Esta tese propõe uma contribuição para as análises do campo obstétrico pré-natal sendo o seu objeto a transmissão e circulação do "saber autorizador" a partir das experiências de mediação tecnológica com a cardiotocografia num contexto institucional local. O principal objetivo é mostrar que o campo obstétrico contemporâneo se constrói a partir da afirmação do feto/bebê como seu símbolo dominante. Para tanto direcionei o meu olhar para a dinâmica dos agentes institucionais em torno da tecnologia da cardiotocografia, observando as relações entre o conceito de "saber autorizador" e o simbolismo dominante contextual. Embora o conceito de "saber autorizador" tenha sido originalmente proposto para a compreensão da dinâmica dos agentes do campo obstétrico, ele foi atribuído apenas aos profissionais médicos que dominam as tecnologias de controle da condição fetal, portanto, supondo que a autoridade deste saber se encontra circunscrito a este grupo de agentes. No entanto, quando se apresenta a perspectiva da incorporação deste saber pelos múltiplos agentes do campo incluindo as gestantes, encontramos o direcionamento conjunto para uma categoria central híbrida que confere autoridade tanto ao saber quanto à experiência do grupo articulado à tecnologia obstétrica. A metodologia consistiu na observação participante da dinâmica da cardiotocografia numa Maternidade Pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo entrevistas semi-estruturadas com cinco médicos, agentes a quem o saber autorizador é originalmente atribuído. As representações dos entrevistados disponibilizaram quatro categorias: a história, os valores, os instrumentos tecnológicos e as emoções que são incorporadas/corporificadas em torno da relação do saber e da experiência de cuidado com o feto/bebê. Estas categorias serviram para a análise da observação do campo, resultando na construção da nova categoria - a vitalidade fetal - que verifica o simbolismo dominante conferido pelo feto/bebê e que mostra de maneira aprofundada o movimento contemporâneo do campo obstétrico em direção à perinatologia. / This theses aims to contribute to the analysis of the prenatal obstetrical field concerning its object which is the transmission and circulation of the authoritative knowledge from technological mediated experiences with cardiotocography in a local institutional context. The main purpose is to show how the obstetrical field is built within the affirmation of the fetus/baby as its dominant symbol. To reach this consent I turned my gaze to the dynamics of cardiotocography and its relationship between the authoritative knowledge and the contextual symbolism. Although the authoritative knowledge was a concept originally intended to explain the dynamics of the obstetrical field in regard to technology, it was only attributed to medical professionals who were able to deal with the obstetrical technology, disregarding the multiple agents who embody knowledge and experience which eventually enact a central hybrid category attached to the obstetrical technology. The methodology was based on the participant observation of a public maternity in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where I also interviewed five medical professionals to whom the authoritative knowledge is attributed. Their representations disposed four categories: their history, values, technological instruments and emotions, which are all, embodied around the relationship of knowledge and experience with the fetus/baby care. These categories were used in the fieldwork analysis to verify the dominant symbolism concerning the fetus/baby and also to demonstrate the construction of a new category the fetal vitality that explains the movement of the obstetrical field towards perinatology.

