of the changes and of the continuities in the process of activities development and interpersonal relationships established in school atmosphere. Two studies were accomplished, and concerning to the methodology, they were divided in different, but complementary moments. The first study aims to describe and to analyze the conceptions and expectations about early childhood in the institution and in the family; and the relationship among these two contexts. The starting point was reports, obtained by semi-structured interviews, of four principals in different Education and Recreation Centers (ERC), maintained by the city of Araraquara, and four teachers of the respectives ERCs, responsible for the three year-old children's group. The results revealed the occurrence of different relationship patterns between the early childhood education center and the families, and the professionals delimit the moments and the relationship forms with the relatives, above all, with the mothers. That delimitation varies from an asymmetric relationship (ERC1), based on the search of strategies that are attentive to the speakers' interests of the contexts (ERC2 and 3), or built daily by the professionals and relatives, united around a common objective, the infantile development (ERC4). The second study is characterized by a case study delineated in the ERC1, and have accomplished observations along one school year, at everyday institutional specific moments, experienced by a group composed by twenty-seven three year-old... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A presente pesquisa aborda o jogo em torno da legitimidade do “poder normativo” da Justiça do Trabalho no campo jurídico. No primeiro capítulo, uma breve revisão da literatura sobre o tema, a escolha teórica designada pela noção de campo e as oposições sobre a questão são apresentadas. No segundo capítulo, uma reconstituição histórica é realizada, a fim de reconstituir a criação do “poder normativo” e as lutas do movimento sindical em torno da legitimidade do instrumento jurídico. No terceiro capítulo, os pontos de vista dos Tribunais Trabalhistas nas décadas de 1990 e de 2000 são examinados, e dados são construídos para identificar como os interesses dos grupos do movimento sindical são traduzidos em argumentos jurídicos. / The present research is approaches the game to legitimate the “normative power” of the Labour Justice in the juridical field. In the first chapter, a brief revision of the literature on the theme, the theoretical choice designated by the field notion and the oppositions on the subject are presented. In the second chapter, a historical analysis of the fights out of the field it is accomplished, in order to reconstitute the creation of the “normative power” and the fights of the syndical movement on this juridical instrument. In the third chapter, the continuity of the point of view of the Labour Tribunals in the decade of 1990 and 2000 is examined, and data are built to identify as the interests of the syndical movement groups are translated in juridical arguments.

Com base em instrumentos qualitativos de pesquisa, essa dissertação analisa a implementação da justiça restaurativa como uma política pública, tomando como foco de análise o processo que resultou na institucionalização das práticas restaurativas, que antes eram realizadas de forma informal pela ONG Justiça Restaurativa para o Século 21, até elas serem tomadas a cargo pelo Poder Judiciário do Rio Grande do Sul. Uma das propostas desta pesquisa foi compreender como ocorreu o processo de implementação da justiça restaurativa no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, com enfoque nas categorias valorativas expressas pelos entrevistados: juízes e facilitadores atuantes em setores do Poder Judiciário. Para alcançarmos este intento, realizamos um mapeamento das experiências existentes nos municípios pesquisados, que nos permitiu conhecer as formas plurais pelas quais a política pública pode ser utilizada e como as propostas estão sendo operacionalizadas nas iniciativas locais. Examinando a produção sociológica e da análise de políticas públicas sobre o tema, buscamos relacionar, por um lado, as perspectivas teóricas que destacam os fundamentos normativos e cognitivos vinculados às normas e às instituições sociais, juntamente com a teoria crítica e o conceito de reconstrução normativa; por outro, os estudos sobre implementação de políticas públicas que privilegiam as ideias e crenças dos atores envolvidos. Tais abordagens permitem examinar o processo de implementação da Justiça Restaurativa no estado, com destaque para as principais problemáticas surgidas no processo e para a forma através da qual “a imagem da política” foi e está sendo reproduzida pelos seus defensores. Por meio da análise das representações proferidas pelos agentes ao longo do trabalho de campo, foi possível perceber que a defesa da Justiça Restaurativa como uma política pública importante para o sistema de justiça abrange duas linhas de argumentação discursiva: a) uma institucional, que relaciona esta metodologia com a modernização e a ampliação do acesso à justiça, bem como com a redução da carga processual, b) outra que a considera uma proposta mais humanizada, eficaz e dialogal de justiça. / Based on qualitative research instruments, this dissertation analyze the implementation of restorative justice as a public policy, focusing on the process that resulted in the institutionalization of restorative practices, which were previously carried out informally by the NGO Restorative Justice for the Century 21, until they have been take over by the Judicial Branch of Rio Grande do Sul. One of the proposals of this research was to understand how the process of implementation of restorative justice occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, focusing on the categories of values expressed by the interviewed: judges and facilitators acting in sectors of the Judiciary. In order to achieve this, we mapped the existing experiences in the municipalities surveyed, which allowed us to know the plural forms by which the public policy can be used and how the proposals are actually operationalized in local initiatives. Examining the sociological production and the public policies analysis of public policies about the subject, we seek to relate, on the one hand, the theoretical