Esta tese propõe uma contribuição para as análises do campo obstétrico pré-natal sendo o seu objeto a transmissão e circulação do "saber autorizador" a partir das experiências de mediação tecnológica com a cardiotocografia num contexto institucional local. O principal objetivo é mostrar que o campo obstétrico contemporâneo se constrói a partir da afirmação do feto/bebê como seu símbolo dominante. Para tanto direcionei o meu olhar para a dinâmica dos agentes institucionais em torno da tecnologia da cardiotocografia, observando as relações entre o conceito de "saber autorizador" e o simbolismo dominante contextual. Embora o conceito de "saber autorizador" tenha sido originalmente proposto para a compreensão da dinâmica dos agentes do campo obstétrico, ele foi atribuído apenas aos profissionais médicos que dominam as tecnologias de controle da condição fetal, portanto, supondo que a autoridade deste saber se encontra circunscrito a este grupo de agentes. No entanto, quando se apresenta a perspectiva da incorporação deste saber pelos múltiplos agentes do campo incluindo as gestantes, encontramos o direcionamento conjunto para uma categoria central híbrida que confere autoridade tanto ao saber quanto à experiência do grupo articulado à tecnologia obstétrica. A metodologia consistiu na observação participante da dinâmica da cardiotocografia numa Maternidade Pública do município do Rio de Janeiro, incluindo entrevistas semi-estruturadas com cinco médicos, agentes a quem o saber autorizador é originalmente atribuído. As representações dos entrevistados disponibilizaram quatro categorias: a história, os valores, os instrumentos tecnológicos e as emoções que são incorporadas/corporificadas em torno da relação do saber e da experiência de cuidado com o feto/bebê. Estas categorias serviram para a análise da observação do campo, resultando na construção da nova categoria - a vitalidade fetal - que verifica o simbolismo dominante conferido pelo feto/bebê e que mostra de maneira aprofundada o movimento contemporâneo do campo obstétrico em direção à perinatologia. / This theses aims to contribute to the analysis of the prenatal obstetrical field concerning its object which is the transmission and circulation of the authoritative knowledge from technological mediated experiences with cardiotocography in a local institutional context. The main purpose is to show how the obstetrical field is built within the affirmation of the fetus/baby as its dominant symbol. To reach this consent I turned my gaze to the dynamics of cardiotocography and its relationship between the authoritative knowledge and the contextual symbolism. Although the authoritative knowledge was a concept originally intended to explain the dynamics of the obstetrical field in regard to technology, it was only attributed to medical professionals who were able to deal with the obstetrical technology, disregarding the multiple agents who embody knowledge and experience which eventually enact a central hybrid category attached to the obstetrical technology. The methodology was based on the participant observation of a public maternity in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where I also interviewed five medical professionals to whom the authoritative knowledge is attributed. Their representations disposed four categories: their history, values, technological instruments and emotions, which are all, embodied around the relationship of knowledge and experience with the fetus/baby care. These categories were used in the fieldwork analysis to verify the dominant symbolism concerning the fetus/baby and also to demonstrate the construction of a new category the fetal vitality that explains the movement of the obstetrical field towards perinatology.

L'obstétrique est généralement présentée comme l'archétype des problèmes de la responsabilité médicale. La présente étude entreprend de dépasser ce constat afin de dévoiler l'appréhension imparfaite du risque obstétrical par la responsabilité médicale. La première partie de la thèse met en exergue les spécificités du risque obstétrical : elle soutient, d'une part, que ces spécificités ont des effets sur les systèmes d'indemnisation, et ; d'autre part, que ces spécificités atteignent également les mécanismes assurantiels. La seconde partie de l'étude s'intéresse à la judiciarisation du risque obstétrical. L'ouvrage constate en premier lieu que celle-ci à des incidences directes sur la pratique obstétricale et des incidences indirectes sur l'économie. La thèse envisage en second lieu d'utiliser les outils contractuels afin d'éviter les méfaits de cette judiciarisation. Entre la théorie et la pratique, la thèse propose de réécrire certaines dispositions législatives afin d'améliorer l'indemnisation des dommages obstétricaux, mais aussi de formaliser un contrat de naissance de nature à déjudiciariser le risque obstétrical. / Obstetrics is generally presented as the archetype of the issues related to medical liability. This study undertakes to go beyond that finding in order to cast light on the specific reasons for which medical liability hardly addresses issues related to obstetrics. The first part of the thesis highlights the specificities of the obstetrical risks: it argues on the one hand, that those specific characteristics have consequences as regards compensation systems; and on the other hand,, that those specific features also have an impact on the insurance mechanisms. The second part of the study deals with the judicialization of the obstetrical risks. The book notes, first, that judicialization has direct effects on obstetrical practice and indirect consequences on the Economy. Secondly, the study considers the use of contractual mechanisms as a way to prevent the effects of judicialization. Between theory and practice, the study proposes to rewrite certain legal provisions with a view to improve the compensation of obstetrics damages but also to formalise a birth contract in order to "de-judicialize" obstetrical risks.

O bloqueio peridural com lidocaína, bupivacaína e fentanila representa um dos procedimentos anestésicos mais utilizados em obstetrícia, fato que justifica o estudo farmacocinético destes fármacos nessas condições. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar a farmacocinética e a análise da transferência placentária da lidocaína e seu metabólito monoetilglicinaxilidida (MEGX) em gestantes normais e com diabetes mellitusgestacional (DMG), submetidas a anestesia peridural com lidocaína, bem como, avaliar a influência das alteraçõesfisiopatológicas da diabetes gestacional sobre os parâmetros farmacocinéticos desta droga e de seu metabólito. Foram avaliadas dez gestantes normais (grupo 1) e seis gestantes com DMG (grupo 2), todas de termo. Todas receberam cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% sem vasoconstrictor, em dose pré-determinada, por via loco-regional peridural. Na seqüência foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas maternas nos tempos 1 minuto, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720 e 840 minutos e amostras de sangue do espaço interviloso placentário, de artéria e veia umbilical para determinação das concentraçõesde lidocaína e MEGX por cromatografia e a análise farmacocinética. Com base nas concentrações maternas e fetais no momento do nascimento foram determinadas as relações entre os compartimentos maternos e fetais destes fármacos e taxa de extração fetal. As medianas dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos da lidocaína para os grupos 1 e 2 foram, respectivamente: Cmax 879,11 e 1145,58 ng/mL, t1/2 ?202,09 e 272,16 min, ?0,0034 e 0,0025 min -1 , AUC 0-? 256013,50 e 455950,97 ng.min/mL, Cl/f/kg 10,61 e 5,64 mL/min/kg, Vd/f/kg 3255,24 e 2188,304 mL/kg. As medianas dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos do MEGX para os grupos 1 e 2 foram, respectivamente: Cmax 82,71 e 141,38 ng/mL, Tmax 44,71 e 193,14 min, t1/2 ?7,64 e 59,77 min, ?0,097 e 0,012 min -1 , t1/2 ?247,28 e 492,20 min, ? 0,0028 e 0,0016 min -1 , AUC 0-? 29906,71 e 108229,19 ng.min/mL. A mediana do tempo de latência entre a administração da droga e o nascimento foi de 28,5 min e 28 min nos grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente. As medianas das relações entre os compartimentos maternos e fetais para a lidocaína nos grupos 1 e 2 foram, respectivamente: relação veia umbilical / sangue materno periférico: 0,60 e 0,46; relação espaço interviloso / materna: 1,01 e 0,88; relação artéria umbilical/ veia umbilical: 0,77 e 0,91; relação veia umbilical / espaço interviloso: 0,53 e 0,51. As medianas nos grupos 1 e 2 para o MEGX foram, respectivamente: relação feto / materna 0,43 e 0,97; relação espaço interviloso / materna: 0,64 e 0,90; relação artéria umbilical/ veia umbilical: 1,09 e 0,99; relação veia umbilical / espaço interviloso: 0,55 e 0,78. Os dados desse estudo permitem concluir que o clearanceaparente da lidocaína e do MEGX mostraram-se reduzidos nas pacientes diabéticas em relação às normais, sugerindo que o DMG inibe as isoformas CYP1A2 / CYP3A4, responsáveis pela metabolização desse fármaco e de seus metabólitos. O DMG não afetou o transporte passivo da lidocaína, porém, interferiu na transferência transplacentária do MEGX, atuando como um mecanismo facilitador para o transporte do mesmo. / The epidural blockade with lidocaine, bupivacaine and fentanyl represents one of the anesthetic procedures most frequently usedin obstetrics, a fact that justifies the pharmacokinetic study of these drugs in these conditions. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of lidocaine and its metabolite monoetilglicinaxilidida (MEGX) in normal parturients and with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), whose pregnancies were resolved by caesarean section with epidural anesthesia and to evaluate the influence of GDM on the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug and its metabolite. Ten parturients considered to be normal in clinical and laboratory terms (group 1) and six pregnant with GDM (group 2) with term gestation were evaluated.All pregnant women received 2% lidocaine hydrochloride without a vasoconstrictor by epidural rote, with pre-determined dose. Maternal blood samples were collected at 1, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720, and 840 minutes together with blood samples from the placental interviloso space, umbilical artery and umbilical vein for determination of the concentrations of lidocaine and MEGX by chromatography and the pharmacokinetic analysis. The relationship between maternal and fetal concentrationsand ratio of fetal extraction of the drug were determined on the basis of concentrationsat the time of birth. The median of the pharmacokinetic parameters of lidocaine for groups 1 and 2 respectively were: Cmax 879.11 and 1145.58 ng/mL; t1/2 ?202,09 and 272,16 min, ?0,0034 and 0,0025 min -1 , AUC 0-? 256013,50 and 455950,97 ng.min/mL, Cl/f/kg 10,61 and 5,64 mL/min/kg, Vd/f/kg 3255,24 and 2188,304 mL/kg. The median of the pharmacokinetic parameters of MEGX for groups 1 and 2 respectively were: Cmax 82,71 and 141,38 ng/mL, Tmax 44,71 and 193,14 min, t1/2 ?7,64 and 59,77 min, ?0,097 and 0,012 min -1 , t1/2 ? 