perspectives that highlight the normative and cognitive elements linked to social norms and institutions, together with the critical theory and the concept of reconstruction normative; and, on the other hand, studies on the implementation of public policies that privilege the ideas and beliefs of the actors involved. Such approaches have allowed us to examine the process of implementation of Restorative Justice in the state, highlighting the main issues raised in the process and the way in which the "image of politics" was and is being reproduced by its advocates. By means of the analysis of the representations uttered by the agents interviewed throughout the field work, it was possible to perceive that the defense of Restorative Justice as an important public policy for the justice system covers two lines of discursive argumentation: a) an institutional one, which relates this methodology with the modernization and expansion of access to justice, as well as with the reduction of the procedural burden, b) another that considers it a more humanized, effective and dialogical proposal of justice.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sambrano_tm_dr_arafcl_prot.pdf: 3569860 bytes, checksum: c91e7e29eeebb0818a41676bfda79e60 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em consonância à perspectiva bioecológica, a presente pesquisa pode ser situada dentro de um modelo de mesossistema que se propõe a analisar a relação entre os microssistemas instituição de educação infantil e família de crianças de três anos, a partir da visão de mães, professoras e diretoras, tendo como referência uma transição ecológica normativa, bem como analisar as mudanças e continuidades no processo de desenvolvimento das atividades e das relações interpessoais estabelecidas no ambiente escolar. Foram realizados dois estudos que se apresentam metodologicamente divididos em momentos distintos, embora complementares. O primeiro estudo objetiva descrever e analisar as concepções e expectativas sobre a educação infantil na instituição e na família e o relacionamento entre estes dois contextos, a partir dos relatos, obtidos por entrevistas semi-estruturadas, de quatro diretoras de diferentes Centros de Educação e Recreação (CER), mantidos pelo município de Araraquara e quatro professoras dos respectivos CERs, responsáveis pela turma de crianças de três anos. Os resultados revelam a ocorrência de diferentes níveis de relacionamento entre a instituição de educação infantil e as famílias, sendo que as profissionais delimitam os momentos e as formas de relacionamento com os familiares, sobretudo as mães, variando desde uma relação assimétrica (CER1), baseada na busca por estratégias que atendam aos interesses dos interlocutores dos contextos (CER2 e 3), ou construída cotidianamente pelos profissionais e familiares unidos em torno de um objetivo comum, o desenvolvimento infantil (CER4). O segundo estudo caracteriza-se por um estudo de caso delineado no CER1, realizando-se observações ao longo de um ano letivo em momentos específicos do cotidiano institucional vivenciado pela turma composta por vinte e sete crianças de três anos... / In consonance to the bio-ecological perspective, this research can be placed inside of a mesosystem model that intends to analyze the relationship among the micro-systems: early childhood educationv center and three year-old children's family. So, it started from mothers', teachers' and principals' view, holding as a reference a normative ecological transition, as well as the analysis of the changes and of the continuities in the process of activities development and interpersonal relationships established in school atmosphere. Two studies were accomplished, and concerning to the methodology, they were divided in different, but complementary moments. The first study aims to describe and to analyze the conceptions and expectations about early childhood in the institution and in the family; and the relationship among these two contexts. The starting point was reports, obtained by semi-structured interviews, of four principals in different Education and Recreation Centers (ERC), maintained by the city of Araraquara, and four teachers of the respectives ERCs, responsible for the three year-old children's group. The results revealed the occurrence of different relationship patterns between the early childhood education center and the families, and the professionals delimit the moments and the relationship forms with the relatives, above all, with the mothers. That delimitation varies from an asymmetric relationship (ERC1), based on the search of strategies that are attentive to the speakers' interests of the contexts (ERC2 and 3), or built daily by the professionals and relatives, united around a common objective, the infantile development (ERC4). The second study is characterized by a case study delineated in the ERC1, and have accomplished observations along one school year, at everyday institutional specific moments, experienced by a group composed by twenty-seven three year-old... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Why Serbia’s path towards EU membership has been so contentious and fraught with difficulty? Why did Europeanization happen more ‘smoothly’ in some countries, while it stalls or fails in others? This study shows Serbia’s reluctance to Europeanize by exploring how the Serbian ruling elite received the EU’s norms of peace, media freedom and rights of migrants and refugees. As such, it contributes to the emerging research agenda on norm diffusion and Normative Power Europe. Through an analysis of key public statements of Serbian political leaders over the past four years, the present thesis examines how politicians discursively framed EU’s ideas, standards and normative convictions within the Belgrade-Pristina normalization dialogue, in light of the refugee crisis and in terms of media freedom. The findings indicate that the Serbian governing elite has responded differently to the EU’s normative influence in different policy domains with resisting and rejecting certain norms while adopting and adapting other. In general, the thesis evaluates that despite the significant efforts of the EU to export its ideas and values, it has only had a limited effect on Serbia. I conclude that these results further cast doubt on the future of Serbia’s accession to the EU.