247,28 and 492,20 min, ?0,0028 and 0,0016 min -1 , AUC 0-? 29906,71 and 108229,19 ng.min/mL. The latency between drug administration and birth was 28.5 min and 28 min in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The medians of the relationship between maternal and fetal compartments for lidocaine in groups 1 and 2 were, respectively: the fetus / mother ratio (umbilical vein / maternal peripheral blood): 0.60 and 0.46; interviloso space / mother ratio: 1.01 and 0.88; umbilical artery / umbilical vein ratio: 0.77 and 0.91; umbilical vein / interviloso space ratio: 0.53 and 0.51. The medians in groups 1 and 2 for the MEGX were, respectively: the fetus / maternal ratio 0.43 and 0.97; interviloso space / mother ratio: 0.64 and 0.90; umbilical artery / umbilical vein ratio: 1.09 and 0.99; umbilical vein / interviloso space ratio: 0.55 and 0.78. The data of this study suggest that the lidocaine and MEGX clearance have been reduced in diabetic patients in relation to the normal ones, suggesting that the GDM inhibits the isoforms CYP1A2 / CYP3A4, responsiblefor the metabolism of the drug and its metabolites. The DMG did not affect the passive transport of lidocaine, however, facilitated the placental transfer of MEGX.

Este estudo qualitativo foi motivado pela carência de pesquisas com enfoque na maternidade na adolescência e no período puerperal. Teve como objetivo compreender a vivência da puérpera-adolescente sobre o cuidado do recém-nascido, em domicílio. Adotou-se o conceito de Maternidade como referencial de análise e o método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) no tratamento dos dados. O projeto foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ensino e Pesquisa, e pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital Universitário da USP. Participaram do estudo 15 puérperas-adolescentes, primíparas, que ficaram internadas na unidade de Alojamento Conjunto do HU-USP, juntamente com o recém-nascido. Os dados foram coletados em 2006, por meio de entrevista realizada com as puérperas após o mínimo de 30 e o máximo de 40 dias, no domicílio. As respostas da questão aberta, “conte-me como está sendo em casa com seu bebê ?" possibilitaram a elaboração de 17 DSC apresentados em dois blocos, segundo os temas centrais que emergiram: “cuidados do recém-nascido" e “contexto sociocultural das puérperas-adolescentes". Em relação ao primeiro bloco, os discursos mostraram uma construção diária do ser mãe-adolescente e o desejo da puérpera pela maternidade e pela maternagem, pois assumiam integralmente as tarefas de mãe-cuidadora. A princípio considerada de difícil adaptação, a maternidade gerou na jovem a necessidade de aprender a conviver com as abdicações e ambivalências inerentes ao novo status. O suporte familiar, as orientações recebidas na unidade de Alojamento Conjunto e a experiência anterior no cuidado de recém-nascidos favoreceram a adaptação à maternidade e a superação de suas limitações iniciais. Quanto ao segundo bloco (contexto sociocultural), os dados mostraram a expressão de vivências e de mudanças nas relações sociais, com abandono de projetos de vida imediatos e de atividades de lazer. Verificou-se, ainda, que a puérpera-adolescente vivencia o cuidado do recém-nascido com erros e acertos, e, a cada dia, constrói o próprio modelo de ser mãe, vencendo medos e dificuldades, e despertando para sua capacidade de atender às necessidades de higiene, de alimentação e de afeto do recém-nascido. Diante dos dados, creio que o profissional deve repensar como abordar essas jovens mães nas unidades de saúde, priorizando o atendimento de situações geradoras de conflitos no cuidado do bebê e na relação com familiares. Além disso, deve estar disponível para compartilhar e possibilitar o esclarecimento de suas dúvidas de modo a facilitar a superação de dificuldades. Portanto, oferecer-lhe a chance de uma vivência da maternidade-adolescente com base em cuidados construídos diariamente, com superação / This is a qualitative study that was motivated by the lack of researches related to the maternity during the adolescence and the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to understand the adolescent mother’s experience while taking care of the newborn at home. The maternity concept was adopted as the referential for the analysis. For the data treatment the Collective Subject’s Speech was adopted. The project was approved by the Research Committee and also by the Ethic Committee of the School Hospital of University of São Paulo. Fifteen adolescent mothers participated in the research. They were all mothers for the first time and they stayed together with their babies in the rooming-in of the School Hospital of University of São Paulo. The data were collected in 2006 by interviews done with the mothers after the minimum of 30 days and the maximum of 40 days they were in their houses. The answers given to the open question: “Tell me what it is like to be home with your baby", made possible to elaborate 17 Collective Subject’s Speeches that were presented in two parts, according to the following central themes that emerged: “taking care of the newborn" and “social and cultural contexts of the adolescent mothers". In the first part, the speeches showed that everyday, the women were building their role as adolescent mothers as well as their desire for the maternity and care. They totally assumed the tasks related to the caregiver mother. In the beginning, the adolescent mothers considered they had difficult in adapting to the maternity, which forced them to learn how to live with the abdication and ambivalences related to their new status. The support from the family, the orientation given in the hospital and the previous experience taking care of newborns helped the adolescent mother to be adapted to the maternity and also to overcome the first limitations. In the second part of the speeches (social and cultural contexts), the data showed experiences and changes related to their social lives as putting behind some immediate life projects as well as their leisure activities. It was also verified that the adolescent mother experiences the care of the newborn by making the right and wrong things and each day she builds her own model of a mother, overcoming her fears and difficulties. This process makes her understand her capacity to fulfill the newborn’s needs concerning hygiene, feeding and affection. According to the findings, I believe the professional should rethink the way the care is given to these young mothers in the health units and give priority to the situation of conflict in the care of the baby and in the relationship with the members of the family. The professional should also be available to share and clear their doubts in order to make easier for them to overcome their difficulties and give them the opportunity to experience an adolescent maternity based on everyday care built with triumph

La paralysie obstétricale du plexus brachial (POPB) est une parésie d’un ou des membres supérieurs causée le plus souvent par un étirement excessif des racines nerveuses à la naissance. Les enfants sans récupération complète garderont des séquelles à vie, comprenant une diminution de force et des mouvements, des déformations osseuses, impactant leurs activités quotidiennes. L'atteinte de l’épaule est la principale cause de morbidité. Les muscles gléno-huméraux sont au coeur de la pathologie de l’épaule. L’IRM permet l’évaluation de l’atteinte des muscles de l’épaule. Les volumes musculaires, intéressants du fait de leur corrélation avec la force, peuvent être obtenus par différentes techniques de segmentation dont les propriétés métrologiques sont inégales. Chez l’enfant avec POPB, l’utilisation d’une technique de segmentation sur un grand nombre de coupes a montré une atrophie variable des muscles glénohuméraux menant à des déséquilibres musculaires dans les trois plans de l’espace. Des corrélations entre les volumes musculaires et la force, significatives mais plus faibles que chez les enfants à développement typique étaient retrouvées. Du fait de l’atteinte osseuse et musculaire, la mobilité de l’articulation gléno-humérale est limitée. Dans une étude utilisant l’analyse quantifiée du mouvement, cette limitation, majeure en rotation externe d’épaule ainsi que des compensations au niveau de l’ensemble du membre supérieur ont été objectivées. La performance du mouvement était bonne. A partir des résultats obtenus différents objectifs et cibles thérapeutiques sont discutés. La lutte contre le déséquilibre musculaire rotateurs internes-externes apparaît comme une priorité. / Obstetric Brachial Plexus Palsy (OBPP) is the paralysis of one or both upper limbs. It is most often caused by excessive traction on cervical nerve roots during a difficult birth. The children without incomplete recovery will have long-term impairment, including loss of active and passive mobility, loss of strength, bony deformities, activity limitation and participation restriction. The loss of shoulder function is the main cause of morbidity in this population.Glenohumeral muscles involvement is a key element of the pathology of the shoulder. MRI allows evaluation of the shoulder muscle involvement. Muscle volumes in particular, well correlated with muscle strength, can be modified by different segmentation techniques whose metrological properties are unequal.In children with OBPP, the use of a segmentation technique on a large number of slices has shown a variable atrophy of the gleno-humeral muscles leading to three-dimensional muscular imbalances.Correlations between muscle volumes and strength were significant but lower than in children with typical development.Because of the bone deformity and muscle involvement, the mobility of the glenohumeral joint is limited. In a study using 3D motion analysis of the movement, this limitation, which is large in external shoulder rotation, as well as compensations on the whole upper limb, were shown. The performance of the movement was good.From these results, different objectives and therapeutic targets are discussed. Internal-external rotator muscular imbalance correction appears as a priority.