abstract: Dimensional Metrology is the branch of science that determines length, angular, and geometric relationships within manufactured parts and compares them with required tolerances. The measurements can be made using either manual methods or sampled coordinate metrology (Coordinate measuring machines). Manual measurement methods have been in practice for a long time and are well accepted in the industry, but are slow for the present day manufacturing. On the other hand CMMs are relatively fast, but these methods are not well established yet. The major problem that needs to be addressed is the type of feature fitting algorithm used for evaluating tolerances. In a CMM the use of different feature fitting algorithms on a feature gives different values, and there is no standard that describes the type of feature fitting algorithm to be used for a specific tolerance. Our research is focused on identifying the feature fitting algorithm that is best used for each type of tolerance. Each algorithm is identified as the one to best represent the interpretation of geometric control as defined by the ASME Y14.5 standard and on the manual methods used for the measurement of a specific tolerance type. Using these algorithms normative procedures for CMMs are proposed for verifying tolerances. The proposed normative procedures are implemented as software. Then the procedures are verified by comparing the results from software with that of manual measurements. To aid this research a library of feature fitting algorithms is developed in parallel. The library consists of least squares, Chebyshev and one sided fits applied on the features of line, plane, circle and cylinder. The proposed normative procedures are useful for evaluating tolerances in CMMs. The results evaluated will be in accordance to the standard. The ambiguity in choosing the algorithms is prevented. The software developed can be used in quality control for inspection purposes. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2014

This paper analyse how two agreements can be understood to facilitate the normative power (NP) of the EU by illuminating how they can enable four different NP mechanisms and thus influence and shape Ukraine’s notions and norms concerning energy security (ES). The study it draws on information from two agreements, i.e. Memorandum of Understanding on a Strategic Energy Partnership of 2016 (MoU) and the treaty establishing the Energy Community (TEC). If we understand NP as the ability to define what passes for normal and that NP suggests that the EU exerts influence by shaping the values and behaviour of other actors by redefining international norms in their own image. Then these two agreements are interesting as they constitute a nexus between the EU and Ukraine which could potentially enable that power as they can proliferate norms and notions of the EU concerning ES. Considering how the TEC has the goal to extend their principle and rule of the EU and how the MoU is created with the EU´s energy union as reference point the agreements might enable that influence This paper combines critical discourse analysis (CDA) with an ideal type analysis where the four NP mechanism constitute the analytical tool. The study reveals how the agreements can enable the EU´s NP by facilitating the NP mechanism, as they manage to proliferate the norms and notion of the EU. However, the aptitude of the different NP mechanism differ between the two agreements. Additionally, the study also reveals how the application of this ideal type is more suitable for examining organisation rather than agreements alone, as the full spectrum of the NP mechanisms potential cannot be illuminated. Although, the study reveal how agreements could be understood as potential tools, even if they don’t enable all NP mechanism equally.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T14:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 227229 bytes, checksum: 65e154a1c6da305ebbed21141d1e5e32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / The objective is to assess the quality of milk based on the requirements of the Normative Instruction 51 (IN51) to the results of total bacterial count (CBT), somatic cell count (SCC), crude protein (CP) and fat in the period 2004 to 2007, the Cooperative of Rural Producers Alvinópolis Ltda., in 151 properties, totaling 5.436 observations. To better assess the impact of IN51 on milk quality, the periods were subdivided into three: period 1: 01/07/2004 to 30/06/2005; period 2: 01/07/2005 to 30/06/2006; and period 3: 01/07/2006 to 30/06/2007, and was used hierarchical clustering with Euclidean distance average to establish three groups of milk producers based on the volume of monthly production: group A: 11 to 178 liters of milk/day; group B: 208 to 657 liters of milk per day; and group C: 942 to 1,251 liters of milk/day). There was no interaction between time and group of producers to CBT, but there was an influence (P < 0.05) of the group and the period for this variable. Group A was the only one to make difference (P < 0.05) in CBT between the months of the year. The CCS has not decreased between periods. However, the CCS was below the values required by IN51 from 2005 to 2008. There