A construção dos saberes da docência no ensino de graduação na área de Enfermagem Obstétrica é a temática central deste estudo. O saber profissional dos professores é um amálgama de diferentes saberes, provenientes de fontes diversas, que são construídos, relacionados e mobilizados pelos professores de acordo com as exigências de sua atividade profissional. O estudo objetivou evidenciar a construção dos saberes da docência, a partir da trajetória de professores no ensino de enfermagem obstétrica, dos cursos de enfermagem da Macrorregião Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. Realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, exploratória. Os sujeitos foram 17 professores da área de enfermagem obstétrica de 14 cursos de Enfermagem da Macrorregião Sul do Estado de Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de entrevista semi-estruturada. A análise de dados baseou-se na técnica de análise de conteúdo e no referencial teórico dos saberes da docência. Os dados indicaram que os saberes dos professores são provenientes de fontes distintas: pessoais, da formação escolar anterior, da formação profissional para o magistério, dos programas e livros didáticos usados no trabalho e ainda, dos saberes provenientes de sua própria experiência na profissão, na sala de aula e na escola. Vários foram os determinantes de caráter plural, identificados nesta construção, uma vez que cada professor recorre a determinadas fontes conforme suas próprias necessidades e peculiaridades, dentre eles: os saberes construídos no estágio curricular, em projetos de iniciação científica, reuniões do núcleo docente estruturante, na pós-graduação latu e stricto sensu, na prática hospitalar (maternidade e centro obstétrico), na saúde coletiva (PSF e Unidades de Saúde), e na sala de aula. A docência vem sendo considerada pelo professor uma segunda opção de trabalho; as instituições, em sua maioria privadas, tem admitido professores recém-formados, com mais de um vínculo empregatício, com ausência de experiência docente e na área de atuação profissional. Os professores dão maior importância aos saberes específicos, porém citam a ausência de conhecimentos mais complexos da pedagogia para o exercício da docência universitária, o que gera insegurança. Existe uma motivação pessoal e institucional tímida para a participação em movimentos que objetivam a educação continuada e permanente. Os cursos técnicos têm se apresentado como a porta de entrada para a formação dos saberes experienciais da docência. Por fim, os professores relataram considerar a experiência da prática, importante e essencial para o exercício da docência, porém se sentem insatisfeitos e pouco reconhecidos pela instituição de ensino onde trabalham. Diante dos achados, foi possível identificar várias necessidades para constituição destes saberes, que após análise, propiciaram apontar caminhos para melhorar o contexto de construção de saberes disciplinares, pedagógicos e experienciais para uma prática docente transformadora, que vá além da dimensão técnica, valorizando o inter-relacionamento entre professor, aluno e instituição / The construction of teaching knowledge in the undergraduate teaching, in the area of Obstetric Nursing, is the central topic of this study. The professors\' professional information is an amalgam of different data and diverse sources, which are constructed, related and mobilized by the professors according to the demands of their professional activity. The research aimed to demonstrate the teaching knowledge construction, from the trajectory of teachers related to the obstetric nursing courses teaching, in the southern macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais. It was possible to perform a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research. The subjects were 17 teachers from the obstetric nursing area of 14 nursing courses of the southern macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais. Data collection was conducted through a semi-structured interview. Data analysis was based on the content analysis technique and the theoretical framework of teaching experience. The data indicated that the professors\' information come from different sources: personal, previous training school, vocational training for teaching, programs and textbooks used at work, and also, knowledge from their own experience, at the classroom and school. Many of them were the determinants of a plural character, which are identified in this construction since each teacher uses certain sources according to their needs and peculiarities. Among them, it is possible to mention the knowledge constructed in the curricular traineeship, in projects of scientific initiation, meetings of the structuring teaching nucleus, in graduate school latu and stricto sensu, at the hospital practice (maternity and obstetric center), in public health (PSF and Health Units), and in the classroom. Teaching