was influence (P < 0.05) for the CCS group, independent of the evaluation period. Assessing the CCS for each group of producers in terms of months, only group A showed significant differences (P < 0.05).There was interaction (P < 0.05) between groups of producers of milk and the periods for protein (CP). Within group A, samples of milk with lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of CP were those of the first period. For the group C, it was observed that in the 3rd period the concentrations of CP were higher (P < 0.05) to the 2nd period; however the observed values of period did not differ in the 1st period. Within the periods, samples of milk from group A had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of CP in the other groups. There was influence (P < 0.05) groups of milk producers on the concentration of milk fat samples analyzed, regardless of the evaluation period. The milk concentrations of CP and fat were affected (P < 0.05) by months of the year. / Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade do leite com base nas exigências da Instrução Normativa 51 (IN51) para os resultados de contagem bacteriana total (CBT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), proteína bruta (PB) e gordura, no período de 2004 a 2007, da Cooperativa dos Produtores Rurais de Alvinópolis Ltda., em 151 propriedades, totalizando 5.436 observações. Para melhor avaliação do impacto da IN51 sobre a qualidade do leite, o período foi subdividido em três: período 1: 01/07/2004 a 30/06/2005; período 2: 01/07/2005 a 30/06/2006; e período 3: 01/07/2006 a 30/06/2007, e utilizou-se agrupamento hierárquico, com distância euclidiana média para estabelecer três grupos de produtores de leite, com base no volume de produção mensal: grupo A: 11 até 178 litros de leite/dia; grupo B: 208 até 657 litros de leite/dia; e grupo C: 942 a 1.251 litros de leite/dia. Não houve efeito da interação entre grupo de produtores e período para CBT, mas houve influência (P < 0,05) tanto dentro do grupo quanto dentro do período para esta variável. O grupo A foi o único a apresentar diferença (P < 0,05) da CBT entre os meses do ano. A CCS não diminuiu entre os períodos avaliados. No entanto, a CCS ficou abaixo dos valores exigidos pela IN51 de 2005 e 2008. Houve influência (P < 0,05) do grupo para CCS, independente do período avaliado. Avaliando a CCS de cada grupo de produtores em função dos meses do ano, apenas o grupo A apresentou diferenças significativas (P < 0,05). Existiu interação (P < 0,05) entre os grupos de produtores de leite e os períodos avaliados para proteína (PB). Dentro do grupo A, as amostras de leite com menor (P < 0,05) concentração de PB foram aquelas do primeiro período. Já para o grupo C, observou-se que no 3o período as concentrações de PB foram superiores (P < 0,05) ao 2o período; no entanto os valores observados deste período não diferiram do 1o período. Dentro dos períodos, as amostras de leite do grupo A, tiveram maiores (P < 0,05) concentrações de PB em relação aos demais grupos. Houve influência (P < 0,05) dos grupos de produtores de leite sobre a concentração de gordura das amostras de leite analisadas, independente do período avaliado. As concentrações de PB e gordura das amostras de leite foram afetadas (P < 0,05) pelo mês do ano.

Orientador: Sônia Aparecida Moreira França / Banca: Maria Regina Ribeiro Salotti / Banca: João Batista Martins / Resumo: Esse trabalho foi realizado em uma escola de nível Fundamental e Médio, da rede pública de ensino do Estado de São Paulo, com cerca de 1300 alunos, no município de Assis. Através de uma problematização do Regimento Escolar e do livro de Ocorrências Disciplinares, procuramos cartografar de que maneira, através de práticas normativas, a instituição escolar vai adestrando seu olhar sobre a clientela, produzindo categorias, comparando e individualizando os alunos; terminando por produzir uma forma de subjetividade que seria a do educando, ou o sujeito pedagógico. Enfatizamos no trabalho os dispositivos (re)atualizados pela escola em seu projeto de normalização social, que seriam os dispositivos de visibilidade, de enunciação, de sanção normalizadora e de produção de subjetividade que aparecem nas regras de funcionamento e nas ocorrências disciplinares da escola. / Abstract: The present work was carried out at a public elementary-and-high School from São Paulo state (in Brazil). About a thousand three hundred students attend this School, which is located at the municipality of Assis - São Paulo. According to an analysis about the School Regiment and the book of non-discipline events, we tried to map how the School, based on its practical rules, keeps on modifying its conception about its 'customers' producing status, comparing and turning so individual its own ideas about the students. This way, the School produces a kind of a subjective view on the student - or the educational subject. In this present work we gave emphasis on the devices which were updated by the School at its Project of social normalization. Those devices are about 'visibility', enunciation, normalization ratification and production of subjectivity that appears on the rules of operation and on the non-discipline events at the School. / Mestre