has been considered, by the professor, as a second job option. The institutions, mostly private, have admitted recently graduated teachers with more than one job, with no teaching experience at the professional area. The teachers give greater importance to the special knowledge; nevertheless, they mention the absence of more complex knowledge on pedagogy for the university teaching practice, which generates insecurity. There is a shy institutional and personal motivation for movements\' participation with the objective of a permanent and continuous education. The technical courses were presented as a gateway to the formation of teaching experience knowledge. Finally, the professors reported considering the practical experience as important and essential for the teaching performance. However, they felt dissatisfied and poorly recognized by the educational institution where they work. Therefore, it was possible to identify several requirements for knowledge constitution that provided, after the analysis, pointing out ways to improve the environment for the construction of disciplinary, pedagogical and experiential knowledge to a transformative teaching practice that goes beyond the technical dimension. Also, they value the interrelationship among professor, student and institution

Difficult human childbirth is often explained to be the outcome of long term evolutionary hanges in the genus Homo resulting in an‘obstetrical dilemma,’defined as the compromise between the need for a large pelvis in birthing large brained babies and a narrow pelvis for the mechanics of bipedal locomotion (Washburn, 1960). The ‘obstetrical dilemma’ is argued to result in the risk of cephalopelvic disproportion and injury (Washburn, 1960). Current research challenges the premise of the obstetrical dilemma by considering the effects ecological factors have on the growth of the bony human pelvis (Wells et al., 2012; Wells, 2015, Stone, 2016; Wells, 2017). This thesis tests Wells et al.’s (2012) assertion that environmental factors, such as agricultural diets, compromise pelvic size and morphology and potentially affect human childbirth. The skeletal samples examined in this study are from medieval English populations with long established agricultural diets. Bony pelvic metrics analyzed are from the St. Mary Spital assemblage, and demographic and pathological data from St. Mary Spital were compared to the East Smithfield Black Death cemetery assemblage. The results show that there is some evidence for a relationship between chronic stress and compromised pelvic shape and size in both men and women, however the evidence is not conclusive that younger women with compromised pelvic dimensions were at an increased risk of obstructed labour and maternal mortality during childbirth. This suggests that childbirth was not likely a significantly elevated cause of death among younger women in medieval London as a result of cephalopelvic disproportion. The concept of a single obstetrical dilemma is flawed, as multiple obstetrical dilemmas other than cephalopelvic disproportion through pelvic capacity constrains are present, including ecological and nutritional stressors, childbirth practices and technologies, sanitation ractices, and social and gender inequality / Graduate

Although ACC exerted a strong effect on the haemodynamic changes after SA, SA per se did not have much influence on ACC. The incidence and severity of ACC remained unchanged compared with the pre-spinal state. As long as maternal blood pressure were well controlled, the uterine blood flow indices were not affected by ACC. / Although there are many publications on ACC, most publications have considered ACC as a single entity, or reported its effects in terms of just a few end-point measures. The information published so far on ACC remains fragmented. This will be readdressed by taking a multidisciplinary approach with input from the fields of anaesthesia, obstetrics and radiology to non-invasively assess the haemodynamic changes associated with ACC. / Aortocaval compression occurs when parturients lie in the supine position with the gravid uterus compressing the aorta and the inferior vena cava. This interferes with venous return to the heart to reduce cardiac output, resulting in hypotension, uterine hypo-perfusion and fetal acidosis. Under neuraxial anaesthesia when the compensatory mechanisms via the sympathetic nervous outflow are blocked, the effects from ACC are exaggerated and results in maternal and fetal morbidity. / Intermittent IVC compression was responsible for most of the haemodynamic effects, presenting mainly as a reduction in cardiac output. Blood pressure or heart rate changes are poor indicators for IVC compression, and most patients were asymptomatic. Patients who have moderate to severe ACC have a higher incidence of hypotension after SA and consume a higher amount of phenylephrine for maintaining BP. / The research was conducted on non-labouring term parturients presenting for elective Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Measurements were performed to assess the patency of blood vessels and haemodynamic responses to lateral tilts, using ultrasound and non-invasive haemodynamic monitors. / This research has achieved the following: (1) Qualitative measurements of compression of the aorta and IVC with US imaging and Doppler US; (2) Development of a new simple bedside method for detecting ACC using US; (3) Quantitative measurements of physiological responses in the maternal and fetal circulation associated with ACC; (4) Investigation of the effects of spinal anaesthesia per se on ACC. / Lee, Wee Yee Shara. / Adviser: Khaw Kim Sun. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3446. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-254). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Orientadores: Renato Passini Junior, Melania Amorim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T10:48:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FlaviaAugustadeOrangeLinsdaFonsecae_D.pdf: 1285060 bytes, checksum: 785bcdd9b3f3d977f42979164cf20ae4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Introdução: o uso de analgesia peridural durante o parto está associado ao aumento da temperatura corporal materna e risco de febre, sem sinais de infecção. No entanto, a associação desses achados com a técnica combinada (raquidiana e peridural - AC) permanece desconhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a associação entre analgesia combinada e temperatura materna intraparto. Métodos: foi realizado um ensaio clinico randomizado, aberto, incluindo 70 parturientes das quais 35 receberam AC e 35 receberam apenas métodos não-farmacológicos para alívio da dor do parto. Calculou-se o risco de aumento da temperatura materna intraparto e febre materna, além de outros desfechos maternos e perinatais, de acordo com a realização ou não de AC. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o X2 ou teste exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas e, para as variáveis numéricas o teste t de student ou Mann Whitney, de acordo com a distribuição de Gauss. Considerou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: a temperatura materna foi signicativamente maior no grupo que recebeu analgesia combinada sendo que cinco (14,%), desenvolveram febre intraparto. Nenhuma sãs parturientes que receberam métodos não farmacológicos para alívio da dor apresentou febre intraparto (p=0,027). Dentre as parturientes que apresentaram febre, nenhuma recebeu antibioticoterapia ou foi submetida a investigação para infecção materna, evoluindo sem intercorrências. Não foram verificados casos de corioamnionite ou outras formas de infecção materna ou neonatal. Conclusão: o uso de analgesia combinada está associado a aumento significativo da temperatura materna intraparto e da incidência de febre materna, mas isto não parece produzir efeitos maternos e neonatais desfavoráveis / Abstract: Background: the use of epidural anesthesia during labor is associated with an increased maternal body temperature and risk of fever, albeit with no signs of infection. Nevertheless, the association between maternal fever and combinedspinal and epidural (CSE) anesthesia remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between combined analgesia and maternal intrapartum temperature. Methods: A randomized, open clinical trial was performed with 70 pregnant women, 35 of whom received CSE, while the remaining 35 received only nonpharmacological methods of pain relief during labor. The risks of an increase in maternal intrapartum temperature and fever were calculated together with other maternal and perinatal outcomes according to whether CSE was given or not. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables, and Student's ttest or the Mann-Whitney test for numerical variables, in accordance with the Gauss distribution. Significance level was defined as 5%. Results: Maternal temperature was significantly higher in the group receiving combined anesthesia. Of the 35 women in this group, five (14%) developed intrapartum fever, while no cases of fever were detected in the group receiving only onpharmacological methods of pain relief (p=0.027). Nevertheless, none of the women who developed fever received antibiotics or was submitted to further investigation for maternal infection and all progressed without complication. No cases of chorioamnionitis or any form of maternal or neonatal infection were detected. Conclusions: The use of CSE is associated with a significant increase in maternal intrapartum temperature and in the incidence of maternal fever; however, the increase in maternal temperature does not appear to result in any deleterious effects on the mother or child / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Tocoginecologia